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Sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men's & women's roles. Women's sports have changed dramatically in recent years while men's have changed little. An additional level of change in sports, synthesizing elements of the traditional men's & women's sports experience, would be socially beneficial. Essential elements of play, game, sports & athletics are identified as defined in the emerging sports sciences. Selective socialization of Ms & Fs via sports was accomplished through the shaping of "masculine" & "feminine" sports experiences. The effect of the women's movement has been to adopt traditional sports as instrumentality, rather than masculinity, training. This requires little restructuring of sports by men. A new conception of sports is presented in which the elements of traditional men's & women's sports are theoretically synthesized. Because of the past emphasis on the masculine-instrumental elements of sports, it is hypothesized that a temporal focus on the feminine-expressive elements is necessary to the occurrence of a synthesis. Described is the Assoc for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), which aids in the accomplishment of the synthesis. The history, present issues, & future trends of the AIAW are discussed. 2 Figures. HA.

The welfare state is now under political attack in the US. Under current conditions, government action in general is suspect; conservatives, neoconservatives, & many liberals appear to agree in regarding welfare programs as undesirable. Social Security, apart from AFDC, is generally popularly supported, along with other New Deal programs. The Great Society programs, unlike these older programs, concentrate on aid specifically to the disadvantaged; these have come into discredit, though recent reassessments show an increasing willingness to see their results as a mixture of successes & failures. Under the Nixon Administration, the tendency was generally retrogressive. Nixon's Family Assistance Program & Carter's Program for Better Jobs & Incomes failed to gain congressional support, largely due to public unwillingness to subsidize the employed poor. Comparable problems have faced national health insurance & full employment programs. A variety of other strains are also visible. The shift from economic growth to economic stagnation has made both new & existing entitlements controversial, & has created a danger of political repression in the interests of corporate business. In the long run, however, US commitment to democratic values can be expected to win out. W. H. Stoddard.

Since Mr. Carter became President of the United States, there bas been a revival in the use of human rights as a weapon in international politics. More and more western countries have stated that they are contemplating measuring the aid they give to members of the developing world in proportion to the extent to which the latter conform to basic humanitarian standards or improve their own record in relation to observance of human rights. In addition, there have been calls for the cancellation of visits by politicians, academics, and artistic performers; for non-participation in international athletic contests — a western adaptation of the African ban of the Montreal Olympic Games because of New Zealand's participation while the latter's athletes were not barred from competing in South Africa; for non-participation in technical and scientific conferences; and for the breaking of town-twinning arrangements. This attitude has been fed somewhat by reason of the activities of "Helsinki watchers," who contend that this or that country, and particularly the Soviet Union, is not living up to its human rights obligations as embodied in the Helsinki Agreement.

Book reviewed in this article:The Military and Politics in Modern Times. By Amos Perlmutter.The Military Coup D'Etat as A Political Process; Ecuador 1948–1966. By John Fitch.The Transfer Of Power, 1942–47. Vol. VII: The Cabinet Mission, 23 March‐29 June 1946. Edited by Nicholas Mansergh.Harold Laski. By G. Eastwood.Essays in Labour History 1918–39. Volume 3. By A. Briggs and J.Saville.The Origins of British Bolshevism. By R. Challinor.The Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labour Party. By Ian McAllister.Labour and the Left in the 1930s. By Ben Pimlott.The Conservatives: A History From Their Origins to 1965. Edited by Lord ButlerInside Right: A Study of Conservatism. By Ian Gilmour.Planning and Profit in the Urban Economy. By T. A. Broadbent.Energy Policy: A Consultation Document.The Windscale Inquiry: Report. By The Hon. Mr. Justice Parker. Vol. 1, Report and Annexes.Coal on the Switchback: The Coal Industry Since Nationalisation. By Israel Berkovitch.The Poverty of Power: Energy and the Economic Crisis. By Barry Commoner.La Babel Nucleaire: Energie et Developpement. Par Louis Puiseux.Self‐Help and Health: Mutual Aid for Modern Problems. By David Robinson and Stuart Henry.Estrangement, Alienation and Exploitation. By John Torrance.

From Ebenezer Howard's turn-of-the-century concept of garden cities 'new towns' have evolved. The growth of new towns is not a fad. The first British new town, founded by Howard and planned by architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903, was Letchworth. There has been a steady increase in the establishment of new towns in several countries since, and proposals for many more in the future. In Britain, twenty-nine towns were designated between November 1946 and July 1973. The final projected populations of the New Towns range from 13,000 in Mid-Wales to 420,000 in Central Lancashire New Town. Most have final projected populations in the 60,000–120,000 range. In the United States, the National Commission on Urban Growth, composed of U.S. Senators, Representatives, Governors, Mayors and County Commissioners, proposed that at least 110 new American cities be developed, with the aid of federal funding. And at a recent meeting of the International Association of Housing Science representatives of the Association's forty member countries were told that worldwide housing demands in the next thirty years will require the creation of 3,500 new cities.

This paper is built upon the assumption that modernization consists of processes of structural transformation which tend to increase both the resource-producing or energy-producing capacity of a social configuration and the extent to which this capacity may be realized and coordinated by strategic elites. There are a number of qualifications. For example, modernization involves an increase in resources or energy producedand/oran increase in the extent to which such resources are channelled into the hands of groups such as capitalist entrepreneurs and state officials. In the short run, rapid increases may occur in either of these aspects while the other remains relatively stable. 'Resources' and 'energies' are terms broadly interpreted to include the enthusiasms and allegiances of a population experiencing profound alterations in the conditions of its existence, the fruits of colonial expansion and frontier exploration, and the outcomes of scientific research and technological innovation. A proportion of resources is likely to be drawn from outside the national polity (for example through colonial receipts or 'development aid'); a proportion is also likely to beappliedoutside this polity (as in warfare and commercial activity).

Introduced is the notion of center-periphery cleavage (Lipset, S. & Rokkan, S., Party Systems and Voter Alignments, New York: Free Press, 1967). Such a cleavage has always existed in the United Kingdom, not only in Scotland, Wales, & Ireland, but also in parts of England remote from London. Examined are cultural & economic aspects of the modern grievances of the subject-periphery & it is demonstrated that in some areas the Labour Party has retained subject-periphery votes it inherited from the Liberal Party ca 1918, while in others it has lost them to the nationalist parties. Investigated is the growth of subject-periphery grievance in northeast England since devolution to Scotland returned to the political agenda. Northeastern elites-though not yet voters-are shown to be seriously alarmed at the prospect of less favorable treatment from government economic policy than Scotland. The best interests of the periphery may now be served, paradoxically, by a strongly centralist regional economic policy which distributes aid strictly according to economic need & not differentially to those regions which can most effectively threaten to withdraw their votes from the Labour Party. AA.

Public policy analysis is an interdisciplinary field combining sociology with philosophy, economics, political science, statistics, & other fields. It aims at the choice of the best policy among a set of alternatives with the aid of reason & evidence. Undergraduate instruction is especially important in this field because policy analysis should be done by citizens & not merely by staff experts in government. Citizens must choose their valuative premises independently of employers, & can make use of systematic ethics to formulate criteria of the public interest. A useful way to teach this subject is by means of case studies. In a course of this sort, students have been required to submit brief reports on assigned cases. The student must choose a role to occupy, specify criteria of choice, list alternative policies, indicate relevant information available & needed, choose a policy, & tell how it would be enacted & implemented. A course using this method has been taught for seven years; improved cases are desirable. A textbook, Policy Analysis for Public Decisions (Duxbury, 1979), has been developed for use in such courses. AA.

Too often world food problems are viewed as North-South problems, as matters to be resolved between rich and poor. In fact, most world food trade takes place entirely among the rich. The industrial nations of the European Community, Japan, and the USSR import more food today than all of the poor countries combined. These industrial food importing nations make a dubious contribution to the stability and security of the world food system. In different measure, they seek to shift adjustment burdens onto others, to enjoy something of a free ride. All have subsidized production for export in times of world surplus, and all have stepped ahead of poor countries to purchase high priced imports in times of scarcity. To these burden-shifting trade policies, the USSR in particular adds its own troublesome nonparticipation in most multilateral efforts at world food policy management. Prospects for improved burden sharing in the future are dim. Fortunately, the world food system still gains most of its stability and security from separate production decisions within nations, rather than from collective storage, trade, or aid decisions among nations.

Problems faced by new interests in attempting to get favorable congressional legislation implemented are explored using Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments Act as a case study. This title, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded educational programs, was implemented only after a protracted struggle between groups supportive of & opposed to its objectives. Based on elite interviewing with interest group representatives, members of Congress, & congressional aides, traced & evaluated are the experiences of women's rights & educational interest groups in pushing the department of Health, Education & Welfare, the White House, & Congress to support adequate enforcement of Title IX's provisions. Two conclusions emerge from this case: (1) the likelihood of new groups bringing about significant change in public policy is critically dependent on their ability to pressure the bureaucracy; (2) in order to be successful in making the bureaucracy respond, new interests will probably need the assistance of groups which comprise a valued part of the bureaucracy's existing clientele. Also, coalition activity for such interests becomes necessary at an early stage of their efforts to influence government action. Modified AA.

Almost every country in the world publishes official documents of some kind or another. There is much in these documents of interest to law libraries because they normally include official texts of codes, laws, and subordinate legislation, official court and government reports, statistics, and official gazettes or other official publications of periodical or serial nature. The content of some of these publications can be of considerable legal importance, but their usefulness is limited unless they can also be identified and acquired with relative ease. Unfortunately, this is not true for documents of most countries. The root of the problem is that very few countries, e. g., Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, etc. are in the habit of regularly publishing bibliographies, catalogs or other "search aids" for their documents. In most countries such bibliographic information, if available at all, tends to be incomplete, inaccurate, and sporadic. Finding a document (or even finding out about its existence) in such circumstances becomes more a matter of luck than the result of a skillful professional search.

One of the most promising approaches to understanding and managing urban travel is one which seeks to construct mathematical representations of the travel decisions made by individual urban-area residents. Current research in this approach has demonstrated clearly that both the improvement of model specification and the development of aggregation procedures can utilize methods of psychological scaling and market segmentation. The paper outlines the specific areas where psychological measurement techniques have primary potential for improving the ability of the transportation planner to understand and manage the urban transportation environment. Major applications are seen in describing the relative attractiveness of different activity sites to which an individual may travel and in describing the available (or future) modes of travel that may be used to reach the activity sites. In these two applications, methods of psychological scaling are seen as the primary applicable techniques. In the area of aggregation, market segmentation appears to have considerable potential as an aid to defining relatively homogeneous groups of the population, which may be treated as aggregates in the analysis of regional transportation policies.

Effects of sharp increases in military assistance on international conflict and cooperation on the part of recipient nations are investigated. Since traditional bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques are often conceptually inapplicable to this subject matter, a quasi-experimental design is used which relies on autoregressive moving average models and exponential smoothing forecasting mechanisms. Twenty-five annual observations, from 1946 through 1970, of 15 Asian nations serve as the data base. Key findings are: (1) sharp increases in military assistance tend to change decidedly the recipient nation's international conflict and cooperative behavior; (2) in a substantial majority of cases examined, the direction of that behavior change is toward increased conflict and decreased cooperation; and (3) a two-year lag between military assistance and behavior change of recipient nations is statistically supported. The effects of increased capabilities as well as bureaucratic politics, habit, expectation, and prior deals are offered as possible reasons for these results. The findings seem to refute the argument that giving military aid to a nation not involved in a war will help strengthen that nation and thereby avoid future conflict.

Résumé Girard Alain, Roussel Louis et Bastide Henri. Natalité et politique familiale. Enquête par sondage, conduite en mai-juin 1975, auprès de l'ensemble de la population et d'un échantillon complémentaire de femmes mariées de moins de 40 ans. L'observation a porté, d'une part sur les attitudes à l'égard de la fécondité et de la dimension idéale de la famille, d'autre part sur les mesures éventuelles susceptibles d'apporter une aide aux familles. Les préférences pour les familles de 2 ou 3 enfants s'accentuent et le maximum s'établit maintenant à 2. Les craintes devant la croissance se font plus vives et amènent à souhaiter une population stationnaire. Les mesures les mieux reçues du public concernent tout ce qui peut favoriser la réduction de l'écart des revenus entre les familles (majorations des allocations familiales et de l'allocation de salaire unique), et la compatibilité entre l'activité professionnelle des femmes et leurs tâches de mère : travail à temps partiel, congé de 2 ou 3 ans lors d'une naissance avec garantie d'emploi à l'issue de ce congé. Un cahier de « Travaux et Documents », sous presse, présentera l'ensemble des résultats.

There has been a great deal of interest recently in problems of computation in developing countries. The Jerusalem Conference on Information Technology held in Israel in 1971 (see Bibliography Key, Jerusalem) was dedicated wholly to the topic, and since then the Rio Symposium on Computer Education for Developing Countries (see Rio), and the IBI-ICC Conference on Informatics in Government (see Florence), both held in 1972, have dealt directly with these problems. Latin America has been intent on benefiting from the application of computer technology to development, but the advent of the technology has not always met with the success that was expected. However, the lack of policy that brought about the random introduction of computers into a country, often sacrificing other equipment or services also critical to its development, is now giving way to more rational procedures. A number of countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico) are presently engaged in detailed studies of their systems and those of other developing nations in order to learn from their experiences. This article is an attempt to aid that research effort by providing an annotated bibliography and other sources of information on computation in the region.