Suchergebnisse

The IPA team's mandat on the fact-finding trip was to analyse the causes of Mozambique's security problems and to make constructive recommendations concerning possible measures to improve both security and the delivery of relief in the northern part of the country, Beira Corridor, which has been disrupted by civil strife

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Religion und religiöser Identität.

Part I – Human rights in the international legal system: 1 The foundation and historical development of international human rights -- 2 The impact of human rights on international law -- Part II – International sources: 3 General international law -- 4 Treaties -- 5 Sources envisaged in international treaties -- 6 Soft law -- Part III – International obligations: 7 Personal scope of obligations -- 8 Content and nature of the obligations. Various categories and their validity -- 9 Spatial scope of obligations -- Part IV – Conventional human rights systems: treaties, organs and procedures: 10 The United Nations system -- 11 The European system of human rights -- 12 Other regional human rights systems -- Part V – "Fundamental" human rights: 13 Distinctions between human rights categories -- 14 Protection of life and physical integrity of the person -- 15 Protection of basic needs and subsistence rights of the person -- 16 Protection of liberty and security of the person -- 18 Protection of the essential identity of the person -- 19 Protection of the will and identity of peoples -- Part VI – Other human rights: 20 Protection of private and family life -- 21 Protection of intellectual and cultural activities -- 22 Protection of political activities -- 23 Protection of economic activities -- 24 Protection of freedom of movement -- 25 Collective human rights and political objectives of the international community. .

Menschenrechte erlangten im 20. Jahrhundert eine globale Ausstrahlung und verwandelten sich in eine umkämpfte Arena des politischen Konflikts. Unzählige Gruppen und Staaten beriefen sich auf sie, um anderen zu helfen, sich selbst zu schützen oder ihre politischen Ziele zu rechtfertigen. Das machte sie zu einer entscheidenden Sprache der internationalen Politik. Erstmals wird in diesem Buch die Entwicklung der internationalen Menschenrechtspolitik seit den 1940er Jahren dargestellt. Unerlässlich für das historische Verständnis und für eine kompetente politische Diskussion, untersucht es

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have transformed society and the economy and expanded opportunities for international cooperation. However, the unique capabilities of ICTs are used not only for the common good of humanity. Today, we are talking about an accelerated increase in threats in the information and cyberspace. Many states consider them as additional, but often these are the main spaces for military-political confrontation. Thus, the issues of inadmissibility of application of ICTs with military and political purposes for realization of hostile actions and acts of aggression are critically urgent acute. For this reason, the task of ensuring international information security has become part of the agenda for one of the six main committees of the UN General Assembly (UNGA) – the First Committee, where states investigate threats to peace, seek for ways to promote global security and disarmament. Discussion on international information security issues within this Committee plays a crucial role and requires a deep analysis by the scientific and expert community. The article presents the results of this analysis, starting from 1998, when the problem of international information security was first discussed at the UN on the initiative of Russia. The study identifies and investigates the possibilities and prospects of implementing the main goal in the process of ensuring international information security: namely, the creation of an international legal regime to ban the development, production and use of information and cyber weapons. In addition, this paper includes the results of a study on the UN work and prospects for its success in maintaining international information security in a new format: within the framework of the Open Ended Working Group (OEWG) organized in 2019 at the suggestion of Russia, and the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) proposed by the United States. The output of both groups is going to have a significant impact on information security trends and policies on a global scale. Therefore, a timely scientific analysis of the issue, current challenges and threats, as well as the forecast of trends and prospects for enhancing international information security, presented in the article, are currently among the most relevant tasks.

Frontmatter -- PREFACE / Lane, Frederic C. -- CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES -- I. FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE / L., F.C. -- FORMATION ET STRUCTURES DU CAPITALISME (DU 15e AU 18e SIÈCLE) / Ruiz-Martin, Felipe -- MARCHANDS CAPITALISTES ET CLASSES SOCIALES / Kellenbenz, Hermann -- FAVOURABLE AND UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR CAPITALIST GROWTH: THE SHIFT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ROUTES IN THE 15th TO 17th CENTURIES / Pach, Sigismund P. -- LES PREMIERS ÉLÉMENTS DU CAPITALISME DANS LES BALKANS DU 14e AU 17e SIÈCLE / Tadic, Jorjo -- SUMMARIES OF COMMUNICATIONS -- FORMATION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT DES STRUCTURES DU CAPITALISME DANS UNE VILLE BUREAUCRATIQUE / Bennassar, Bartolomé -- «ACCUMULATION PRIMITIVE» ET NAISSANCE D'UN CAPITALISME URBAIN / Bergier, Jean-François -- THE TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM IN ENGLAND / Furey, Joseph C. / Wilben, Charles K. -- ASPECTS DU DÉVELOPPEMENT CAPITALISTE DANS LES MILIEUX D'AFFAIRES DE ROUEN À LA F I N DU 16e SIÈCLE / Jeannin, Pierre -- VARIOUS FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN BOHEMIA IN THE 18th CENTURY / Klima, Arnost -- PECULIARITIES OF THE GENESIS OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA IN THE 17th TO 18th CENTURIES / Kovaltchenko, I . D. -- FÖRDERNDE UND HEMMENDE KRÄFTE DER ENTWICKLUNG ZUM KAPITALISMUS IN DEUTSCHLAND AM ENDE DES 18. JAHRHUNDERTS / Kuczynski, J. -- STIMULANTS ET FREINS AU DÉVELOPPEMENT DU CAPITALISME EN FRANCE JUSQU'À LA FIN DU 18e SIÈCLE / Mandrou, Robert -- TRIEB- UND HEMMUNGSKRÄFTE DER ENTWICKLUNG DES KAPITALISMUS AUF DER BALKANINSEL BIS Z UM ENDE DES 18. JAHRHUNDERTS / Milic, Danila -- TRAITS GÉNÉRAUX DES FORTUNES BOURGEOISES A GENÈVE AU 17e SIÈCLE / Piuz, Anne-Marie -- ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE FLORENTINE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES DURING THE 15th CENTURY / Roover, Florence Edler de -- LE PRÉCAPITALISME ET LA RENAISSANCE / Rutenburg, V. -- OBERDEUTSCHE UNTERNEHMER IM KARPATENRAUM 1335-1435 / Stromer, Wolfgang von -- LES FACTEURS DE LA RÉGRESSION DU DÉVELOPPEMENT CAPITALISTE EN POLOGNE DU 16e AU 18e SIÈCLE / Topolski, J. -- LIMITED LIABILITY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SPAIN, 1829-1869 / Tortella, Gabriel -- MERCHANT'S ARCHIVES IN EUROPE / Kellenbenz, Hermann -- II. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE IN THE 20th CENTURY -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE -- ECONOMIES NOT CENTRALLY PLANNED / Mathias, Peter -- COEXISTENCE OF TWO SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES / Mileykovsky, Abram -- L'INTERVENTION DE L'ÉTAT ET LE CHANGEMENT DE STRUCTURE DU CAPITALISME / Vuco, Nikola -- SUMMARIES OF COMMUNICATIONS NATIONAL CASE STUDIES -- HUNGARY / Berend, Ivan T. -- GERMANY / Fischer, Wolfram / Czada, Peter -- JAPAN / Nakagawa, Keiichiro -- CZECHOSLOVAKIA / Teichovâ, Alice -- III. TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE / L., F. C. -- PROGRÈS SCIENTIFIQUE, PROGRÈS TECHNIQUE ET PROGRÈS ÉCONOMIQUE / Gille, Bertrand -- PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRESS -- INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY / North, Douglass C. -- SUPPLEMENT TO PART I: COMMUNICATIONS ON TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRESS -- CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY OF INNOVATION AND OF DIFFUSION OF NEW TECHNIQUES / Makkai, Läszlö -- IMPACT OF WAR ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / Nef, John U. -- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20th CENTURY / Teich, Mikulas -- PART II: EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -- HUMAN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Bowman, Mary Jean / Anderson, C . Arnold -- SUPPLEMENT TO PART II: COMMUNICATIONS ON EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -- INSTRUCTION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE EN FRANCE AU 19e SIÈCLE / Fohlen, Claude -- THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE FORMING OF SKILLED WORKERS IN BOHEMIA OF THE 18th CENTURY / Klima, Arnost -- ZUM BILDUNGSWESEN IN DEUTSCHLAND IM ZEITRAUM VON 1800-1850 / Troitzsch, Ulrich -- EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN / Taira, Koji -- IV. TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE ANCIENT WORLD -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE / L., F.C. -- PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND THE FOUNDATION OF CIVILIZATION -- SOME PROBLEMS OF THE NEOLITHIC AND URBAN REVOLUTION / Mason, V. M. -- EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN IRRIGATION / Adams, Robert Mac C -- PART II: TECHNOLOGY IN THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD -- GENERAL REPORT / Pleket, Harry W. -- TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN THE MAIN PERIOD OF ANCIENT SLAVERY / Kiechle, Franz K. -- DIE SOZIALE STRUKTUR ROMS UND DIE MÖGLICHKEITEN ÖKONOMISCHER UND TECHNOLOGISCHER ENTWICKLUNG / Staerman, E. -- PART III: ÖKONOMISCHES DENKEN IM ANTIKEN GRIECHENLAND -- SEINE ENTWICKLUNG IN DER BEZIEHUNG ZUR REALITÄT DER KLASSISCHEN »POLIS« / Welskopf, Elizabeth Charlotte -- L'OPINION QUE LES ANCIENS AVAIENT DU TRAVAIL SERVILE / Malowist, Iza Biezunska -- V. CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE / L., F.C. -- PART I: TRANSITIONS FROM SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY -- THE TIMING OF THE TRANSITION IN WESTERN EUROPE AND ITS SETTLEMENTS OVERSEAS / Deane, Phyllis -- LES FERMES PAYSANNES EN POLOGNE AU 18e SIÈCLE AVAIENT-ELLES UN CARACTÈRE DE FERMES AUTARCIQUES? / Kula, Withold -- SUPPLEMENT TO PART I: COMMUNICATIONS ON SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES -- THE IMPACT OF GROWING RURAL CAPITALISM ON SUBSISTENCE PEASANT ECONOMIES / Kotovsky, G. G. -- AU PORTUGAL: CONDITIONS , PROPORTIONS ET STABILITÉ DE L'AUTOCON SOMMATION / Silva, J. G. Da -- CANADA'S SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY BEFORE 1860 / Firestone, O. J. -- PART II: REAL INCOME -- SUR QUELQUES TYPES DE REVENUS RÉELS ( 16e-18e SIÈCLES) / Ladurie, E. Le Roy -- THE SHARE OF SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT IN GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT DURING THE 19th CENTURY IN THE U.S.A. / Davis, Lance E. / Gallman, Robert E. -- SUPPLEMENT TO PART II: COMMUNICATIONS ON REAL INCOME -- REAL WAGE INCOME DURING THE ANCIEN RÉGIME IN THE LIGHT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH / Wee, Herman van der -- LES ASPECTS SOCIAUX DE LA RECHERCHE SUR LA CONSOMMATION ALIMENTAIRE À L'ÉPOQUE PRÉSTATISTIQUE / Wyczanski, Andrej -- AN INTERCOUNTRY COMPARISON OF THE CONSUMPTION LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS' FAMILIES Russia 1913 - U.S.A. 1901 / Toda, Yasushi -- PERSONAL CONSUMPTION IN DEVELOPED CAPITALIST COUNTRIES / Lybimova, V. -- VI. LAND OCCUPATION, SETTLEMENT AND "FRONTIERS" -- INTRODUCTORY NOTE / L., F.C. -- OCCUPATION DU SOL, PEUPLEMENT ET FRONTIÈRE: DÉFINITION DU THÈME / Jara, Alvaro -- GEOGRAPHIC VIEWS -- AMÉRIQUE / Verlinden, Charles -- CYCLE DE L'OR ET CYCLE DU CAFÉ AU BRÉSIL / Mauro, Frédéric -- LAND SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE IN NEW ZEALAND / Gould, J. D. -- THE FRONTIER IN THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL EUROPE / Polisensky, J.V. -- SLOVENIA FROM THE 16th TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY -- HUNGARY UNDER TURKISH RULE / Makkai, Lâszlô -- UNGARN NACH DER TÜRKEN ZEIT / Vàrkony, Agnes R. -- PROBLÈMES ÉCONOMIQUES DANS L'EMPIRE OTTOMAN / Mantran, M. R.

This edited volume offers a systematic evaluation of how knowledge is produced by scholarly research into International Relations. The contributors explore a number of key questions, including: To what extent is scientific progress and accumulation of knowledge possible, what are the different accounts of how this process takes place, and what are the dominant critiques of these understandings?It is the first publication to survey the full range of perspectives available for evaluating scientific progress as well as dominant critiquesof scientism.

This paper is the initial Position Statement of Evidence Synthesis International, a new partnership of organizations that produce, support and use evidence synthesis around the world. The paper (i) argues for the importance of synthesis as a research exercise to clarify what is known from research evidence to inform policy, practice and personal decision making; (ii) discusses core issues for research synthesis such as the role of research evidence in decision making, the role of perspectives, participation and democracy in research and synthesis as a core component of evidence ecosystems; (iii) argues for 9 core principles for ESI on the nature and role of research synthesis; and (iv) lists the 5 main goals of ESI as a coordinating partnership for promoting and enabling the production and use of research synthesis. ; publishedVersion

In der Handelsschiffahrt wurde die Verbilligung der Arbeitskraft vor allem über die Institution der "Schattenflaggen" erreicht: Schiffe aus entwickelten kapitalistischen Industrienationen fahren unter der Flagge einer anderen Nation (zumeist der Dritten Welt), womit das einheimische Tarifgefüge umgangen wird. Daß die langjährigen Versuche der Gewerkschaften, hier zu einer internationalen Regulierung zu kommen, weniger von der viel beschworenen "internationalen Solidarität" der Gewerkschaftsbewegung als vielmehr von recht unterschiedlichen, nationalspezifischen Interessen getragen waren, zeigt die vorliegende Analyse der Politik der Internationalen Transportarbeiter-Föderation. (ICE)