Suchergebnisse

Das Investitionsschutzrecht gestattet es ausländischen Investoren nicht erst seit TTIP und CETA, die jeweiligen Gaststaaten vor internationalen Schiedsgerichten auf Schadensersatz zu verklagen. Problematisch ist dabei besonders, dass den Schiedsgerichten ein großer Freiraum eingeräumt wird, da die Vorschriften, auf deren Grundlage sie entscheiden, oft sehr unbestimmt sind. Mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten Rechtsprinzipientheorie der Legitimität, die auf die Abwägung zwischen dem Schutzinteresse der Investoren und dem effektiven Schutz der von einer Investition betroffenen Individuen abstellt, gelingt es Philipp B. Donath, die Normen des Investitionsschutzrechts präzise und einzelfallbezogen auslegen zu können. Damit konkretisiert der Autor sowohl verfahrens- als auch materiellrechtliche Bestimmungen des Investitionsschutzrechts. Er zeigt so Möglichkeiten einer ganzheitlichen inneren Reform der Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit auf, die nicht auf institutionelle Änderungen angewiesen ist. / »Proliferation and Legitimation of International Investment Arbitration – Features of a Transnational Judicial Conception of Legitimacy« -- The debate about the legitimacy of international investment arbitration started even before TTIP and CETA called public attention. Philipp B. Donath sets the pattern for a novel legal theory of legitimacy, on which basis he concretises procedural as well as substantive investment law provisions. He hereby shows opportunities for an integrated reform of the investment arbitration system, which does not depend on institutional reforms

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Tables -- Figures -- Executive Summary -- About the study -- Data -- Computer and information literacy -- The construct -- Assessing computer and information literacy -- The computer and information literacy scale -- Variations in student achievement on the CIL scale -- Variations across countries -- Factors associated with variations in CIL -- Student use of ICT -- Computer use outside school -- Use of ICT for school work -- Teacher and school use of ICT -- Teacher use of ICT -- School-based ICT provision and use -- Conclusion -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Background -- Research questions -- Participating countries, population, and sample design -- Population definitions -- Sample design -- The ICILS assessment framework -- The computer and information literacy framework -- The ICILS contextual framework -- The wider community level -- The national (system) level -- School/classroom level -- Home level -- Individual level -- Data collection and ICILS instruments -- Report context and scope -- Chapter 2: The Contexts for Education onComputer and Information Literacy -- Introduction -- Collecting data on contexts for CIL education -- Characteristics of the education systems in participatingICILS countries -- Infrastructure and resources for education in CIL -- Approaches to CIL education in ICILS countries -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Students' Computer and InformationLiteracy -- Assessing CIL -- The CIL described achievement scale -- Example ICILS test items -- The five discrete task items -- Example ICILS large-task item -- Comparison of CIL across countries -- Distribution of student achievement scores -- CIL relative to the ICT Development Index and national student-computer ratios -- Pair-wise comparisons of CIL -- Achievement across countries with respect to proficiency levels.

Trade statistics are widely used in studies and policymaking focused on economic interdependence. Yet, researchers in International Relations (IR) have largely disregarded half the data available to study trade. Bilateral trade flows are usually recorded twice: by the sending economy as an export and by the receiving one as an import. These two values should match, but discrepancies between them tend to be large and pervasive. Most studies ignore this issue, which we label the "mirror problem" for short, by using only one entry. However, it is not self-evident which one is consistently most accurate. Hence, IR's reliance on error-prone trade statistics may be distorting its study of economic interdependence. This article explores this problem in three steps: first, we quantify the mirror problem in trade data. Second, we investigate the origins of the mirror problem, using statistical analyses, archival records, and interviews with statistical experts. Third, we illustrate the implications of the mirror problem through replications covering diverse topics in IR. We find that accounting for the mirror problem can variably strengthen, undermine, or overturn conclusions of such analyses. The findings underscore the severity of measurement problems in IR and suggest particular ways to address those problems.

The objective of the research was to consider the forms of protection of the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings. The methodological basis used is presented as: comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Everything allows to conclude that, in order to clarify the issue of compliance of methods for judicial protection of the rights of individuals, provided by the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, with the criteria of a rule of law and the needs of establishing at each moment the rule of law in concrete reality, the assessment of provisions of the legislation on administrative procedures of: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Finally, it has been established that administrative courts in Ukraine have significant human rights powers to make decisions on recovery of funds from an authority to compensate for the damage caused by its unlawful administrative act, if such a claim is filed simultaneously with the application for recognition of such act as unlawful.

From childhood to adolescence, young people are enrolled in various public or private forms of educational arrangements outside regular school lessons. These activities can be summarized by the term extended education. The volume provides an overview of extended education in multiple nations around the world. Different models, policies, methods, and research findings are discussed from an international point of view. -- back cover.

We analyze the effects of alliances and preferential trading arrangements on bilateral trade flows. Both factors are likely to promote trade among members, but we argue that the interaction between them is central to explaining patterns of commerce. The combination of an alliance, which creates political incentives for participants to engage in trade, and a commercial institution, which liberalizes trade among members, is expected to provide a considerable impetus to commerce among parties to both. The results of our quantitative analyses support these arguments. Both alliances and preferential trading arrangements strongly affected trade from 1960 to 1990, and allies that included a major-power conducted considerably more trade than their nonmajor-power counterparts. Moreover, the interaction between alliances and preferential trading arrangements is fundamental to explaining patterns of bilateral commerce: parties to a common preferential trading arrangement and a common alliance engage in markedly greater trade than do members of either type of institution but not both. (American Political Science Review / FUB)