Suchergebnisse

The subject of my PhD is The sustainability of capital accumulation and its regimes : a strong sustainability macroeconomic approach. It is composed of two parts. The first one is composed of two chapters that review the literature on two aspects : The first chapter tackles the debate on stationary capitalism. It reviews the way capitalism is taken into account by ecological economists and analyzes it in light of historical examples of ecological crises and of insights from eco-marxist theories. Chapter 2 tackles the debate about the so-called monetary growth imperative analysed from a post-Keynesian point of view. The second part is a more empirical one and is composed of three chapters. Chapter 3 attempts at framing the exergy-useful work approach into a régulationnist theoretical framework informed with insights from the Carbon democracy approach. It investigates the social relationship to energy in the Fordist and Neoliberal accumulation regimes. The fourth chapter attempts at furthering the third chapter by investigating the CO2 - GDP relationship through econometric means taking into account structural breaks between accumulation regimes and possible asymmetries. Chapter 5 investigates the commitment of countries to reduce their greenhousegas emissions within the context of globalized finance-led capitalism. ; Le sujet de la présente thèse est La soutenabilité de l'accumulation du capital et de ses régimes : une approche macroéconomique en termes de soutenabilité forte. Elle s'articule en deux parties. Deux chapitres composent la première : le chapitre 1 s'inscrit dans le débat sur la possibilité d'un capitalisme stationnaire. Il analyse l'absence des rapports sociaux spécifiques du capitalisme dans les travaux de certains économistes écologiques au moyen d'exemples historiques de crise écologique et des théories éco-marxistes. Le chapitre 2 discute les analyses monétaires de certains économistes écologiques selon lesquelles un état stationnaire est incompatible avec un système dans lequel la monnaie est ...

For the past three decades, China has experienced unparalleled economic growth to become the second largest economy in the world, and also the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter (Mo, 2016). Building operation accounts for 19.5% of China's total energy consumption, and commercial buildings consumed 211 metric tons carbon equivalent (Mtce) in 2013, accounting for 27.9% of total building operation energy usage (THUBERC, 2015). With increasing urbanization and building stocks, energy retrofitting for commercial buildings1 is becoming an important strategy that China can use to reach its carbon emissions reduction target. Favorable government policies have greatly advanced building energy efficiency efforts, for both government-owned public buildings and privately owned commercial buildings. Building energy efficiency policy goals were set up in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2006– 2010) and Twelfth FYP (2011–2015); those goals are achieved by government programs such as the Top Runner program, and by monetary incentives like grants and subsidies (Yu, Evans, & Shi, 2014; NDRC, 2015; State Council, 2017). A self-sustaining and mature building energy efficiency retrofit market mechanism is, however, yet to be established. Going forward into the Thirteenth FYP (2016–2020), China's commercial building energy efficiency industry will transition from government subsidy-driven to market-driven with legislative support (State Council, 2017). The Chinese government's advocacy of the green finance system has provided new opportunities for the building energy efficiency market to go through this transition (IPECC, 2016). However, significant barriers still remain if the building energy efficiency market wants to become self-sustaining and prosper; this requires a set of supportive government policies that set up a healthy market ecosystem. This study examines existing energy efficiency upgrade barriers for commercial buildings, and then presents a series of stakeholder interviews with energy service companies (ESCOs), ...

The last decade has witnessed a tremendous impetus on biofuel research due to the irreversible diminution of fossil fuel reserves for enormous demands of transportation vis-a-vis escalating emissions of green house gasses (GHGs) into the atmosphere. With an imperative need of CO2 reduction and considering the declining status of crude oil, governments in various countries have not only diverted substantial funds for biofuel projects but also have introduced incentives to vendors that produce biofuels. Currently, biodiesel production from microalgal biomass has drawn an immense importance with the potential to exclude high-quality agricultural land use and food safe-keeping issues. Moreover, microalgae can grow in seawater or wastewater and microalgal oil can exceed 50–60% (dry cell weight) as compared with some best agricultural oil crops of only 5–10% oil content. Globally, microalgae are the highest biomass producers and neutral lipid accumulators contending any other terrestrial oil crops. However, there remain many hurdles in each and every step, starting from strain selection and lipid accumulation/yield, algae mass cultivation followed by the downstream processes such as harvesting, drying, oil extraction, and biodiesel conversion (transesterification), and overall, the cost of production. Isolation and screening of oleaginous microalgae is one pivotal important upstream factor which should be addressed according to the need of freshwater or marine algae with a consideration that wild-type indigenous isolate can be the best suited for the laboratory to large scale exploitation. Nowadays, a large number of literature on microalgal biodiesel production are available, but none of those illustrate a detailed step-wise description with the pros and cons of the upstream and downstream processes of biodiesel production from microalgae. Specifically, harvesting and drying constitute more than 50% of the total production costs; however, there are quite a less number of detailed study reports available. In this ...

Keywords: globalisation, energy, climate changeDagli anni '70 il tema del cambiamento climatico si è imposto gradualmente al centro del dibattito culturale e politico, parallelamente all'emergere di una economia globalizzata. In questo contesto, il trattato di Kyoto può venire considerato, assieme al WTO, un sofisticato strumento di governo per la sempre crescente complessità del mondo economico. Nel presente lavoro viene analizzato l'ambito geografico degli accordi di Kyoto. Dal sostegno quasi unanime registrato fra i governi nel 1972, la volontà politica si è costantemente ridotta a causa del prezzo elevato da pagare intermini di sviluppo economico. Quando l'Unione Europea ha deciso nel 2005 di procedere da sola, era chiaro che qualsiasi riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 effettuata dagli Stati membri non avrebbe avuto alcun effetto sulla dinamica attesa del riscaldamento globale. Inoltre, dopo il volgere del millennio i dati sperimentali hanno dimostrato che l'aumento continuo delle emissioni di anidride carbonica non è più collegato all'aumento delle temperature, quasi che il riscaldamento globale avesseterminato il suo corso. Un'analisi degli interessi economici in gioco consente di rivelare la logica della decisione europea. Tre aree di vantaggio vengono delineate: ideologica, economica, di politica economica, che si situano tutte sia all'interno che all'esterno dell'Unione. Di particolare importanza è la nascita di nuovi campi di attività, non limitati al settore industriale. Alla luce della progressiva riduzione dell'industriaeuropea registrata nell'ultima decade e della crescente finanziarizzazione di tutte le economie del continente, è importante considerare l'emergere di un settore "climatico" della finanza, assai più ampio delle transazioni sui diritti di emissione. Viene inoltre considerata la strategia mondiale degli USA. Questi perseguono attualmente l'obiettivo di riguadagnare la leadership nella politica ambientale assieme a quello di ritornare ad essere il maggior esportatore mondiale di idrocarburi.

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are now core to modern desalination processes and are widely used around the world. Based on the increasing number of desalination plants, and the finite lifespan of the membranes, the resulting number of used RO modules to be discarded is becoming a critical challenge. The overall aim of this study is to identify, develop and assess alternative end-of-life options for used RO elements and investigate the associated technical readiness, environmental impact, financial considerations and legislative challenges. The assessed end-of-life alternatives include, direct reuse of the old membranes within lower throughput systems; chemical conversion into porous, ultrafiltration (UF) like filters; direct reuse or recycling of the various module components; various energy recovery techniques, and landfill disposal. The results show that direct reuse is a promising application that can be utilised with minimal additional treatment or infrastructure; however, module storage techniques are a critical consideration, particularly as membrane drying has a significant and irreversible impact on membrane performance due to pore collapse in the polysulfone support layer. The method for chemical conversion with controlled exposure to NaOCl has been optimised, resulting in promising organic and virus removal properties, comparable to commercially available 10 – 30 kDa molecular weight cut off UF membranes; however, there was significant variation in hydraulic performance, ranging from 8 – 400 L.m-2.h-1.bar-1. A detailed life cycle assessment was completed and demonstrated that module fabrication contributed less than 1% of the CO2-e emissions for the production of potable water from seawater desalination, and that direct reuse over one year is more environmentally favourable than landfill disposal, regardless of the transportation distance required. However, in terms of direct reduction of waste to landfill, incineration provided the greatest benefit, at the expense of increased greenhouse gas ...

This thesis examines scenarios for 100% renewable electricity (RE100) in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM). If Australia is to achieve its target of reducing carbon emissions to 80% below 2000 levels by 2050, one of the scenarios considered in this thesis may become reality. In this work, simulations of RE100 based on conservative assumptions have been developed that meet actual hourly electricity demand in the NEM geographic area in 2010. The system is based on commercially available technologies: concentrating solar thermal (CST) with thermal storage, wind, photovoltaics, existing hydro and biofuelled gas turbines. Estimates of renewable generation are derived from satellite observations, weather stations, and actual wind farm outputs. A genetic algorithm is used to find the lowest cost scenarios using technology costs for 2030 projected by the Australian Government in 2012. Constraints ensure that reliability is maintained with existing hydroelectricity generation and limited bioenergy consumption. A range of RE100 systems are found to meet the NEM reliability standard. The principal challenge is meeting peak demand on winter evenings following overcast days when CST storage is only partially charged and wind speeds are low. The lowest cost scenarios are dominated by wind power, with smaller contributions from photovoltaics and dispatchable generation: CST, hydro and gas turbines. The annual cost of RE100 is compared with the projected costs in 2030 of four fossil fuel scenarios. The four scenarios, based on the least cost mix of technologies to meet 2010 demand, are: (i) a high-carbon scenario based on efficient use of coal; (ii) a medium-carbon scenario utilising gas-fired combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) and open cycle gas turbines (OCGTs); (iii) coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) plus OCGT; and (iv) CCGT with CCS plus OCGT. Sensitivity analysis of the results to carbon prices, gas prices, and projected CO2 transportation and injection costs shows that only under a few ...

[Otros] MAMMI is a dedicated breast positron emission tomograph (PET) based on monolythic LYSO crystals, with a transaxial field of view (FOV) of 170 mm. It has been upgraded by adding a second ring of detectors that extends the axial FOV from 40 mm to 94.4 mm, in order to improve its sensitivity and reduce the acquisition time. In this work we present the performance evaluation of the dual ring MAMMI breast PET and a discussion about the contribution of the addition of a second ring of detectors, the compensation of the detector blur and the increase of the scintillator thickness. Experimental measurements suggested on NEMA NU 4-2008 and NEMA NU 2-2007 have been conveniently adapted to the dimensions of the MAMMI. The addition of the second ring of detectors leads to a rise of the sensitivity from 1.8% to 3.6%. The spatial resolution at one-fourth of the axial FOV (1.5 mm axial, 1.6 mm tangential, 1.7 mm radial) is slightly better than that measured at the axial center (1.9 mm axial, 1.8 mm tangential and radial), because of the 14 mm gap in between detection rings. The results obtained after the evaluation reflect a substantial performance improvement, specially in the absolute sensitivity, because of the changes introduced in the MAMMI PET. ; This work was supported in part bythe Spanish Plan Nacional de Investigacion Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnologica (I+D+I) under Grant No. FIS2010-21216-CO2-01 and Valencian Local Government under Grants PROMETEOII/2013/010 and ISIC 2011/013 ; Soriano, A.; Sánchez, F.; Carrilero, V.; Pardo, A.; Vidal San Sebastian, LF.; Vazquez, C.; Barbera, J. (2013). Performance Evaluation of the Dual Ring MAMMI breast PET. IEEE. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829103 ; S ; 1 ; 4

[Otros] The LM-EM algorithm has the advantage to calculate the emission probabilities needed for the reconstruction process on the fly, without the need of a pre-calculated system matrix. The reconstruction time for this algorithm strongly depends on the used backprojector and the available statistics. This algorithm when implemented in systems using monolithic crystals to detect gamma radiation allows one to extensively exploit the virtual pixilation feature, not available for systems based on pixilated crystals. In this work we present a backprojector for LM-EM, the TOR method, which achieves a tradeoff between computational efficiency and image quality. Its temporal subset algorithm optimization (LM-OS) has also been implemented in order to achieve real-time reconstructions. To evaluate the performances of LM-OS algorithm with the TOR method backprojector and only with one iteration on the datasets, studies based on the system spatial resolution, uniformity, and contrast coefficients were carried out and they were compared with those obtained with LM-EM and MLEM algorithms using twelve iteration. Finally, a study on reconstruction time using LM-OS has been performed with breast patients data ; Project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded with FEDER's funds within the INNPACTO 2011 program. This work was supported by the Spanish Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+i) under Grant No. FIS2010-21216-CO2-01 and the Valencian Local Government under Grants PROMETEOII/2013/010 and ISIC 2011/013 ; Moliner, L.; Correcher, C.; González Martínez, AJ.; Conde, P.; Crespo, E.; Hernandez, L.; Rigla, JP. (2013). Time reconstruction study using tubes of response backprojectors in List Mode algorithms, applied to amonolithic crystals based breast PET. IEEE. 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829372 ; S ; 14 ; 18

Forest ecosystems play a major role in atmospheric carbon sequestration and emission. Comparable organic carbon stock estimates at temporal and spatial scales for all forest pools are needed for scientific investigations and political purposes. Therefore, we developed a new carbon stock (CS) estimation procedure that combines forest inventory and soil and litter geodatabases at a regional scale (southern Belgium). This procedure can be implemented in other regions and countries on condition that available external carbon soil and litter data can be linked to forest inventory plots. The presented procedure includes a specific CS estimation method for each of the following forest pools and subpools (in brackets): living biomass (aboveground and belowground), deadwood (dead trees and snags, coarse woody debris and stumps), litter, and soil. The total CS of the forest was estimated at 86 Tg (185 Mg ha-1). Soil up to 0.2 m depth, living biomass, litter, and deadwood CSs account, respectively, for 48, 47, 4, and 1 % of the total CS. The analysis of the CS variation within the pools across ecoregions and forest types revealed in particular that: (1) the living biomass CS of broadleaved forests exceeds that of coniferous forests, (2) the soil and litter CSs of coniferous forest exceed those of broadleaved forests, and (3) beech stands come at the top in carbon stocking capacity. Because our estimates differ sometimes significantly from the previous studies, we compared different methods and their impacts on the estimates. We demonstrated that estimates may vary highly, from -16 to ?12 %, depending on the selected methods. Methodological choices are thus essential especially for estimating CO2 fluxes by the stock change approach. The sources of error and the accuracy of the estimates were discussed extensively. ; Peer reviewed

In Europe, the availability of renewable energies, especially from sun and wind, differs significantly across regions. Consequently, cooperation in the deployment of renewable energy among European countries potentially yields substantial efficiency gains. However, in order to achieve the 2020 renewable energy targets for electricity, Member States of the European Union almost purely rely on domestic production. For the period after 2020, a European renewable energy target has not yet been defined, but decarbonization pathways outlined in the Roadmap of the European Commission include renewable energy shares of electricity generation to be 50-60% by 2030. Therefore, we analyze the benefits of cooperation compared to continuing with national renewable energy support after 2020. We use a large-scale dynamic investment and dispatch model of the European electricity system and find that compared to a 2030 CO2 -only target (-40% compared to 1990 emission levels), electricity system costs increase by 5 to 7% when a European-wide renewable energy target for electricity generation (of around 55%) is additionally implemented. However, these additional costs are lower by 41 to 45% compared to the additional electricity system costs which would arise if the renewable energy target was reached through national support systems (without cooperation). Furthermore, we find that the cooperation gains (i.e., the cost reduction achieved by cooperation) are quite robust: They decrease only slightly when interconnectors are not further extended (compared to today) and depend only slightly on assumptions about investment cost developments of renewable energy technologies. With regard to the practical implementation of cooperation, however, unclear administrative issues and questions concerning the fair sharing of costs and benefits between the Member States represent major obstacles that need to be tackled in order to reach renewable energy targets at the lowest costs possible.

The aim of the paper is to present the interrelationship between the sustainable energy, especially renewable energy sector and sustainable agriculture policy from both: the European and the global perspectives. In the world and European economy the role of Renewable Energy Technologies is still increasing. Energy efficiency; sustainable agriculture; renewable energies for rural development belong to main poles of sustainable development in the world economy and its regions. Agriculture is one of the economic sectors to which the EU commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases applies. Like any other economic sector, agriculture produces greenhouse gases and is a major source of the non- CO2 greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. It is also the strong relationship between the sustainable agriculture sector and the renewable energy development possibilities. The sustainable agriculture can be seen as a source of renewable energy. ; Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie z perspektywy globalnej i europejskiej związków między sektorem zrównoważonej gospodarki energetycznej, w tym w szczególności sektorem energii odnawialnej a sektorem rozwoju zrównoważonego rolnictwa. W gospodarce światowej i europejskiej zaznacza się w ostatnich latach systematyczny wzrost znaczenia technologii na rzecz rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej. Głównymi dziedzinami zrównoważonego rozwoju gospodarki światowej i jej regionów będą w nadchodzących latach będą te obszary, które bazują na poprawie efektywności energetycznej, zrównoważonym rolnictwie, odnawialnych energiach ukierunkowanych na rozwój obszarów wiejskich. Rolnictwo jest jednym z wiodących obszarów, do których odnoszą się ustalenia UE dotyczące redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych do atmosfery. Podobnie jak i inne sektory gospodarki, rolnictwo jest źródłem emisji nie tylko gazów cieplarnianych ale jest i emitentem innych gazów takich jak metan oraz podtlenek azotu. Istnieje też silna zależność między zrównoważonym rozwojem rolnictwa i możliwościami pozyskiwania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych, ponieważ zrównoważone rolnictwo wydaje się być również istotnym źródłem energii odnawialnej.

This work focuses on the cooling of diesel engines. Facing heavy constraints such as emissions control or fossil energy management, political leaders are forcing car manufacturers to drastically reduce the fuel consumption of passenger vehicles. For instance, in Europe, this fuel consumption has to reach 120 g CO2 km by 2012, namely 25 % reduction from today's level. Such objectives can only be reached with an optimization of all engines components from injection strategies to power steering. A classical energy balance of an internal combustion engine shows four main losses: enthalpy losses at the exhaust, heat transfer to the cylinder walls, friction losses and external devices driving. An optimized cooling will improve three of them: the heat transfer losses by increasing the cylinder walls temperature, the friction losses by reducing the oil viscosity and the coolant pump power consumption. A model is first built to simulate the engine thermal behavior from the combustion itself to the temperatures of the different engine components. It is composed by two models with different time scales. First, a thermodynamic model computes the in cylinder pressure and temperature as well as the heat flows for each crank angle. These heat flows are the main input parameters for the second model: the nodal one. This last model computes all the engine components temperatures according to the nodal model theory. The cylinder walls temperature is then given back to the thermodynamic model to compute the heat flows. The models are then validated through test bench measurements giving excellent results for both Mean Effective Pressure and fluids (coolant and oil) temperatures. The used engine is a 1.9l displacement turbocharged piston engine equipped with an in-cylinder pressure sensor for the thermodynamic model validation and thermocouples for the nodal model validation. The model is then used to optimize the coolant mass flow rate as a function of the engine temperature level. Simulations have been done for both stationary ...

Several standards exist for the design and safety regulations for vehicles carrying dangerous goods. These standards apply to cargo tanks used for highway transportation. The increase in the reenhouse gases emission and governmental restrictions, research takes towards the use of lighter materials (Al, Mg, plastics, composites, etc.,) to reduce weight, fuel consumption and CO2 emission.These standards describe basic requirements for design, construction, testing, inspection, re-testing, qualification and maintenance, and identification aspects of such tanks. The container shapes most commonly associated with road tankers are the rectangular tank, the horizontal cylinder, the sphere, the cylindrical tank of trapezoidal cross section, the paraboloid and the conical tank for special vehicles. The standards also address the design requirements for joints, manholes, openings, piping, valves and fittings, supports, circumferential reinforcements and accident damage protections. However, the standards do not address the adverse influence of liquid sloshing forces in partially-filled tanks on the stability and handling of tank vehicles. In general, the tanks are designed based on their structural integrity rather than on vehicle system stability considerations. The forces and the moments resulting from the interactions between the liquid and the vehicle, in several maneuver situations as turning and braking in turning can make considerable variations of the liquid load shift and will cause high local pressures and dangerous stress on the tank structure.In this study, analytical and numerical liquid models are formulated based on the Navier-Stokes equations with some assumptions for the analytical model. The pressure forces will be calculated and compared to tensile strength for several materials proprieties. The configuration of the free surface of the liquid used in this study is illustrated in Figure 1. The Figure 2 highlights the numerical modeling of the free surface subject to lateral acceleration and longitudinal acceleration respectively.

Consumption of fossil and bio-derived fuels is growing due to energy demands associated with increase in population and standard of living across the globe. Power generation and transportation sectors are the primary two sources of fuel consumption, which have raised the demand for crude oil and led to serious environmental pollution issues. This demand for energy forced various government agencies to strengthen the allowable exhaust pollutant concentration limits. Recently, CO, CO2, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission restrictions have become more stringent to the extent that engines must operate at higher energy densities and efficiencies. Towards this goal, this doctoral study focused on evaluating advanced ignition systems and testing new biofuels for automotive combustion applications. First, a natural gas lean combustion mode was assessed by using advance ignition systems to provide higher brake power while maintaining the exhaust limits. A rigorous combustion data analysis was performed to identify the main reasons leading to improved performance in the case of prechamber equipped laser ignition. An overall efficiency improvement of 2.1% points was observed, compared to spark ignition, which in turn leads to save 633 PJ per year. In the second part of this dissertation, a spherical chamber was designed and validated to measure the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of a promising biofuel: 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone, (DIPK), for homogenous charge compression ignition engines. LBV measurements were carried out with various diluent species (N2, Ar, and He) in order to provide several data points for development and validation of DIPK chemical kinetic mechanisms. It has been found that DIPK does not only have higher temperature and pressure sensitivities (compared to iso-octane), but additionally enabled a faster laminar burning velocity which leads to higher rate of heat release in reciprocating engines. ; 2018-05-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

ilustraciones, diagramas ; One of the Colombian strategies to diversify and decarbonize the energy sector is encouraging the use of non-conventional renewable resources (NCRR). For doing so the government issued in 2014 the Law 1715 to promote NCRR and energy efficiency improvements into the sector. While presumably it will help to achieve the international and national commitment to reduce the CO2 emission by 20% in 2030, this assumption cannot be tested broader without taking in account the environmental consequence that such initiatives may produce in the household sector, the greatest electricity consuming sector in Colombia This thesis measures the environmental rebound effect (ERE) when increasing the shares of wind power into the Colombian power grid in the residential (household) sector. For doing so, a process-based Life Cycle Assessment (P-LCA), an environmental extended input output (EEIO) model and re-spending models (almost ideal demand system AIDS) were applied. Direct rebound effect was measured thought the elasticity price of the electricity demand; furthermore, the environmental savings for increasing the shares of wind power into the grid were calculated via P-LCA. For doing so, a P-LCA for a wind farm in Colombia was performed, whereas the information for other energy resources (Hydro, Coal, Gas, Solar and Thermal) where collected from Ecoinvent 3.4 database. To calculate the environmental indirect rebound effect the monetary savings obtained for the environmental efficiency were calculated. For doing so, an AIDS was applied to obtain the marginal budget shares (MBS). Combining the MBS obtained with the EEIO model the monetary savings were translated into environmental indicators. The ERE is presented for ten impact categories (climate change (CC), acidification (A), ecotoxicity (E), marine eutrophication (MEUT), terrestrial eutrophication (TEUT), carcinogenic effects (CE), non-carcinogenic effects (NCE), ozone layer depletion (OD), photochemical ozone creation (POC), and respiratory effects, inorganics (RES)). Moreover, a sensitive analysis was conducted to measure the variability of the ERE to different values of the direct rebound effect and different percentages of price efficiency. The results show that the inclusion of the environmental rebound effect has generally a non-negligible impact on the overall environmental indicators across all studied years. Such impacts ranging across impact categories from 5% (eutrophication) and 6,109% (photochemical oxidant creation) for the combined model, whereas for the single model the values fall on the ranges of 1% (eutrophication) and 9,277% (photochemical oxidant creation). Further, a sensitivity analysis of the elasticity price of the electricity and the price of the electricity reveals that the ERE varies in different ways, specifically, changes in these parameters could vary the impacts, respectively, by up to about <1% and 38%. Backfire effects are present for 8 of the 10 environmental impacts studied in different magnitudes across the years, depending meanly of the savings available to re-invest. ; Una de las estrategias colombianas para diversificar y descarbonizar el sector energético es fomentar el uso de recursos renovables no convencionales (RNNC). Para ello, el gobierno emitió en 2014 la Ley 1715 para promover los RNNC y las mejoras de eficiencia energética en el sector. Si bien esto ayudará a cumplir el compromiso internacional y nacional de reducir las emisiones de CO2 en un 20% en 2030, este supuesto no puede ser probado de manera amplia sin tener en cuenta las consecuencias ambientales que tales iniciativas pueden producir en el sector doméstico, el mayor sector consumidor de electricidad en Colombia. Esta tesis mide el efecto rebote ambiental (ERE) de aumentar la participación de energía eólica en la red eléctrica colombiana en el sector residencial (hogares). Para ello se aplicó un modelo de evaluación del ciclo de vida basada en procesos (P-LCA), un modelo de entrada y salida ambiental extendido (EEIO) y modelos de gastos adicionales (sistema de demanda casi ideal AIDS). El efecto rebote directo se midió a través del precio de la elasticidad de la demanda de electricidad; además, el ahorro medioambiental por el aumento de la participación de energía eólica en la red se calculó a través de P-LCA. Para ello se realizó un P-LCA para un parque eólico en Colombia, mientras que la información para otros recursos energéticos (Hidro, Carbón, Gas, Solar) se tomó de la base de datos Ecoinvent 3.4. Para calcular el efecto rebote indirecto ambiental se calcularon los ahorros monetarios obtenidos por la eficiencia ambiental. Para ello se aplicó un AIDS para obtener las participaciones presupuestarias marginales (MBS). Combinando las MBS obtenidas con el modelo EEIO, el ahorro monetario se tradujo en indicadores ambientales. El ERE se presenta para diez categorías de impacto (cambio climático (CC), acidificación (A), ecotoxicidad (E), eutrofización marina (MEUT), eutrofización terrestre (TEUT), efectos cancerígenos (CE), efectos no cancerígenos (NCE), agotamiento de la capa de ozono (OD), creación fotoquímica de ozono (POC), y efectos respiratorios, inorgánicos (RES)). Además, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para medir la variabilidad del ERE con respecto a los diferentes valores del efecto rebote directo y los diferentes porcentajes de eficiencia de los precios. Los resultados muestran que la inclusión del efecto de rebote ambiental tiene generalmente un impacto no despreciable en los indicadores ambientales globales a lo largo de todos los años estudiados. Estos impactos oscilan entre el 5% (eutrofización) y el 6,109% (creación de oxidantes fotoquímicos) para el modelo combinado, mientras que para el modelo único los valores caen en los rangos del 1% (eutrofización) y el 9,277% (creación de oxidantes fotoquímicos). Además, un análisis de sensibilidad del precio de la elasticidad de la electricidad y del precio de la electricidad revela que la ERE varía de diferentes maneras, específicamente, los cambios en estos parámetros podrían variar los impactos, respectivamente, hasta entre un Los resultados muestran que la inclusión del efecto de rebote ambiental tiene generalmente un impacto no despreciable en los indicadores ambientales globales a lo largo de todos los años estudiados. Estos impactos oscilan entre el 5% (eutrofización) y el 6,109% (creación de oxidantes fotoquímicos) para el modelo combinado, mientras que para el modelo único los valores caen en los rangos del 1% (eutrofización) y el 9,277% (creación de oxidantes fotoquímicos). Además, un análisis de sensibilidad del precio de la elasticidad de la electricidad y del precio de la electricidad revela que la ERE varía de diferentes maneras, específicamente, los cambios en estos parámetros podrían variar los impactos, respectivamente, hasta entre un <1% y 38%. En 8 de 10 los impactos ambientales. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; Doctorado ; Doctor en Ingeniería