Suchergebnisse

Introduction: The objective of this paper is to collect the opinions of the
leading demographers in Serbia on four significant matters. The matters are:
development, state and future of demography, the successfulness of
researchers in this scientific discipline, improvement of the Stanovnistvo
journal, as well as the population priority of our society and range of
population policies. Method: A qualitative interview was chosen as the
instrument for data collection. Namely, a structured interview, based on nine
questions was sent by e-mail to eleven addresses of relevant demographers in
the second half of October 2013. The basic reason for sending questions by
e-mail was the aspiration to obtain authentic replies which require time for
contemplation. Ten completed questionnaires were returned within two weeks.
On the one hand, an integral picture on the chosen themes for research was
attempted to be obtained in the analysis of received opinions to certain
groups of questions and on the other hand to portray the spectrum of
different observations. The responses of our prominent demographers were
analyzed and compared to clearly pronounced standpoints of eminent
demographers published in world journals on similar themes and with findings
of internet researches among members of the International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population. Results: The results show that there is a
high level of consent among demographers in Serbia regarding the well
positioning of demography in relation to other social studies and its good
perspectives. The interviewed experts see the future of demography in its
integration with a wide circle of sciences, the application of demography
and/or greater engagement of researchers in carrying out public policies.
However, the estimations of the interviewed demographers as regards the
development and state of demography in Serbia are divided. Although a large
number of topics had been listed, migrations and population ageing were
singled out the most as significant for examining in the immediate future.
The inclusion of Stanovnistvo on the Science Citation Information Journal
List and expanding the circle of authors were the basic recommendations of
the respondents regarding better quality of the journal. All interviewed
experts mentioned various kinds of knowledge and characteristics necessary
for demographers to posses in order to be successful. Contrary to the
homogeneous opinion that a demographer should be a superior-researcher, a
wide range of responses were given to the question regarding selecting the
best indicator for determining the successfulness of researchers in the study
of population. As many as eight out of ten interviewed experts believe
population ageing is the greatest population challenge which Serbia is
facing. However, a low level of consensus appeared among the demographers as
regards the range of the political response. Namely, five experts declared
they were pessimists in view of the possibilities for mitigating the
challenge they singled out. On the contrary, five interviewed experts
expressed optimism, as they believe in the economic development of Serbia,
the possibilities of institutional adjustments to demographic changes, and/or
in man and his rationality. Conclusion: Demographers in Serbia highly
appreciate the discipline they belong to. At the same time they are strict
critics and have high expectations in all matters dealing with demography.

Nowadays our lives are strongly influenced by the increased mortality and rising or progressing of various diseases, accidents and other social issues. Insecurity and fear are the companions of the majority of us. Solving various social problems is the way towards healthier, safer and happier society. Social marketing campaigns are conducted throughout the world, so it is crucial to examine their benefits and the exact implementation. The most desirable effect of these campaigns is the behavioral change, but intermediate effects, as the change in knowledge or attitude are also possible. The greater the change in behavior, the more effective the campaign is considered. The aim of the work: consider the effects and efficiency assessment problems. The goals of the work: 1. Define concept if social marketing. 2. To identify the differences of the social and commercial marketing. 3. To review the effects of social marketing. 4. Discuss social marketing efficiency. 5. Apply theoretical concepts of social marketing to specific social marketing campaign analysis. 6. To investigate the participants' attitude of social marketing campaign measures and efficiency. The methods of the work: while writing the work, information of the scientific articles, books and internet sources was used and a quantitative survey was conducted. This work presents a theoretical concept of social marketing, identifies and provides details of components of social marketing. It also analyzes the effects and the efficiency of social marketing and the influence of culture on them. The practical part of the work presents the research of the social marketing campaign aimed at smoking prevention, the assessment of its popularity and efficiency. Conclusion:The essential difference between social and commercial marketing is the different goals. Commercial marketing is based on financial gain, while social marketing to the public good or otherwise, to change a behavior in the desired way. To affect people, groups becomes a major goal of campaign, the effects are divided into three main types: the impact on knowledge, attitudes and behavior. To measure the efficiency of social marketing campaign, it is best seen in five levels: awareness, concentration, behavior, social norms, good. Understanding the importance of efficiency in each stage is critical for planning and following through social marketing campaign. Looking at the international aspect of the culture, traditions and customs are crucial for performance evaluation. Therefore, the development of social marketing campaigns need to take into account the cultural differences between countries and adapt them to the proper course of action. Social marketing campaign "HELP - For a life without tobacco" is an international program, conducted in all European Union countries. Since 2005, the anti-smoking campaign is carried out in the second round, which seeks long-term effects. Completed study showed that social marketing campaign is known in Lithuania, it attracts attention of young people, they visit the campaign web site and claims that the information is interesting, detailed, help to shape their attitudes to smoking, but unfortunately, only a small proportion of the respondents believe that these campaigns are effective and influence young people's behavior.

Nowadays our lives are strongly influenced by the increased mortality and rising or progressing of various diseases, accidents and other social issues. Insecurity and fear are the companions of the majority of us. Solving various social problems is the way towards healthier, safer and happier society. Social marketing campaigns are conducted throughout the world, so it is crucial to examine their benefits and the exact implementation. The most desirable effect of these campaigns is the behavioral change, but intermediate effects, as the change in knowledge or attitude are also possible. The greater the change in behavior, the more effective the campaign is considered. The aim of the work: consider the effects and efficiency assessment problems. The goals of the work: 1. Define concept if social marketing. 2. To identify the differences of the social and commercial marketing. 3. To review the effects of social marketing. 4. Discuss social marketing efficiency. 5. Apply theoretical concepts of social marketing to specific social marketing campaign analysis. 6. To investigate the participants' attitude of social marketing campaign measures and efficiency. The methods of the work: while writing the work, information of the scientific articles, books and internet sources was used and a quantitative survey was conducted. This work presents a theoretical concept of social marketing, identifies and provides details of components of social marketing. It also analyzes the effects and the efficiency of social marketing and the influence of culture on them. The practical part of the work presents the research of the social marketing campaign aimed at smoking prevention, the assessment of its popularity and efficiency. Conclusion:The essential difference between social and commercial marketing is the different goals. Commercial marketing is based on financial gain, while social marketing to the public good or otherwise, to change a behavior in the desired way. To affect people, groups becomes a major goal of campaign, the effects are divided into three main types: the impact on knowledge, attitudes and behavior. To measure the efficiency of social marketing campaign, it is best seen in five levels: awareness, concentration, behavior, social norms, good. Understanding the importance of efficiency in each stage is critical for planning and following through social marketing campaign. Looking at the international aspect of the culture, traditions and customs are crucial for performance evaluation. Therefore, the development of social marketing campaigns need to take into account the cultural differences between countries and adapt them to the proper course of action. Social marketing campaign "HELP - For a life without tobacco" is an international program, conducted in all European Union countries. Since 2005, the anti-smoking campaign is carried out in the second round, which seeks long-term effects. Completed study showed that social marketing campaign is known in Lithuania, it attracts attention of young people, they visit the campaign web site and claims that the information is interesting, detailed, help to shape their attitudes to smoking, but unfortunately, only a small proportion of the respondents believe that these campaigns are effective and influence young people's behavior.

Klapkiv Y.M., Svirskyi V.S., Shchur R.I. THE ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRENDS IN THE INSURANCE SEGMENT OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET OF UKRAINEPurpose. Analysis of the state of the insurance services market of Ukraine, identification of the main problems of its development in modern conditions and determination of directions for improving the functioning of the insurance services market in Ukraine.Methodology of research. The scientific and methodological basis for the article are scientific works, monographs, materials of professional publications, Internet resources. During the research the methods of analysis and synthesis, system-functional method and method of comparative studies were used, with the help of which most modern tendencies, phenomena and processes in the market of insurance services are explained.Findings. The article is devoted to current trends of the insurance in Ukraine. The study examines the main trends in its development during 2016-2020. The dynamics of the number of insurance companies, the main indicators of insurers, the structure of gross and net insurance premiums of domestic insurers, reinsurance indicators are analyzed. Based on a dataset of Ukrainian insurance industry, we analyse the impact of transformation of the insurance sector. Based on the analysis, the main problems of the insurance services market of Ukraine are identified and proposals for improving its development are formulated. The results illustrate major tasks the industry is facing: enhancing the customer experience, improving its business processes, offering new products, and preparing for competition with other industries, imperfection of regulatory regulation of the insurance sector; underdevelopment of the life insurance segment and other types of insurance (agricultural, environmental, catastrophic risks and life insurance, cyber risks); low solvency of potential consumers of insurance services, low level of capitalization of insurance companies, lack of insurance culture, distrust of the insurance institution; fraud and neglect of the rights of policyholders by some insurance companies; low financial literacy of policyholders. Moreover, we identify key areas of change of the insurance services market of Ukraine: creation of a centralized online database of insurance contracts; improving the system of taxation of insurance activity; adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of insurance to EU legislation; introduction of high technologies in insurance services; improvement of marketing management; creation of an export insurance system by establishing a special organization for export insurance and financing; introduction of insurance culture and traditions.Originality. A comprehensive approach to the analysis of the state of the insurance market as an important component of the financial sector of the economy with most of its inherent characteristics, functions and principles; economic space in which institutional units for the implementation of insurance services interact; a set of orderly cash flows between the subjects of the insurance market.Practical value. The results of the study can be the basis for further research to systematically address practical problems in this area, development and implementation of measures aimed to achieve accelerated progressive development of the insurance market to ensure socio-economic growth.Key words: insurance, insurance services, insurance services market.

Although this monograph was written before the pro-democracy demonstrations in Egypt in January 2011, it examines the important question as to who might succeed President Hosni Mubarak by analyzing several possible scenarios and what they would mean for U.S. strategic relations with Egypt. The monograph first describes the importance of Egypt in the Middle East region and gives an overview of the U.S.-Egyptian strategic relationship. It then examines the power structure in Egypt to include the presidency, the military, and the ruling party. The monograph next explores various succession scenarios. Although some of the scenarios outlined in this monograph are no longer viable--for example, President Mubarak is now on trial for complicity in the deaths of protesters during the uprising that resulted in his ouster from power--other scenarios remain plausible, particularly given what we see as the more prominent role of the Egyptian military in this fluid political situation. In addition, some of the possible presidential successors that the author mentions have now risen to higher positions in the Egyptian government. The author also discusses the sensitive issue of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's most organized opposition group that is opposed to many U.S. policies. He examines a scenario of a Muslim Brotherhood-dominated government, but notes that this is unlikely to occur unless both the Brotherhood and the Egyptian military split apart. ; "External Research Associates Program monograph." ; "September 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-48). ; Summary -- Introduction -- The power structure in Egypt -- Constitutional rules, changes and procedures -- Succession scenarios through legal mechanisms -- Extra-legal scenario successions -- How would these scenarios impact U.S.-Egyptian relations? -- Legal succession scenarios -- Extra-legal scenarios -- Policy recommendations. How should U.S. officials conduct themselves in these scenarios? ; Although this monograph was written before the pro-democracy demonstrations in Egypt in January 2011, it examines the important question as to who might succeed President Hosni Mubarak by analyzing several possible scenarios and what they would mean for U.S. strategic relations with Egypt. The monograph first describes the importance of Egypt in the Middle East region and gives an overview of the U.S.-Egyptian strategic relationship. It then examines the power structure in Egypt to include the presidency, the military, and the ruling party. The monograph next explores various succession scenarios. Although some of the scenarios outlined in this monograph are no longer viable--for example, President Mubarak is now on trial for complicity in the deaths of protesters during the uprising that resulted in his ouster from power--other scenarios remain plausible, particularly given what we see as the more prominent role of the Egyptian military in this fluid political situation. In addition, some of the possible presidential successors that the author mentions have now risen to higher positions in the Egyptian government. The author also discusses the sensitive issue of the Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's most organized opposition group that is opposed to many U.S. policies. He examines a scenario of a Muslim Brotherhood-dominated government, but notes that this is unlikely to occur unless both the Brotherhood and the Egyptian military split apart. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Maģistra darba "SIA LANA saimnieciskās darbības analīze un attīstības tendences" aktualitāti pamata uz uzņēmuma saimnieciskās darbības analīzes un attīstības perspektīvu novērtēšanas nepieciešamību, ka arī uz nepieciešamība noteikt finanšu stabilitates līmeni un atklāt uzņēmuma darbības kļūdas. Darba mērķis – izanalizēt SIA "Lana" saimnieciskās darbības īpatnības un noteikt tās attīstības perspektīvas, kā arī sniegt priekšlikumus sekmīgai uzņēmuma attīstībai. Pētījuma galvenie uzdevumi ir: veikt Latvijas būvniecības nozares analīzi, analizēt uzņēmuma galvenas finanšu rādītājus, sniegt bankrota varbūtības novērtējumu, izpētīt uzņēmuma ietekmējošas faktorus un dot priekšlikumus uzņēmuma darbības uzlabošanai. Maģistra darbs sastāv no trim daļām un ietilpst 82 lappuses. Pirmajā daļā ir apskatīta Latvijas būvniecības nozare un uzņēmuma vieta nozarē. Otrā daļa veltīta SIA "Lana" saimnieciskās darbības analīzei, kurā iekļauj uzņēmēdarbības raksturojums un finanšu analīze. Trešajā daļā autore izveikusi krīzes stāvokļa ietekmējošo faktoru analīzi, ka arī izstrāda uzņēmuma stabilizēšanas pasākumus, kas ir virzīti uz uzņemuma darbības pilnveidošanu un finansiālā stāvokļa uzlabošanu. Svarīgākie informācijas avoti – LR likumdošanas akti, diplomdarba tēmai atbilstoša zinātniskā literatūra, statistikas dati, publikācijas periodikā, interneta resursi kā arī SIA "Lana" gada pārskati un nepublicēti materiāli. Atslēgas vārdi: ekonomiska lejupslde, saimnieciskas darbības analīze, finanšu stabilitāte, maksātspēja. ; The actuality of the master's work "Lana" LLC analysis of economic activity and the trends in it's development" is based on the necessity to evaluate the company's economic activity and the perspectives for development, as well as to define the level of the financial stability and to demonstrate the mistakes made in company's activity. The goal of the work - to make an analysis of the peculiarities of "Lana" LLC economic activity and to define it's development perspectives, as well as to formulate the suggestions for the company's further successful functioning. The main tasks of the work are the following: to analyze the construction branch of the Latvian market, to analyze the company's main financial indexes, to present the evaluation of the bankruptcy risks, to examine "Lana" LLC influencing objectives and to work out the proposals for the amelioration of the company's activity. The graduation work consists of three parts and contains 82 pages. In the first part the Latvian construction branch has been examined as well as the place of "Lana" LLC in the market has been defined. The second part is devoted to the analysis of economic activity of the company. This analysis includes the characteristic of the company's activity and the financial evaluation. In the third part the author has analyzed the factors which have influenced the company's critical financial situation and has worked out stabilization measures. These measures are to fulfil the company's activity and to improve company's financial stability. The most important information issues for the master's work are the following: legislative acts of the Latvian Republic, scientific literature corresponding the theme of given graduation work, statistics and publications in the periodic, internet resources, annual reports and non-published information about "Lana" LLC. The key words: recession, the analysis of economic activity, financial stability , ability to pay.

The last few decades have seen significant changes in the international investment landscape and foreign direct investment (FDI) has remained an integral part of it. Since the turn of the century, with an increase in the importance and usage of internet by businesses, the digital platforms of e-commerce have transformed the way in which firms conduct business across international borders. The laws governing the functioning of this sector play a huge role in its future growth. India has demonstrated massive growth in the last few years and its e-commerce sector, in particular, has grown markedly. Today, the sector has reached a market value of approximately US$20 billion and it is expected to reach US$120 billion by 2020. Since the liberalisation of the Indian economy in 1991, the Indian government has encouraged foreign investment in various sectors of the economy from manufacturing, infrastructure, to IT and business services. India brought further reforms in 2016 when they relaxed screening processes for foreign investors to encourage them to participate in the e-commerce sector. This recent introduction of policy reforms in the e-commerce sector has raised fears among industry experts that the policy has the potential to have negative implications in the Indian market. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the potential consequences of the recently introduced e-commerce policy on the Indian retail sector. The research question guiding this study is "How is the recent government permission of 100% FDI in the e-commerce sector in India expected to impact the Indian retail sector?". A qualitative analytical stance with interpretivism as the research paradigm has been adopted for this study. Within that, a thematic analysis of secondary sources of data was conducted to derive key themes and acquire a better understanding of the research topic. The results of this research study suggest that the introduction of the recent e-commerce policy has significantly changed the market conditions in the e-commerce sector in India. The policy has shown signs of reducing predatory pricing, and it has raised hopes of achieving a level playing field in the retail market. However, the policy has also brought on negative implications like the reappearance of fraudulent transactions, negative impact of increased foreign competition on homegrown companies, less e-commerce, and a continuing violation of rules. This has raised fears that the new policy is too restrictive in its effect on controlling the market, and that it will bring negative implications for the retail sector, instead of positive, in the long run. Additionally, there is also evidence of fears that the policy has sparked a speculative bubble in the retail industry, which potentially brings grave consequences for the Indian economy if and when it bursts. Therefore, it is concluded that the government of India needs to play a stronger role in controlling foreign participation in its domestic e-commerce sector and that it needs to come up with a better policy framework to control market conditions and restore equilibrium to ensure sustainable growth of the e-commerce and retail sector in India.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to call the attention to specific social behaviors that have been generated by the indiscriminate use of the technologies. We want to make evident that those behaviors cause a detriment of the communication between the members of the Mexican families, causing in consequence that minors are being neglected by parents and the lack of adequate parental control in the face of the risks associated with the use of certain technologies.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The presented study involves the relation between people's behaviors related to their access to certain technologies face to the concept of family and its importance in the society for an interconnected world. We make an in-depth study of the academic and informative literature which deals with the phenomena called phubbing. We refer to varied research, both technical and empirical and applied the inductive method and critical analysis, taking into consideration previous official, as well as non-official, researches that demonstrate phubbing adverse effects in communication between Mexican family's members.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part of the research we defined the concept of family in Mexican Law and how the political agenda proposes the use of technologies in order to have a greater development of the society that can turn in better opportunities and conditions of life of the individuals in general and families in particular. In a second part we refer the specific Internet penetration in Mexico as a consequence of the above mentioned agenda. Finally, in a third part, we analyze the phenomena called phubbing and its impact in Mexican Families that is the essential part of our argumentation.RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of this argumentation ends to some advices that deal with better practices in the usage of technologies in order to prevent adverse effects in Mexican families without renouncing to the incorporation of technologies in our daily life routines.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Even though the consequences of phubbing in our society are evident, we cannot yet accurately count its effects. There are data regarding the time that parents spend with their children compared to the average time they spend using applications, video games, e-mail, social networks, and media in general. The disorganization in the time we spend in leisure, work and family life turns evident. This situation invites us to reflect about the role technologies play in relation to our family integration or disintegration. Hyper-connectivity has generated adverse conditions for individuals, both physical and psychological, that result in an affection towards the fundamental pillar of our society that is the family. It is noted that the Mexican government needs to face the growing wave of phubbing, by informing its society about the risks of the abuse of the use of technologies in one hand, and to promote programs to invite people to a more conscious access to social networks by best practices of the other. Only in that way we can grant the principle of freedom and family autonomy in Mexico. Otherwise, how can we refer to a family autonomy if its members that make up the core of society have stopped communicating?

As soon as Kyrgyzstan became an independent state, its relations with the United States in the military-political sphere moved ahead at a slack pace mainly because the "island of democracy," as the country was perceived in Central Asia, was too small and too poor economically to be contemplated as a strategic partner first by the Clinton and later by the George W. Bush Administration. However, the Kyrgyz Republic's consistent and positive foreign policy with respect to the U.S. contributed to the positive dynamics of their bilateral relations in all spheres. Thus, in the military-political sphere, all related government structures, the Defense Ministry in particular, invariably took part (with Washington's support) in all of the West's military-political events and profited from all types of military-technical aid extended by the U.S. and/or the EU. Bilateral military-political contacts developed within NATO as well: as soon as Kyrgyzstan and NATO signed the Partnership for Peace Program with the White House's direct support on 1 June, 1994, Kyrgyzstan had the opportunity to take part in NATO's other important programs. The U.S. strengthened its position across the post-Soviet expanse when Kyrgyzstan (in December 1997), as well as other CIS countries, joined the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). This was highly conducive to its effective cooperation with NATO members, the U.S. in particular, in the international and regional security sphere. America pays the lion's share to the two countries' joint military planning and Kyrgyzstan's defense budget. By the end of 2005, annual foreign military aid to Kyrgyzstan's security system topped $8 million. NATO and the United States as its member initiated other measures within the Partnership for Peace Program. A peacekeeping battalion Centrazbat was set up; its activities included annual training exercises and multi-national non-military projects. The latter included the Virtual Silk Highway, which would give all academic and educational establishments Internet access, and Coping with Ecological Problems for the Sake of the Central Asian Countries Sustainable Development. Since 1999, the Defense Ministry of the Kyrgyz Republic has been involved in two purely American programs (Military Activities in Mountains and Special Purpose Forces) implemented outside NATO. The 9/11 events began another phase of American foreign policy and military activities in relation to the Taliban, which Washington accused of being directly involved in the terrorist act. Central Asia found itself in the center of new developments which launched another and probably qualitatively new stage of political relations between Central Asia and the United States. In other words, 9/11 and the counterterrorist operation of the international coalition forced the George W. Bush Administration to revise its former foreign policy ideas about Afghanistan's Central Asian neighbors. They became part of America's geopolitical priorities. This changed the balance of power in the region, which previously had been the sphere of Russian and Chinese political interests. Kyrgyzstan, which in the past was much more willing than its neighbors to embrace Western democratic standards, became one of the most likely candidates for the role of America's regional outpost.

influence and encourage China to participate in the international community as a responsible stakeholder. Bold leadership and prudent foresight will enable the United States and China to reap the rewards of strategic cooperation and avert the calamity of a hostile confrontation. ; China's rising maritime power is encountering American maritime power along the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) that connect China to vital energy resources in the Middle East and Africa. The "String of Pearls" describes the manifestation of China's rising geopolitical influence through efforts to increase access to ports and airfields, develop special diplomatic relationships, and modernize military forces that extend from the South China Sea through the Strait of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and on to the Arabian Gulf. A question posed by the "String of Pearls" is the uncertainty of whether China's growing influence is in accordance with Beijing's stated policy of "peaceful development," or if China one day will make a bid for regional primacy. This is a complex strategic situation that could determine the future direction of China's relationship with the United States, as well as China's relationship with neighbors throughout the region. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "String of Pearls" from within the context of the post-Cold War global security environment and propose informed recommendations for U.S. policy and strategy. Substantive, results-oriented engagement supported by pragmatic military hedging is the best strategy to ; "July 2006." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30). ; I. China looks seaward: yesterday and today -- II. China's emerging maritime strategy: the string of pearls -- III. Strategic analysis -- IV. The U.S. military and the string of pearls. ; influence and encourage China to participate in the international community as a responsible stakeholder. Bold leadership and prudent foresight will enable the United States and China to reap the rewards of strategic cooperation and avert the calamity of a hostile confrontation. ; China's rising maritime power is encountering American maritime power along the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) that connect China to vital energy resources in the Middle East and Africa. The "String of Pearls" describes the manifestation of China's rising geopolitical influence through efforts to increase access to ports and airfields, develop special diplomatic relationships, and modernize military forces that extend from the South China Sea through the Strait of Malacca, across the Indian Ocean, and on to the Arabian Gulf. A question posed by the "String of Pearls" is the uncertainty of whether China's growing influence is in accordance with Beijing's stated policy of "peaceful development," or if China one day will make a bid for regional primacy. This is a complex strategic situation that could determine the future direction of China's relationship with the United States, as well as China's relationship with neighbors throughout the region. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "String of Pearls" from within the context of the post-Cold War global security environment and propose informed recommendations for U.S. policy and strategy. Substantive, results-oriented engagement supported by pragmatic military hedging is the best strategy to ; Mode of access: Internet.

v. 1:1. Message . at the beginning of the first session of the 61st Congress. 1909.--2. At the beginning of the second session of the 61st Congress. 1909.--3. On arbitration . Hotel Astor, New York City, March 22, 1910. 1911.--4. On interstate commerce and antitrust laws and federal incorporation. 1910.--5. Conservation of national resources. 1910.--6. At the beginning of the third session, 61st Congress, Dec. 6, 1910. 1910.--7. At the banquet of the American society for the judicial settlement of international disputes . New Willard, Washington, D.C., Dec. 17, 1910. 1910.--v. 2:1. Canadian reciprocity. 1911.--2. At the dinner of the Ohio society of Washington in commemoration of McKinley's birthday . New Willard, Washington, D.C., Jan. 30, 1911. 1911.--3. At the National corn exposition, Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 10, 1911. 1911.--4. At the joint session of the 47th General assembly of Illinois, at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1911. 1911.--5. On the President's inquiry into economy and efficiency. 1911.--6. Before the Western economic society at Orchestra Hall, Chicago, Ill., June 3, 1911. 1911.--7. In response to the resolution of the Senate, dated June 27, 1911. 1911.--8. Reciprocity. Address . Marion club, Indianapolis, Ind., July 4, 1911. 1911.--9. Arbitration with Great Britain. 1911.--10. Special message . returning without approval House joint resolution no. 14. 1911.--11. Special message . returning without approval House bill no. 4413. 1911.--12. Articles on the free list. 1911.--13. Duties on wool; 1911.--14. Special message . returning without approval House bill no. 12812. 1911.--15. The vetoes of the Woolen, free list and cotton bills. 1911.--16. On the ratification of the pending treaties for unlimited arbitration with Great Britain and France . Oct. 3, 1911 . Denver, Colo. 1911.--17. Arbitration treaties. 1911.--19. On foreign relations. 1911.--20. Transmitting report of the traffic board on schedule K. 1911.--21. On the financial condition of the treasury. 1911.--v. 3:1. On economy and efficiency in the government service. 1912.--2. Concerning the work of the interior department and other matters. 1912.--3. Transmitting the annual report of the Postmaster general . 1911 . and the report of the Commission on secondclass mail matter. 1912.--4. On economy and efficiency in the Government service. 1912.--5. On our foreign relations. 1912.--6. On fiscal, judicial, military and insular affairs. 1912.--7. Concerning the work of the departments. 1912.--8. On fur seals, 1913.--v.4:1. Justice and freedom for industry. n.d.--2. At Montpelier, Vt., August 26, 1904. 1904.--3. In response to notification speech at Cincinnati, Ohio, July 28, 1908. 1908.--4. "The people rule". Mr. Taft's reply to Mr. Bryan, at Hot Springs, Va., August 21st, 1908. 1908.--5. At the banquet of the American society for the judicial settlement of international disputes, at the New Willard, Washington, D.C, December 17, 1910. 1911.--6. Ethics of the law; an address in the Hubbard course on legal ethics, delivered before the students of the Albany law school, May 21, 1914. 1914. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word. ; Straipsnyje pateikiama bendra eufemijos reiškinio apžvalga, nagrinėjami pagrindiniai eufemijos požymiai, siekiama atskirti naujuosius eufemijos reiškinius. Aktualizuojama eufemijos maskuojamoji ir manipuliatyvioji funkcija. Išsamiau nagrinėjamas grafinės eufemijos reiškinys elektroniniame diskurse, išskiriami šeši grafinės eufemijos tipai, pateikiama kiekvieno tipo vartosenos pavyzdžių. Lituanistikoje tokia problematika kol kas nedaug nagrinėta.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate a criterion of potential consequences of liability of an Internet portal for unlawful comments of its visitors and set certain general waymarks, which would apply to cases of this kind. Research methodology – The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in four cases (Delfi AS v. Estonia, MTE & Index v. Hungary, Pihl v. Sweden and Tamiz v. the United Kingdom) on whether civil liability can be justified to the website operators for anonymous comments made on their portals that violate the right to privacy. One of the criteria of such evaluation was the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities, but its content and meaning have not been thoroughly studied in the doctrine. Therefore the authors analyse the content of this criterion on the basis of a comparative method. Taking into account the legal context of this study, specific methods of legal interpretation are used in this article (such as, systemic, teleologic, histrorical). Findings – Authors conclude that addressing the civil liability of website operators for damages caused by anonymous comments violating the right to privacy must consider not only the financial, and not only ad hoc, short- and long-term adverse effects of the website operators in general, but the impact of the ruling on the concept of free media and other property and non-material consequences for a democratic society as a whole. Research limitations – This article deals with one criteria for the application of civil liability of website operators for the infringement of an individual's right to privacy by anonymous comments, that is – the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities. That is the continuation of the authors' research on the topic of website operator's liability for unlawful anonymous comments. Practical implications – The research reveals that the consequences of applying the civil liability to the website operator are conditions for assessment of extent of the already existing civil liability; therefore, the criteria of the consequences that arose and / or could arise to website operator are not to be considered as factors justifying the application of civil liability, but rather as factors determining, i.e. extending or limiting, the extent of civil liability. Originality/Value – The vacuum of a consistent concept of assessing the behavior of website operators in response to unlawful comments poses a threat not only to the sustainability of website operators as business or public interest entities, but also to the stability of the legal system as a whole. It is therefore important to disclose the content of elements of assessment of the necessity of restricting the freedom of expression of website operators in a democratic society, which are unregulated and formulated only in the case law of the ECtHR, and which have been applied in national courts for horizontal civil liability claims for anonymous comments. There are no previous research that would focus on these issues.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate a criterion of potential consequences of liability of an Internet portal for unlawful comments of its visitors and set certain general waymarks, which would apply to cases of this kind. Research methodology – The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in four cases (Delfi AS v. Estonia, MTE & Index v. Hungary, Pihl v. Sweden and Tamiz v. the United Kingdom) on whether civil liability can be justified to the website operators for anonymous comments made on their portals that violate the right to privacy. One of the criteria of such evaluation was the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities, but its content and meaning have not been thoroughly studied in the doctrine. Therefore the authors analyse the content of this criterion on the basis of a comparative method. Taking into account the legal context of this study, specific methods of legal interpretation are used in this article (such as, systemic, teleologic, histrorical). Findings – Authors conclude that addressing the civil liability of website operators for damages caused by anonymous comments violating the right to privacy must consider not only the financial, and not only ad hoc, short- and long-term adverse effects of the website operators in general, but the impact of the ruling on the concept of free media and other property and non-material consequences for a democratic society as a whole. Research limitations – This article deals with one criteria for the application of civil liability of website operators for the infringement of an individual's right to privacy by anonymous comments, that is – the possible negative consequences of the civil liability of these entities. That is the continuation of the authors' research on the topic of website operator's liability for unlawful anonymous comments. Practical implications – The research reveals that the consequences of applying the civil liability to the website operator are conditions for assessment of extent of the already existing civil liability; therefore, the criteria of the consequences that arose and / or could arise to website operator are not to be considered as factors justifying the application of civil liability, but rather as factors determining, i.e. extending or limiting, the extent of civil liability. Originality/Value – The vacuum of a consistent concept of assessing the behavior of website operators in response to unlawful comments poses a threat not only to the sustainability of website operators as business or public interest entities, but also to the stability of the legal system as a whole. It is therefore important to disclose the content of elements of assessment of the necessity of restricting the freedom of expression of website operators in a democratic society, which are unregulated and formulated only in the case law of the ECtHR, and which have been applied in national courts for horizontal civil liability claims for anonymous comments. There are no previous research that would focus on these issues.

On April 22, 2010, the Bush School of Government and Public Service and the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College co-sponsored a colloquium in Washington, DC, on a midterm assessment of leadership and national security reform in the Obama administration. Panelists included experts from the Project on National Security Reform; the Foreign Policy Research Institute; the Hudson Institute; the Council on Foreign Relations; the Reserve Officers Association; the American Security Project; and Creative Associates International, Inc. The colloquium theme focused on the need for advancing the research and study of national security reform by engaging the invited participants to share their expertise on ways to develop a deeper awareness and understanding of the reform issues facing the U.S. Government. Three panels of national security experts discussed: "Assessing National Security Reform"; "Legislative Imperatives"; and, "Assessing National Security Reform-The Way Forward." This book includes a summary of the panelists' presentations, along with chapters written after the colloquium to further address and to assess the effectiveness and the near-term potential for Obama administration's national security reform initiatives. ; "Strategic Studies Institute Book." ; "August 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Introduction : strategic assessments and national security reform / Joseph R. Cerami, Jared E. Bennett, and Robert H. Dorff -- Grading the government : a mid-term national security assessment / James Jay Carafano -- Five heretical suggestions : addressing civil-military tensions / Bernard I. Finel -- Congressional national security reform during the Obama administration / James R. Locher III -- Congressional national security reform : a mid-Obama administration review / Richard Weitz -- The National Security Council System : it's not much, but we like it / Harvey Sicherman -- Assessing the United States in Afghanistan : the record and the range of choice / Joseph J. Collins -- Stabilization and reconstruction in conflict and post-conflict since 9/11 / James Stephenson -- Our strategic assessment "system" needs an overhaul : summary and concluding thoughts / Matthew Harber. ; On April 22, 2010, the Bush School of Government and Public Service and the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College co-sponsored a colloquium in Washington, DC, on a midterm assessment of leadership and national security reform in the Obama administration. Panelists included experts from the Project on National Security Reform; the Foreign Policy Research Institute; the Hudson Institute; the Council on Foreign Relations; the Reserve Officers Association; the American Security Project; and Creative Associates International, Inc. The colloquium theme focused on the need for advancing the research and study of national security reform by engaging the invited participants to share their expertise on ways to develop a deeper awareness and understanding of the reform issues facing the U.S. Government. Three panels of national security experts discussed: "Assessing National Security Reform"; "Legislative Imperatives"; and, "Assessing National Security Reform-The Way Forward." This book includes a summary of the panelists' presentations, along with chapters written after the colloquium to further address and to assess the effectiveness and the near-term potential for Obama administration's national security reform initiatives. ; Mode of access: Internet.