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Since 1983, European Years (EY) have been implemented by the European Parliament and the European Council to raise the awareness of the local, regional, and national authorities on a common European issue. This article develops a visual framing analysis of the photographic representation of the European Year of Volunteering (2011) and the European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations (2012) at a national level. The data will focus on the photographic images uploaded on the campaign blogs of two Romanian non-governmental organizations. This study has a threefold aim: first, to compare and contrast the use of photographic images in the blogs of two Romanian public communication campaigns; second, to develop a model of visual framing analysis focused on types of represented participants, social actions, and shots; third, to argue that the objectives and outcomes of the public communication campaigns on EY issues depend on the type of "I-ness" versus "we-ness" society a country is. ; Desde 1983, los Años Europeos son aplicados por el Este artículo desarrolla un análisis de encuadre visual de la representación fotográfica del Año Europeo del Voluntariado (2011) y del Año Europeo del Envejecimiento Activo y la Solidaridad Intergeneracional (2012) a escala nacional. Los datos se centrarán en las imágenes fotográficas subidas en los blogs de campaña de dos organizaciones no gubernamentales rumanas. Este estudio tiene un triple objetivo: primero, comparar y contrastar el uso de las imágenes fotográficas en los blogs de dos campañas de comunicación rumanas; segundo, desarrollar un modelo de análisis de encuadre visual centrado en tipos de participantes representados, acciones sociales y tomas fotográficas; tercero, argumentar que los objetivos y los resultados de las campañas de comunicación pública de los Años Europeos dependen de la representación social desde el tipo "yo" frente al "nosotros".

Although active ageing policy and practice vary between countries, we believe that knowledge about the effects of Norwegian companies? initiatives to delay early retirement is of interest for all countries striving to increase the employment rates of older workers. Since the agreement on a more inclusive working life (IW agreement) was signed in 2001, the Norwegian government and social partners have encouraged companies to develop a more senior-friendly policy and implement special measures to retain older workers. In this article, we evaluate the effects of such measures. Our research question is, have preventive measures offered by companies to employees aged 62 years and older contributed to reduced rates of early retirement? We use a ?difference-in-differences? approach and examine whether measures at the company level to counteract early retirement actually affect older employees? retirement decisions, controlling for different individual and enterprise factors. This is done by comparing changes and differences in the individual likelihood of early retirement on the contractual pension (AFP scheme) and disability pension in the period 2002?2007 among employees 62 years of age in businesses with and without the corresponding preventive measures/instruments. The analyses show that the likelihood that a 62-year-old worker will retire on the AFP scheme has increased from 2002 to 2007. This applies equally to 62-year-old employees in enterprises that have enacted special measures to retain older workers as well as 62-year-olds in enterprises that have not enacted any such measures. On the other hand, the likelihood that a 62-year-old worker will retire because of disability decreased from 2002 to 2007, among employees in both the intervention enterprises and the control enterprises. However, when controlling for other relevant characteristics of individuals and enterprises, the analysis indicates that the measures as such have had no effect on the likelihood of 62-year-olds retiring.

Although active ageing policy and practice vary between countries, we believe that knowledge about the effects of Norwegian companies' initiatives to delay early retirement is of interest for all countries striving to increase the employment rates of older workers. Since the agreement on a more inclusive working life (IW agreement) was signed in 2001, the Norwegian government and social partners have encouraged companies to develop a more senior-friendly policy and implement special measures to retain older workers. In this article, we evaluate the effects of such measures. Our research question is, have preventive measures offered by companies to employees aged 62 years and older contributed to reduced rates of early retirement? We use a 'difference-in-differences' approach and examine whether measures at the company level to counteract early retirement actually affect older employees' retirement decisions, controlling for different individual and enterprise factors. This is done by comparing changes and differences in the individual likelihood of early retirement on the contractual pension (AFP scheme) and disability pension in the period 2002–2007 among employees 62 years of age in businesses with and without the corresponding preventive measures/instruments. The analyses show that the likelihood that a 62-year-old worker will retire on the AFP scheme has increased from 2002 to 2007. This applies equally to 62-year-old employees in enterprises that have enacted special measures to retain older workers as well as 62-year-olds in enterprises that have not enacted any such measures. On the other hand, the likelihood that a 62-year-old worker will retire because of disability decreased from 2002 to 2007, among employees in both the intervention enterprises and the control enterprises. However, when controlling for other relevant characteristics of individuals and enterprises, the analysis indicates that the measures as such have had no effect on the likelihood of 62-year-olds retiring.

"Since the setting up of the European Union, it has been only the nation states that have been responsible for labour market and employment policy. However, since the beginning of the 1990s, the latter have been confronted with increasing problems. For instance, the unemployment rate rose from 7.7% to 11.1% across Europe between 1990 and 1994. Moreover, in comparison to the United States and Japan, a considerably smaller portion of the EU populace was involved in gainful employment and this threatened the financial feasibility of the social insurance systems in the long term. What is more, in the years before, EU politics had been focused on the programme relating to the internal market and on creating a common currency ('Maastricht'). Here one could detect a neglect of socio-political and labour market-related issues. This in turn threatened to undermine the legitimation of the European integration process. And that is why the EU Commission then worked at establishing employment policy as an independent political field. However it was met with resistance on the part of national governments that were reluctant to surrender areas of authority in this field. The result was a compromise: the European Employment Strategy (EES) that was brought into being in 1997 by the then 15 Member States at the EU Summit in Luxembourg. With this, a new method of political steering was created which later became known as the 'Open Method of Coordination' (OMC). The fundamental principles of the OMC are first described below. After that, the main points of substance of the European Employment Strategy are brought into the forefront, paying particular attention to the topic of 'active ageing'. Next, stock is taken as regards the effectivity of the strategy from the perspective of 2010. Finally an outlook for the future will be offered that has being planned under the catchphrase 'Europe 2020'." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Older workers' employment rates are high in three EU countries (Sweden, Denmark, UK) and have risen substantially in Finland and the Netherlands in recent years. These five countries are also close to full employment, even if the factors behind their employment performance differ. Labour market institutions are a factor (moderate wage increases for older workers, better working conditions). In countries with a liberal strategy, early-retirement schemes have been abolished; older workers are requested to work and accept lower wages, which is allowed by labour market flexibility. In Nordic countries, the active ageing strategy relies on a social mobilisation to increase jobs available for older workers and to give them incentives to work longer. The article concludes that France should consider the experience from Nordic countries to set up a fruitful social compromise. ; Du fait du vieillissement de la population, l'emploi des seniors devient un enjeu primordial de la politique du travail dans les pays européens. Retarder l'âge de fin d'activité permettrait d'augmenter le niveau de production et d'équilibrer les systèmes de retraite sans réduire le niveau des retraites. Encore faut-il que les seniors soient effectivement employés. Les réformes en cours des systèmes de retraite font courir le risque qu'une partie importante des travailleurs seniors ne trouvent pas d'emploi et soient contraints de partir à la retraite avec un faible niveau de pension. Aussi, l'article étudie-t-il la stratégie suivie par les pays qui ont réussi à maintenir un taux d'emploi des seniors élevé (Suède, Danemark, Royaume-Uni) ou qui ont connu des relèvements importants de ce taux durant ces dernières années (Finlande, Pays-Bas). Ceux-ci sont généralement des pays proches du plein emploi, même si les facteurs de plein emploi diffèrent : temps partiel, stratégie macroéconomique qui allie recherche de la compétitivité et politique expansionniste, libéralisation du marché du travail ou gestion par les partenaires sociaux, développement ...

Older workers' employment rates are high in three EU countries (Sweden, Denmark, UK) and have risen substantially in Finland and the Netherlands in recent years. These five countries are also close to full employment, even if the factors behind their employment performance differ. Labour market institutions are a factor (moderate wage increases for older workers, better working conditions). In countries with a liberal strategy, early-retirement schemes have been abolished; older workers are requested to work and accept lower wages, which is allowed by labour market flexibility. In Nordic countries, the active ageing strategy relies on a social mobilisation to increase jobs available for older workers and to give them incentives to work longer. The article concludes that France should consider the experience from Nordic countries to set up a fruitful social compromise. ; Du fait du vieillissement de la population, l'emploi des seniors devient un enjeu primordial de la politique du travail dans les pays européens. Retarder l'âge de fin d'activité permettrait d'augmenter le niveau de production et d'équilibrer les systèmes de retraite sans réduire le niveau des retraites. Encore faut-il que les seniors soient effectivement employés. Les réformes en cours des systèmes de retraite font courir le risque qu'une partie importante des travailleurs seniors ne trouvent pas d'emploi et soient contraints de partir à la retraite avec un faible niveau de pension. Aussi, l'article étudie-t-il la stratégie suivie par les pays qui ont réussi à maintenir un taux d'emploi des seniors élevé (Suède, Danemark, Royaume-Uni) ou qui ont connu des relèvements importants de ce taux durant ces dernières années (Finlande, Pays-Bas). Ceux-ci sont généralement des pays proches du plein emploi, même si les facteurs de plein emploi diffèrent : temps partiel, stratégie macroéconomique qui allie recherche de la compétitivité et politique expansionniste, libéralisation du marché du travail ou gestion par les partenaires sociaux, développement ...

The Philippines is identified as one of the countries with an ageing population, as the proportion of persons aged 60 and above is at 7.4 percent in 2015 and is projected to increase to 15.9 percent by 2045. Senior citizens tend to have higher prevalence of various medical diseases and comorbidities. Moreover, they are less economically active compared to younger age groups. Thus, this projected increase in the number of senior citizens entails greater support needed in terms of health care and income security for the elderly. In response to this, the government has been enacting various legislations and implementing various social protection programs for senior citizens. Among the following are the mandatory coverage of senior citizens to PhilHealth, and retirement benefits and pension through SSS and GSIS for senior citizens previously involved in the formal economy, or through the social pension program for indigent senior citizens.

Following the release of the Intergenerational Report, the Australian Treasury identified the levers to address the economic effects of demographic ageing as 'the three Ps': population, participation and productivity. To date, the first 'P', population, has been treated as an exogenous factor, with the common view being that there is very little that the government can do to supplant demographic ageing. Focusing upon labour supply, this paper shows how variation in Australia's underlying demography can significantly alter Australia's future labour supply. Although governments cannot redirect the cohort flow component of population ageing, much can be achieved in promoting growth of the labour supply by maintaining or increasing fertility (in the longer term), or increasing targeted migration (in the short to medium term). This paper also decomposes the relative role of cohort flow, changing demography and changing labour force participation on the growth of the labour supply over the past 20 years. Over this period, the entry of the baby boom generation (cohort flow) and increased tabour force participation of women accounted for almost all of the growth in the labour force. Changing demography had very little effect. However, Australia's future tabour supply will not include a large increase in cohort flow (as caused by the baby boomers) or a very large increase in female labour force participation. Regardless of the assumptions used, labour supply growth will be considerably lower in the next and subsequent 20 years, when compared to the previous 20.

Following the release of the Intergenerational Report, the Australian Treasury identified the levers to address the economic effects of demographic ageing as 'the three Ps': population, participation and productivity. To date, the first 'P', population, has been treated as an exogenous factor, with the common view being that there is very little that the government can do to supplant demographic ageing. Focusing upon labour supply, this paper shows how variation in Australia's underlying demography can significantly alter Australia's future labour supply. Although governments cannot redirect the cohort flow component of population ageing, much can be achieved in promoting growth of the labour supply by maintaining or increasing fertility (in the longer term), or increasing targeted migration (in the short to medium term). This paper also decomposes the relative role of cohort flow, changing demography and changing labour force participation on the growth of the labour supply over the past 20 years. Over this period, the entry of the baby boom generation (cohort flow) and increased tabour force participation of women accounted for almost all of the growth in the labour force. Changing demography had very little effect. However, Australia's future tabour supply will not include a large increase in cohort flow (as caused by the baby boomers) or a very large increase in female labour force participation. Regardless of the assumptions used, labour supply growth will be considerably lower in the next and subsequent 20 years, when compared to the previous 20.

Purpose
This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neoliberal project of ageing, based on a notion of a healthy, active, working older person. A long-term struggle to include older people has been (temporarily) replaced with a struggle to exclude them. This seems to be one of the most sensitive sore spots of the coronavirus crisis and one of the most serious challenges to social policy and welfare systems the world over. The purpose of this paper is to consider where the concepts of ageing and the action on ageing were at right before the crisis and what their further development may look like.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides a critical overview of main conceptions based on the neoliberal project of ageing.


Findings
The main principle of the neoliberal project of ageing, which had been formed on the crossroad of social theory and policy through decades, became vulnerable in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. The new forced ageing reveals its repressive nature through ensuring seniors' safety from exposure, their removal from work and isolation. The theory now faces new challenges of meshing a neoliberal actor – active, independent and productive – with an older person in isolation, who needs safeguarding, of re-conceptualizing social exclusion of seniors in a situation where exclusion is equated with safety, of resolving a dilemma between isolation and respect of human rights and of keeping progress in anti-ageism.


Research limitations/implications
This paper presents an overview of the main conceptions, underlying the neoliberal project of ageing. It aims to designate the vulnerabilities of the project, which were revealed under the situation of pandemic. Further development of the discussion needs detailed analysis of theoretical conceptions of ageing.


Practical implications
Theoretical debate reflects policy of ageing. Discussion of theoretical problems of ageism, social exclusion, safeguarding of the elderly and compulsion are necessary for improvement of social policy of ageing.


Social implications
When the neoliberal project of ageing comes into collision with the reality with the reality, the authors recognize it as a crisis. It moves the society, and especially the elderly, to the situation of uncertainty. This paper calls for discussion and search for a new balance among the generations in a society.


Originality/value
This paper relies upon the current debate on neoliberal project of ageing and responds immediately to the situation of pandemic. Now conceptual problems in theories of ageing and policy projects became visible, and the authors suppose it is time to initiate this discussion.

With the lengthening of life expectancy and arrival at retirement age of the large baby boomer's generations, supporting elderly populations has become a truly primordial stake of public policies. In such context, the Age-friendly Cities program initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO), is an attempt to address the challenge of true inclusion of elderly people in society. It encourages active ageing and puts forward the question of the adaptation of urban environment (built and social). In this perspective, involving the elderly is essential to identify necessary adaptations for the development of a society for people of all ages. In 2016, in the continuity of a policy stance centred on prevention called "ageing well", the city of Brest joined the WHO program. It has thus committed to improving the quality of life for elderly people, by reinforcing its action on the adaptation of the city, developing inclusive policies and setting up a participative governance model. This research work offers an analysis of the conditions of emergence of the Brest municipality's endorsement of the Age-friendly Cities program. It also dwells on the issue of the implementation of an ambitious, transverse and participative approach in the context of budget constraints and sectoral organization of public action. ; Avec l'allongement de l'espérance de vie et l'arrivée à l'âge de la retraite des générations nombreuses du baby-boom, l'accompagnement des vieillissements est devenu un véritable enjeu primordial des politiques publiques. Dans un tel contexte, le programme Villes amies des Aînés (VADA), initié par l'organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), tente de répondre au défi d'une véritable inclusion des aînés dans la société. Il encourage le vieillissement actif et pose la question de l'adaptation de l'environnement urbain (bâti et social). Dans cette perspective, la participation des aînés est essentielle pour identifier les adaptations nécessaires au développement d'une société pour tous les âges. En 2016, dans la continuité d'une politique centrée sur la prévention et une démarche baptisée « bien vieillir », la ville de Brest a adhéré à ce programme. Elle s'engage ainsi à améliorer la qualité de vie des aînés, en renforçant son action sur l'adaptation de la ville, en développant une politique inclusive et une forme de gouvernance participative. Cette recherche action se propose d'analyser les conditions d'émergence de l'adhésion au programme VADA de la municipalité de Brest. Elle interroge aussi la mise en œuvre d'une démarche transversale et participative ambitieuse dans un contexte de restriction budgétaire et d'une action publique organisée de façon sectorielle.

В статье рассмотрена пенсионная система России с позиции ее влияния на распространение практики геронтомаркетинга на российском рынке. Обозначена особая роль пенсионной системы в условиях продолжающегося демографического старения населения: обеспечение платежеспособного спроса в сегменте пожилых потребителей и фактор формирования и развития рынков товаров и услуг, ориентированных на покупателей старшего возраста. В статье проведен сравнительный анализ пенсионных систем ряда государств по критерию установленного пенсионного возраста и выделены особенности системы пенсионного обеспечения России, такие как ранний возраст выхода на пенсию, низкий коэффициент замещения пенсии, различия в пенсионном возрасте женщин и мужчин. Автором статьи проанализирована новая пенсионная формула и выявлены факторы, оказывающие наибольшее влияние на размер пенсионных выплат. Определены факторы негативного и положительного влияния на размер пенсии, учет которых позволяет сформировать наиболее эффективную стратегию трудовой деятельности. Автором обозначено, что несмотря на отказ от официального переноса решения о пересмотре пенсионного возраста в России, предложенная пенсионная формула стимулирует продолжение трудовой деятельности пенсионеров, что соответствует модели активного старения и является важным условием формирования платежеспособного спроса, а следовательно и практического распространения геронтомаркетинга в российских условиях. В целом, автором обозначено позитивное влияние сформированной пенсионной системы на перспективы привлекательности геронтосегмента. ; The article considers the Russian pension system from the perspective of its impact on gerontomarketing advancement in the Russian market. The author identifies a special role of the pension system in the conditions of ongoing demographic ageing of the population: ensuring of the purchasing power in the segment of senior consumers and a factor of formation and development of goods and services markets oriented to senior customers. The article contains a comparative analysis of pension systems in several countries by the criterion of the set pension age and outlines peculiar features of the pension system in Russia, such as early retirement age, low pension replacement rate, differences in the pension age of men and women. The author analyzes new pension formula and identifies factors exerting maximum impact on the size of pension payments. She outlines factors of the negative and positive impact on the pension amount, which allows to form the most efficient labor activity strategy. The author notes that in spite of government's refusal to postpone the decision on the pension age revision in Russia, the offered pension formula stimulates continuation of pensioners' labor activity, which corresponds to the active ageing model and constitutes an important condition for purchasing power formation and, consequently, practical advancement of gerontomarketing in Russian conditions. In general, the author notes a positive impact of the formed pension system on the prospects of gerontomarketing attractiveness.

With a focus on the case of Poland, where an aging population poses a crucial challenge for the state's social, family, and gerontological policy, this book explores ageing as a personal and social phenomenon, considering the ways in which the experience of ageing is shaped by younger generations' attitudes, government support policies, local initiatives undertaken help older people stay active, and the ways in which the elderly themselves understand their own mortality. Employing demographic, philosophical, legal, psychological, gerontological perspectives, it emphasises activities that can support older adults locally or nationwide and proposes the development of a social policy and social attitudes that can facilitate changes in the social perception of aging, together with a redistribution of resources for older adults. As such, it will appeal to scholars across the social sciences with interests in ageing and the lifecourse, as well as those who wish to support older adults with concrete solutions and familiarize themselves with the aging process from an individual and social perspective.

Anthea Tinker, 7th Grandmaster of the International Society for Gerontechnology (ISG), has a passion for technology and older people, while stressing, for instance, housing for Ageing-in-Place as early as 1976. Currently in her eighties she is still active in international projects. The breadth and depth of her passion is shown in this issue of Gerontechnology journal.

The number of older people (aged 65+) will more than double by 2050 in Sweden. The ageing population is an increasing concern due to rising health-care costs and a shortage of health professionals. Older people generally prefer ageing in place, as long as they feel confident and comfortable. However, preventive and supportive measures are needed to maintain older people's independence and active participation in society. The aim of this study is to explore the prerequisites for a healthy and independent life among older people in Sweden. A Delphi study was conducted in three rounds. In round 1, seven focus group interviews were performed with older persons aged 65-79, older persons aged >= 80, next of kin of older persons, health professionals in primary and home health care, assistant nurses in home care, care managers and local politicians. The data were analysed using thematic analysis, resulting in 35 statements of the prerequisites needed for a healthy and independent life. These statements were sent to the participants from round 1, who were asked to evaluate the degree to which they agreed with each statement in round 2, and again in round 3. There was an agreement of at least 80 per cent for 31 of the 35 statements. When asked to identify the three prerequisites of most importance for a healthy and independent life, most participants stated: to have a social life, to have freedom of choice and power over one's own situation, and to have the possibility to choose independently one's type of housing. There was an overall high group agreement on the prerequisites needed for a healthy and independent life among older people. The main areas of importance were to have a social life, several dimensions of feeling safe and to retain one's personal control.