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In the Master thesis, the analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Union regulating the protection of the rights of victims of crime, assistance and support was carried out. In order to assess whether the system of crime victim services in Lithuania is effective, and whether it complies with the provisions of the Directive on Crime Victims, the models of crime victim service system operating in Lithuania and selected European Union countries (Latvia, Estonia and Germany) have been analyzed and compared; moreover, essential differences have been revealed. An empirical study was carried out in order to assess the activities of police officers in the field of crime victim services, to reveal the prevailing attitude of police officers to victims of crime, to determine the scope of implementation of the provisions of the Directive on Crime Victims in the context of police officers' activities.

chapter 1 Introduction: Between Social Theory and European Integration -- chapter 2 New Practices of Citizenship -- chapter 3 Individuals, Communities and Knowledge in an Era of Identity Politics -- chapter 4 Identity and Experience -- chapter 5 Forms of Multiculturalism -- chapter 6 Symbolic Multiculturalism and Affirmative Action -- chapter 7 The Creation of European Identity -- chapter 8 Citizenship and the Role of Cultural Policy -- chapter 9 Subsidiarity and Citizenship -- chapter 10 Conclusion.

This new text introduces the history, evolution and contemporary state of one of the European Union's most important, expensive and controversial policies. It examines the role that cohesion policy plays in European integration, as well as in economic development across regions, and analyzes the key debates and issues at stake.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Purpose – An attempt to answer two questions: (i) does spending on social-welfare policies constitute a statistically-significant impulse for reducing poverty among various risk groups in the EU countries? And (ii) what is the level of efficiency of social spending when it comes to reducing various problems associated with poverty in the EU member states? Research method – Two research methods: Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and extended Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used. Results – It is established that social-welfare policies in most of the EU countries create a sufficient impulse to reduce poverty among elderly people and survivors, families with children and the unemployed. However, the impulse is often not sufficient in the case of people with problems in meeting housing needs, as well as the sick or disabled. What is more, the relative efficiency of social-welfare spending in some of the EU countries is low, which suggest that better outcomes may be achieved not only by increasing the spending, but also by improving the policies among current amount of funds. Surprisingly, the best-performing countries in reducing the poverty by social-welfare policies include, next to Denmark and Finland, also some Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The research extends the knowledge on the efficiency and effectiveness of government activities for the purpose of limiting poverty.

Aims: To compare the trends in prevalence and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK and European Union (EU) countries. Methods: This observational study used data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. T2DM age-standardised prevalence rates per 100,000 (ASPRs), age-standardised mortality rates per 100,000 (ASMRs) and disability-adjusted life-year rates per 100,000 (DALYs) were extracted from the GBD online results tool for the UK and each EU country, for the years 1990-2019. Trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, increases in T2DM ASPRs were observed for all EU countries. The highest relative increases in ASPRs were observed in Luxembourg (males +269.1%, females +219.2%), Ireland (males +191.9%, females +165.7%) and the UK (males +128.6%, females +114.6%). The T2DM prevalence increases in the UK have plateaued from 2015/16-2019 for both sexes, with insignificant increases in estimated annual percentage changes of +0.9% and 0% for males and females, respectively. Mortality trends were non-uniform across EU countries, with ASMRs increasing over the 30-year period studied in 11 countries for males and in 4 countries for females. The UK observed the highest relative decrease in ASMRs for males (-46.9%). For females, the largest relative decrease in ASMRs was in Cyprus (-67.6%). Mortality-to-incidence ratios decreased in all countries except for males in Latvia and females in Denmark, with the lowest mortality-to-incidence ratios in 2019 being observed in the UK and Finland. DALYs increased in 25 countries for males and 17 countries for females between 1990 and 2019. Conclusions: T2DM prevalence rates have increased across Europe over the last 30 years, however mortality trends are variable. The prevalence of T2DM has increased more in the UK and Ireland between 1990-2019 than in any EU country, for both males and females, with the exception of Luxembourg. Contrastingly, the UK has observed large relative decreases in T2DM ...