Suchergebnisse

Cumhuriyet'in ilanından sonra milletimizi çağdaş uygarlık seviyesine yükseltmek için inkılap hareketleri başlatılmıştır. Bu inkılap hareketlerine o yıllarda çok ihtiyacımız vardı. Çünkü uzun yıllar böyle köklü değişiklikler yapılamamış, yapılmaya çalışılanlar ise yetersiz kalmıştır. Bu çalışmaların içinde eğitim unutulmamış ve eğitimin gelişemesi içn de gerekenler yapılmıştır. Bu dönem eğitim sisteminin temelinde; bilgisizliği ortadan kaldırmak, çağdaş düşünen insanlar yetiştirmek, aklını ve bilgisini kullanan, bilimin ve teknolojinin yol göstericiliğinde ilerleyecek "fikri hür, vicdanı hür ve irfanı hür" bireyler yetiştirmek, Cumhuriyet ideallarine uygun ve yeni kurulan Cumhuriyeti ilelebet yaşatacak nesillerin yetiştirilmesi ve Türk Milletinin çağdaş uygarlık seviyesinde hak ettiği yeri almasını sağlayacak bireyler yetiştirerek, ulus-devlet kurma sürecinde, yeni toplumu oluşturmak ve yeni toplumun ihtiyaçlarına ve değerlerine uygun insan yetiştirmek yer almaktadır. Çünkü ulus-devlet kurma sürecinde, yeni toplumu oluşturmak için sosyal, ekonomik, politik ve kültürel dönüşümler yaşanmış, geleneksel değerlere göre düzenlenen toplum ve kültürden modern batılı bir topluma geçiş amaçlanmıştır. Bu geçişte sistemin gerektirdiği insanı yetiştirecek kurum olarak eğitim görülmüştür. Bu yıllarda ülkemizde eğitim-öğretimi geliştirmek için mevcut kurumlar tamir edilmiş, yeni eğitim kurumları açılmış ve öğretmenler konusunda düzenleme yapılmıştır. Örgün eğitime çok önem verilmiş ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise konularında önemli gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Halk eğitimine ise ayrı bir önem verilerek, örğün eğitimden mahrum kalan vatandaşların eğitimi için Millet Mektepleri, Halkevleri ve Halkodaları kurularak vatandaşlarmızın ihtiyaçları karşılanmıştır. Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada 1928-1938 yılları arasında Türkiye'de eğitim alanında yaşanan gelişmeler önce genel olarak ele alınmış ve sonrasında Aydın'da yapılan çalışmalar ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir ; After the proclamation of the Republic of reform movements to raise our nation to the level of contemporary civilization it has been initiated. In those years, so we need this reform movement. Because for many years it has not made such drastic changes, while those who remained poor attempted. Studies in the field of education are also included in these reforms is an important place. On the basis of this period, the education system; To eliminate illiteracy, to train people who think contemporary, using the intelligence and knowledge, science, and will proceed under the guidance of technology, "the idea of freedom, conscience free and lore of the free" to educate individuals on the Republican ideal of the proper and the newly established Republic of cultivating the next generation will live forever and the Turkish nation of contemporary civilization level It will allow the individuals to take its rightful place cultivates, in the process of building the nation-state is located to create a new society and to train people in accordance with the new society's needs and values. Because in the process of establishing a nation-state, to create a new society of social, economic, political and cultural transformations took place, aimed at moving towards a modern western society to society and culture, organized according to traditional values. This transition has been seen as a training institution to train people as required by the system. This year in our country has been repaired existing institutions to improve education, new educational institutions were opened and made arrangements for teachers. Formal training given primary importance, significant progress has been achieved in middle and high school subjects. If a particular importance given to public education, the National School for the education of deprived citizens of braided education, Community Centres and Halkoda by establishing vatandaşlarmız's needs were met. Master's thesis prepared as discussed in this study between the years 1928-1938 as the general developments in the field of education in Turkey before and after the Aydin province are evaluated together with the work done in private.

In terms of determining the course of European integrationand the declaration at the constitutional level objectives in Ukraine building legal,democratic state special importance is the issue of full and effective guarantee ofhuman rights, including freedom of religion. State ensure the implementation of saidfundamental right, among other things, much depends on the nature of relationsbetween the state and religious organizations, models and establishment ofrelationships, their regulation. Thus a leading role in ensuring the freedom of religionplaying courts. In addition, the recent events taking place in Europe (the terroristattacks in Paris, the introduction of increased level of terrorist threat in Brussels, etc.)led to the aggravation of interethnic and interreligious relations, set a new stage theproblem of balance of traditional European values (freedom of speech) rights ofreligious ( eg Muslim) minority.Recent research and publications analysis. To the analysis judicialguarantees the right to freedom of religion, in particular, such researchers applied asP. Rabinovich, S. Shevchuk, GL Sergienko, D. Vovk.Paper main body. The article deals with the problem of judicial protection ofthe right to freedom of thought and religion by means of domestic legal proceedings,as well as the European Court of Human Rights proved that religious organizations ascivil society institutions are autonomous entities and is therefore neither the state norits agencies or territorial communities or local authorities acting on their behalf, havethe right to determine at a central or local level priority or restrict this or that religion,to provide special protection and the legal status of a religious organization tointerfere with the due process of law activities of religious organizations and fundtheir activity, change their subordination in canonical and organizational matters ofany action in Ukraine and beyond religious centers (management).Conclusions of the research. national legislation on freedom of religion issufficiently liberal to determine the order of the constitutional right of citizens ofUkraine, determination of the legal status of religious communities and theirrelationship with the state. However, the administrative practice of state and localgovernment establishes many unjustified interference with the right of persons tofreedom of religion and belief, including the issues of internal activities of religiousorganizations. In addition, these actions of the authorities and certain legal provisionsinconsistent with the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of HumanRights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of the ECHR. ; Рассмотрены проблемы судебной защиты права на свободу мировоззрения и вероисповедания средствами отечественного судопроизводства, а также Европейского Суда по правам человека. Доказано, что религиозные организации как институты гражданского общества являются автономными образованиями и именно поэтому ни государство, ни его органы, ни территориальные общины, ни органы местного самоуправления, которые действуют от их имени, не имеют права определять на центральном или местном уровнях приоритетной или ограничивать ту или другую религию, оказывать особую защиту и юридический статус той или иной религиозной организации, вмешиваться в осуществляемую в рамках закона деятельность религиозных организаций и финансировать их деятельность, изменять их подчиненность в канонических и организационных вопросах любым действующем в Украине и за ее пределами религиозным центрам (управлениям) ; Розглянуто проблеми судового захисту права на свободу світогляду та віросповідання засобами вітчизняного судочинства, а також Європейського Суду з прав людини. Доведено, що релігійні організації як інститути громадянського суспільства є автономними утвореннями і саме тому ні держава, ні її органи, ні територіальні громади, ні органи місцевого самоврядування, котрі діють від їх імені, не мають права визначати на центральному чи локальному рівнях пріоритетною або обмежувати ту чи іншу релігію, надавати особливий захист та юридичний статус тій чи іншій релігійній організації, втручатись у здійснювану в межах закону діяльність релігійних організацій та фінансувати їх діяльність, змінювати їх підлеглість у канонічних і організаційних питаннях будь-яким діючім в Україні та за її межами релігійним центрам (управлінням)

Borodavko Natalia, Maslova Yuliya, Zukow Walery. Приховані інтенції мовлення українських політиків на політичних ток-шоу (на прикладі виступів Ірини Геращенко, Анатолія Гриценка, Юлії Тимошенко та Арсенія Яценюка на політичному ток-шоу «Шустер Lіvе») = Hidden intentions broadcasting Ukrainian politicians on political talk shows (for example, speeches by Iryna Gerashchenko, Anatoliy Grytsenko, Yulia Timoshenko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk on the political talk-show "Shuster Live"). Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):319-335. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57922http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3698 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 09.07.2016. ПРИХОВАНІ ІНТЕНЦІЇ МОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ПОЛІТИКІВ НА ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ТОК-ШОУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ВИСТУПІВ ІРИНИ ГЕРАЩЕНКО, АНАТОЛІЯ ГРИЦЕНКА, ЮЛІЇ ТИМОШЕНКО ТА АРСЕНІЯ ЯЦЕНЮКА НА ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ТОК-ШОУ «ШУСТЕР LІVЕ») Hidden intentions broadcasting Ukrainian politicians on political talk shows (for example, speeches by Iryna Gerashchenko, Anatoliy Grytsenko, Yulia Timoshenko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk on the political talk-show "Shuster Lìve") Наталія БородавкоNatalia Borodavko Юлія МасловаYuliya Maslova Національний університет «Острозька академія»National University "Ostrog Academy" Walery ZukowWalery Zukow UMK w ToruniuUMK in Torun У статті проаналізовано виступи українських політиків – Ірини Геращенко, Анатолія Гриценка, Юлії Тимошенко та Арсенія Яценюка на політичному ток-шоу «Шустер Live» за допомогою методики фреймового аналізу. На основі цього виокремлено провідні категорії політичного тексту, на основі яких подано основні фрейми досліджуваних політичних виступів. Також, було виокремлено сценарії та скрипти цих промов. Саме ці елементи фреймового аналізу дозволили нам розкрити теми, які піднімаються у промові та правильно розставити акценти, основні мотиви мовців та провідні приховані інтенції. Ключові слова: політична промова, політичне ток-шоу, фреймовий аналіз, фрейм, скрипт, сценарій. The article analyzes the performances of Ukrainian politicians – Irina Herashchenko, Anatoliy Grytsenko, Yulia Timoshenko and Arseniy Yatsenyuk on the political talk-show "Shuster Live" using methods of frame analysis. This highlights the leading category of political text, on the basis of which are main frames investigated political appearances. Also, it was founded as the scripts and scripts of these speeches. These elements of the frame analysis allowed us to reveal the topics that are raised in a speech and accents properly, the main motives of the speakers and leading the hidden intentions. Keywords: political speech, political talk shows, frame analysis, frame, script, script.

The article presents differences between legal language in Austria and in Germany[1]. Although German is the official language in both countries, their legal language differs significantly, especially in terms of legal terminology. Since the accession of Austria to European Union (1995) the provisions of EU law, drawn up in only one German version, were introduced in Austria. Austria therefore adopted EU legal order, the German version of which complied mainly with the legal language used in Germany[2]. In light of the above, a question of the impact of EU membership of Austria on the legal language in that country arises. It is necessary to examine whether the Austrian legal language differences are recognized and protected, or, on the contrary, the harmonization of law leads also to an unification of legal language. The conducted analysis of selected examples of Austrian, German and European legislation is an attempt to find answers to the aformentioned questions. From the perspective of non-native German speakers it is crucial to determine whether the specific terms of the Austrian legal language have been considered and appropriately marked in dictionaries;. for this purpose, the author has examined the inclusion of specific Austrian legal terms in Polish-German legal dictionaries.[1] The shorter, Polish version of the hereby article, entitled: "Tak samo czy inaczej? – terminologia języka prawnego w Niemczech i Austrii" had been published in: "Monitor Prawniczy 7/2014. Dodatek specjalny. I konferencja absolwentów szkół prawa niemieckiego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego – materiały z konferencji".[2] German language has the status of an official language in two other founding Member States of the European Economic Community – namely in Luxembug and Belgium. ; Dieser Artikel stellt die Unterschiede zwischen der Rechtssprache in Österreich und Deutschland dar[1]. Obwohl die Amtssprache in Deutschland und Osterreich Deutsch ist, unterscheidet sich die Rechtssprache beider Länder, vor allem im Bereich der Terminologie. Seit dem Beitritt Österreichs zur EU (1995) gelten auch in Österreich die europäischen Rechtsakte, die in einer und nur einer deutschen Fassung veröffentlicht werden. Mit dem Beitritt akzeptierte Österreich die gemeinschaftliche Rechtsordnung, deren Rechtssprache in der deutschen Version bislang vor allem mit der bundesdeutschen[2] Rechtssprache in Einklang zu bringen war. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, welche Wirkung die Mitgliedschaft in der EU auf die österreichische Rechtssprache hat. Zu prüfen ist dabei, ob nationale Besonderheiten anerkannt und geschützt werden oder ob die Harmonisierung des Rechts auch zur Harmonisierung der Sprache führt. Eine Analyse ausgewählter Beispiele österreichischer und europäischer Rechtsakte dient dem Versuch, die aufgeworfenen Fragen zu beantworten. Aus der Perspektive eines ausländischen Anwenders der deutschen Sprache ist insbesondere von Bedeutung, ob die spezifisch österreichischen Rechtsbegriffe in Wörterbüchern zu finden und zu erkennen sind – diesem Ziel dient eine Prüfung repräsentativer polnisch-deutscher Fachwörterbücher.[1] Die gekürzte, polnische Version dieses Artikels wurde unter dem Titel: "Tak samo czy inaczej? – terminologia języka prawnego w Niemczech i Austrii", in: "Monitor Prawniczy 7/2014. Dodatek specjalny. I konferencja absolwentów szkół prawa niemieckiego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego – materiały z konferencji" veröffentlicht.[2] Deutsch ist auch eine der Amtssprachen von zwei weiteren Gründungsmitgliedern der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (Luxemburg und Belgien). ; Język prawny w Austrii różni się od języka prawnego Niemiec, chociaż niemiecki jest językiem urzędowym w obu państwach. Od momentu wstąpienia Austrii do Unii Europejskiej (1995) w Austrii obowiązują przepisy prawa unijnego, sporządzanego w jednej tylko niemieckiej wersji językowej. Austria przyjęła zatem unijny porządek prawny, którego niemiecka wersja językowa uwzględniała przede wszystkim język prawny Niemiec[1]. W świetle powyższego pojawia się pytanie, jaki wpływ na język prawny w Austrii ma członkostwo tego państwa w UE. Należy zbadać, czy odrębności języka prawnego są uznane i chronione, czy też przeciwnie, harmonizacja prawa prowadzi także do harmonizacji języka prawnego. Analiza wybranych przykładów aktów prawa austriackiego i europejskiego służy próbie znalezienia odpowiedzi na postawione pytania. Niezwykle ważne z perspektywy nierodzimego użytkownika języka niemieckiego jest określenie, czy specyficzne terminy austriackiego języka prawniczego zostały uwzględnione i odpowiednio oznaczone w słownikach - w tym celu przebadano specjalistyczne słowniki polsko-niemieckie.[1] Język niemiecki jest również językiem urzędowym dwóch innych państw założycielskich Europejskiej Wspólnoty Gospodarczej, a mianowicie Luksemburga i Belgii, gdzie występuje jako jeden z języków urzędowych.

Is climate change insurable? Can insurance, as a technology of risk and governance, organize an adequate social and economic response to the complexity and scale of this modern, global risk? The dissertation assesses the insurability of climate change risks through the lens of the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the public insurance program that underwrites virtually all flood insurance for homes and small businesses in the U.S. The NFIP is under intense financial strain, struggling to pay claims from recent flooding events and $23 billion in debt to the U.S. Treasury after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Federal reforms to the NFIP in 2012 and 2014 revisited the question of financial responsibility for flood risk, bringing renewed scrutiny to risk classification, pricing, and distribution in the NFIP, and how these insurance processes should change with the expectation of rising sea levels and stronger storms. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, the dissertation traces these processes: the political contestation that shaped them and their social effects. I find that these processes serve as channels through which this particular climate change burden, of more frequent and severe flooding, is individualized. Specifically, updated official risk classifications, combined with changes to the calculation of insurance premiums, shifted more financial responsibility to individual policyholders, who had to find ways to mitigate the risk and its cost in the short term, and grapple with the price of flood risk as a "signal" of climate change in the long term. The dissertation uncovers the social and political challenges of using insurance to manage the risks associated with climate change, of using old programs to meet new threats.Much of the scholarly debate on the insurability of climate change has emphasized technical and epistemological problems related to risk knowledge. Based on the case of the NFIP, I argue instead that distinct and significant limits to insurability derive from contentious risk politics and the social uncertainties that enhanced risk assessments generate. I develop this argument with chapters on risk classification, about establishing boundaries, physical, social, and symbolic, that set categories of risk; on pricing, the use of practices and tools to calculate the cost of risk; and on distribution, the social and spatial allocation of risk and responsibility. Preceding these chapters, a historical chapter traces the origins of the NFIP, how it governs flood risk, and how it arrived at its crisis point. In addition to intervening in the insurability debate, Underwater also seeks to break new ground in the sociology of climate change. Sociologists have shown that the natural disasters—floods, storms, wildfires, heat waves, and so forth—we connect to climate change have fundamentally social sources, and the threats now facing individuals and communities intersect with social differences, such as gender, race/ethnicity, class, and age. However, it is not simply the social production and distribution of hazards themselves that are sociologically important. It is also the representation of those hazards as risk, their economization, and how they are used to govern societies and shape behavior. In other words, we can build our sociological understandings of climate change not solely from investigating the social production and effects of floods, but also from examining the policies and programs that govern them. These policies and programs both shape how our society adapts to the physical, economic, and political pressures of climate change and structure how individuals experience these pressures in their daily lives.

Context. Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) at the dynamical center of galaxies appear to have a complex star formation history. This suggests repeated star formation, even in the influence of the strong tidal field from supermassive black holes. Although the central region of our Galaxy is an ideal target for studies of the star formation history in the NSCs, most studies in the past have concentrated on a projected distance of R = 0.5-3 pc from the supermassive black hole Sgr A∗. Aims. In our previous study, we detected 31 so far unknown early-type star candidates throughout the Galactic NSC (at R = 0.5-3 pc). They were found via near-infrared (NIR) imaging observations with narrow-band filters which are sensitive to CO absorption lines at ~2.3 μm, a prominent feature for old, late-type stars. The aim of this study is to confirm the spectral type for the early-type star candidates. Methods. We have carried out NIR spectroscopic observations of the early-type star candidates using Subaru/IRCS/AO188 and the laser guide star system. K-band spectra for 20 out of the 31 candidates and reference late-type stars were obtained. By determining an equivalent width, EW(CO), of the CO absorption feature at ≠2.294 μm, we have derived an effective temperature and a bolometric magnitude for each candidate and late-type star, and then constructed an HR diagram. Results. No young (~Myr) massive stars are included in the 20 candidates we observed; however, 13 candidates are most likely intermediate-age giants (50-500 Myr). Two other sources have ages of ~1 Gyr and the remaining five sources are old (>1 Gyr), late-type giants. Conclusions. Although none of the early-type star candidates from our previous narrow-band imaging observations can be confirmed as a young star, we find that the photometric technique can distinguish old, late-type giants from young and intermediate-age populations. From the 20 spectroscopically observed candidates, 65% of them are confirmed as being younger than 500 Myr. The intermediate-age stars could be as yet unknown members of a population formed in a starburst ~100 Myr ago. Finding no young (~a few Myr) stars at R = 0.5-3 pc favors the in situ formation scenario for the presence of the young stars at R< 0.5 pc, although we do not completely exclude the possible existence of unknown young, massive stars in the region from our observations. Furthermore, the different spatial distributions of the young and the intermediate-age stars imply that the Galactic NSC is an aggregate of stars that were born in different places and under a variety of physical conditions.© 2016 ESO. ; This work was supported by KAKENHI, Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up 23840044, Specially Promoted Research 22000005, COE Research 23103001 and 24103508, Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research 15K13463, Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research 15K13463, and Young Scientists (A) 25707012, and Institutional Program for Young Researcher Overseas Visits. R.S. acknowledges support by grants AYA2010-17631 and AYA2009-13036 of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition, and by grant P08-TIC-4075 of the Junta de Andalucia. R.S. acknowledges support by the Ramon y Cajal programme of the Spanish-Ministry of Economy and Competition. This material is partly based upon work supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation Grant No. 1066293 and the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement No. [614922]. ; Peer Reviewed

This essay is a contribution to the forthcoming Oxford University Press Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance edited by Jeffery Gordon and Georg Ringe. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporate law and finance scholars recognized that neither discipline was doing a very good job of explaining how corporations were really structured and performed. For legal scholars, Yale Law School professor and then Stanford Law School dean Bayless Manning confessed that corporate law has "nothing left but our great empty corporation statutes – towering skyscrapers of rusted girders, internally welded together and containing nothing but wind." Michael Jensen and William Meckling made a similar comment with respect to finance. The theory of the firm was an "empty box" or a "black box" that provided no theory about "how the conflicting objectives of the individual participants are brought into equilibrium." The result of Jensen and Meckling's seminal reframing of corporate law in agency cost terms, and so into something far broader than disputes over statutory language, was that both Manning's empty skyscrapers and Jensen and Meckling's empty box began to be filled. The essay proceeds by tracking how corporate law became corporate governance – from legal rules standing alone to legal rules interacting with non-legal processes and institutions – through three somewhat idiosyncratically chosen but nonetheless related examples of how we have come to usefully complicate the inquiry into the structures that bear on corporate decision-making and performance. Part I frames the first level of complication in moving from law to governance by defining governance broadly as the company's operating system, a braided framework encompassing legal and non-legal elements. Part II then adds a second level of complication by treating corporate governance dynamically: corporate governance becomes a path dependent outcome of the tools available when a national governance system begins taking shape, and the process by which elements are added to the governance system going forward – driven by what Paul Milgrom and John Roberts call "supermodularity." That characteristic reads importantly on both the difficulty of corporate governance, as opposed to corporate law, reform and the non-intuitive pattern of the results of reform: significant reform leads to things getting worse before they get better. Part II then further complicates corporate governance by expanding it beyond the boundaries of the corporation, treating particular governance regimes as complementary to other social structures – for example, the labor market, the capital market and the political structure – that together define different varieties of capitalism. Next, Part III considers commonplace, but I will suggest misguided, efforts to take a different tack from Parts I and II: to simplify rather than complicate corporate governance analysis by recourse to now familiar single factor analytic models: stakeholder theory, team production, director primacy, and shareholder primacy. Part III suggests that these reductions are neither models nor particularly helpful; they neither bridge the contextual specificity of most corporate governance analysis nor address the necessary interaction in allocating responsibilities among shareholders, teams and directors. As well, these "models" are static rather than dynamic, a serious failing in an era in which the second derivative of change is positive in many business environments and Schumpeter seems to be getting the better of Burke. Part IV concludes by examining the importance of a corporate governance system's capacity to respond to changes in the business environment: the greater the rate of change, the more important is a governance system's capacity to adapt and the less important its ability to support long-term firm-specific investment.

Extrait du corpus d'Orléans, réalisé dans le cadre de l'Enquête SocioLinguistique à Orléans à la fin des années 1960. ; 01 natif de la région, a travaillé à partir de 12 ans, ensuite est allé à Paris, en Belgique, puis à Toulouse ; revenu en 195402 oui, puisqu'il y a toute sa familleT1 RR cuisinier-pâtissier, depuis 40 ansn'a jamais travaillé à son compte ; avant travaillait dans les grandes maisons bourgeoises, puis dans l'administration de l'Education Nationale, dans un collège ; 1F75/repas - menu fixe : hors d'oeuvre, viande, légumes, salade, dessert ; ce sont l'intendant et le chef-cuisinier qui décident des menusT2 RR journées très variées : pour l'internat, 6H du matin pour préparer les petits déjeuners, puis les déjeuners et les dîners ; travail terminé à 9H du soir ; travail par équipeT3 le travail lui plaît, mais on trouve plus assez de gens qui ont vraiment l'amour du métier (caractère de fonctionnaires)T4 s'occuper d'animauxT5 pour, par force : le rôle de la femme de rester au foyer, mais un salaire insuffisant pour vivreT7 a deux garçons : l'un programmateur sur ordinateur, l'autre boulangerT16 oui à la CGT : appartenait à ce syndicat avant la guerre - un seul syndicat serait une grande force devant le patronatT18 oui, assez, s'occupe des démarches ; est membre du bureauT13 oui, en tant que syndicalisteT15 RR en mai 68, il y a eu une poussée de mécontentement, prix montaient, salaires montaient . on ne peut jamais rattrper la hausse du coût de la viesi tout le monde reste amorphe, il n'y aura pas d'améliorationP4 RR violence, fanatisme : les étudiants ont tout cassé, ont mis le feu aux voitures ; la violence une action d'extrême limite, et c'est ça qui a tout brisé ; on a octroyé des hausses de salaire qui ont été annihilées par une hausse des prix 3 mois après ; récemment une grève a été décidée dans la fonction publique, ça a été payant car il y avait l'unitéQ. un nouveau mai 68, est-ce possible ? non,pas dans le même genre : il ne faudra pas que les étudiants viennent couler le mouvement ouvrierRR Q. les choses ont-elles changé depuis le départ de de Gaulle ? c'est toujours la même chose, c'est le même gouvernement : de Gaulle a fait de très belles choses pour la guerre, la décolonisation, mais pensait que son avis était le seul valable ; maintenant, on a plus l'infaillibilité du président de la RépubliqueP8 droite et gauche, c'est de la rigolade : la Gauche représente la classe ouvrière, la Droite, c'est la classe riche, possédante, les royalistes ; le gouvernement actuel s'appuie sur la Droite, développe l'industrialisation ; les investissements devraient être controlésP9 Orléans n'est pas très industriel, c'est pas comme ParisP10 ça se reconnaît pasP7 il y a des apparentements et des désistements : s'il n'y a pas de majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés, on fait un deuxième tourE1 la disciplineE3 physique, chimie et mathsE2 en a jamais fait, c'est pour trouver les racines, origines de la langueE4 on dit ; Identifiant du témoin : 4004 Homme, 52 ans (né en 1918 à Olivet; Loiret), cuisinier-pâtissier. Enregistré par Patricia Biggs(questionnaire ouvert) et Helena Mallinson(questionnaire sociolinguistique et fermé) le 21 et 28 juillet 1970 au domicile du témoin ; intervention de la femme du témoin. Questionnaires enregistrés : questionnaire sociolinguistique ; questionnaire ouvert (questions 01-02 ; T1-T5 ; T7 ; T13 ; T15-T16 ; T18 ; E1-E4 ; P4 ; P7-P10) ; questionnaire fermé. Classe politique du témoin : pas posée. Acoustique : excellente.

When new uses of rural areas are developed through a combination of urban and tourist dynamics, the question of the impact of urbanization on the olive groves of the Tunisian coast is presents itself. The basic assumption is that the major economic and tourism development, coupled with an uncontrolled urbanization, and supported by inadequate policies, create a threat on the olives growing along the central and southern Tunisian coast, this is a strategic culture for the national economy. The aim of the thesis is to understand the places (spatial, economic, cultural, etc.) of the olive tree system, and to study the issues of olive trees in urban and suburban situations. In the first part is demonstrated the approach and methodology that allows understanding the issues of the urban and suburban agriculture and olive groves. The concept of the olive tree system is then placed in a coastal metasystem to understand the time frames, the interactions between the actors around the place and the functions of the olive sector. This concept is the base of a systemic analysis of olive groves. The results are, then, developed to study the factors of resistance and new values of the olive tree. It is first shown how the dynamic interactions between the demographic, the socio-economic and the political events led to transform the olive's landscape coastline to a mixed area: agricultural, economic and tourism. However, the territorial transformations and the different dynamics, combined with the cultural developments can be observed in the emergence of new interactions, not only contradictory but also affective: environmental and patrimonial. The landscape and heritage resources notions have become a new subject of research to understand the potential and new values of olive tree ; Alors que de nouveaux usages des espaces ruraux se développent sous l'effet combiné des dynamiques urbaines et touristiques, la question de l'effet de l'urbanisation sur les oliveraies du littoral tunisien est questionnée. L'hypothèse de base est que le développement économique et touristique important, associé à une urbanisation peu planifiée, met en danger l'oléiculture du littoral Centre-Sud tunisien, culture stratégique dans l'économie et la société du pays. L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre les places (spatiales, économiques, culturelles, paysagères, etc.) du système de l'olivier. Il s'agit d'étudier les enjeux de l'olivier en situations urbaine et périurbaine. Dans une première partie est exposée la démarche conceptuelle, méthodologique et pratique qui permet d'appréhender les enjeux de l'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine et de l'olivier. Le concept du système de l'olivier est alors inscrit dans un méta-système littoral territorial afin de rendre compte des temporalités, du jeu des acteurs locaux publics et privés autour de la place et des fonctions de l'activité oléicole. Ce concept est à la base de l'analyse systémique de l'oléiculture littorale urbaine et périurbaine du cordon littoral, dont les résultats sont développés pour saisir les facteurs de résistance et les nouvelles valeurs de l'olivier. Il est tout d'abord montré comment les interactions dynamiques entre des événements d'ordre démographique, socioéconomique et politique ont conduit à transformer l'espace oléicole littoral en espace mixte, agricole, urbain et touristique. Mais, les transformations spatiales et les dynamiques agri-urbaines, conjuguées aux évolutions culturelles des populations locales se traduisent par l'émergence de nouveaux rapports, non seulement contradictoires, mais aussi reliés : environnementaux, patrimoniaux, paysagers, etc. Dans cette perspective, les notions de ressources paysagères et patrimoniales deviennent un nouveau point de recherche pour saisir les atouts et les limites des processus mis en oeuvre. Ceci oriente la recherche vers des questions nouvelles, notamment celle de la valorisation territoriale qui s'appuient sur les potentialités et les nouvelles valeurs de l'olivier (patrimoniale, paysagère et économique), tout en tirant profit du développement touristique sur le littoral

Memoria de tesis doctoral presentada por Carmen Herrero Navarro para obtener el título de Doctora en Oceanografía por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Antonio García-Olivares Rodríguez del Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC).-- 220 pages ; [EN] Let me start with a fundamental question: why should we study climate? Climate affects our daily life in many ways: on the food we eat, on the houses we live in, on our work, on how we travel. Even affects our culture, our spare time or our health. But all of those are only locally important. What we need to see here is the big picture: climate affects the way all living species have adapted to the biosphere, it is key for our survival, but we are drastically influencing it and we cannot predict the consequences of our actions. It is, then, fundamental to broaden our knowledge on the climate system of Earth, the only home we have ever known, to study the past climatic variability on various time scales to obtain clues that will help society face future climate change. As Carl Sagan foreseen on Cosmos, one of his most known books (Sagan [1980]) [.] ; [ES] Permítanme comenzar con una pregunta fundamental: ¿por qué debemos estudiar el clima? El clima afecta a la vida cotidiana de muchas maneras: en la comida que comemos, en las casas en que vivimos, en nuestro trabajo, en la forma en que viajamos. Incluso afecta a nuestra cultura, nuestro tiempo libre o nuestra salud. Pero esto es tan solo localmente importante. Lo que tenemos que ver aquí es el conjunto: el clima afecta la manera en que todas las especies vivas se han adaptado a la biosfera, es clave para nuestra supervivencia, pero estamos influenciándolo de manera drástica y no podemos predecir las consecuencias de nuestras acciones. Es, por tanto, fundamental ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre el sistema climático de la Tierra, el único hogar que hemos conocido, para estudiar la variabilidad climática pasada en diferentes escalas de tiempo con el objetivo de obtener pistas que ayudarán a la sociedad a afrontar el futuro cambio climático. Como Carl Sagan predijo en Cosmos, uno de sus libros más conocidos (Sagan [1980]) [.] ; This thesis, entitled RELAXATION MODELS APPLIED TO PALEOCLIMATE DYNAMICS: SOUTHERN OCEAN MECHANISMS CONTROLLING GLACIAL - INTERGLACIAL CYCLES, has been funded by the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) under the program JAE-Predoc of the >Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios>, co-financed by the European Social Fund (FSE). This work has been performed at the Physical and Technological Oceanography Department of the Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) at Barcelona, under the guidance of Dr. Antonio García-Olivares, scientist at CSIC. It has been developed in the framework of projects MOC2 (Ocean Climate Memory: mechanisms and paths of surface water formation in the equatorial Atlantic, reference CTM2008-06438, carried out between January 2009 and December 2011), and TIC-MOC (Tipping Corners of the Meridional Overturning Circulation, reference CTM2011-28867, carried out between January 2012 and December 2015). Both projects have been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Secretary of State of Research, Development and Innovation of the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación del Gobierno de España). ; Peer Reviewed

12 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables ; [EN] We applied and compared three different sets of landmarks and semilandmarks commonly used in studies of fish assemblages to identify a standardized method of landmark selection that includes the maximum amount of morphological information of species. The different landmark-based methods used produced differences regarding the distribution of case-study species within the morphospace. We suggest that adding landmarks and semilandmarks that provide more specific information about anatomical structures with important roles in the biology of species, such as transformed fins or sensory organs, contributes to a clearer differentiation of species within the morphospace and a better interpretation of their occupancy. In addition, three types of method were used to establish how species are distributed within morphospace. The results demonstrated that aggregation points methods, including analyses based on quadrants or distances, are more appropriate for this purpose than indices of morphological disparity. The results also confirmed that although numerical methods are needed to test the statistical significance of outcomes, graphical methods provide a more intuitive interpretation of morphospace occupancy. The kernel density and Gabriel graph were useful to infer the morphospace zone where species are more densely grouped, improving the knowledge of space occupancy and structural complexity of fish assemblages ; [ES] En el presente estudio se compara la estructura de una comunidad de peces a partir del análisis morfológico de puntos homólogos (landmarks) y equidistantes (semilandmarks) en las especies de dicha comunidad. Para este propósito, se utilizaron tres metodologías distintas descritas en la literatura a la hora de definir dichos puntos con el fin de identificar cuál de ellas incluía la máxima cantidad de información morfológica posible sobre las especies. Las tres opciones proporcionaron diferentes resultados en relación a la distribución de las especies dentro del morfoespacio. Los resultados sugirieron que la incorporación de puntos que proporcionen información más específica sobre estructuras anatómicas que tienen papeles importantes en la biología de las especies, como aletas modificadas u órganos sensoriales, contribuye a una diferenciación más clara de las especies y a una mejor interpretación de la ocupación del morfoespacio. Adicionalmente, varios métodos numéricos y gráficos se emplearon con el fin de establecer cómo las especies se distribuyen dentro del morfoespacio. Los resultados demostraron que los métodos de agregación de puntos, incluyendo análisis basados en cuadrantes o distancias, fueron más apropiados para este propósito que los índices de disparidad morfológica. Además, los resultados también confirmaron que aunque los métodos numéricos fueron necesarios para evaluar la significancia estadística de los mismos, los métodos gráficos proporcionaron una interpretación más intuitiva y clara de la distribución de las especies dentro del morfoespacio. La densidad de Kernel y los gráficos de Gabriel se mostraron muy útiles a la hora de deducir la zona del morfoespacio donde las especies estaban más densamente agrupadas, hecho que ayudó a mejorar el conocimiento de la ocupación del espacio y de la complejidad estructural en comunidades de peces ; Data of this study were financed by the projects "ESCAL 1" (Ref. PCC30004/99) and "ESCAL 2" (Ref. 02P30015) of the Directorate General of Fisheries of the Government of Catalonia, and "CONFLICT" (Ref. CGL2008-00047) of the Spanish National Research Council. Marc Farré Foix acknowledges a pre-doctoral grant and a third cycle tuition fee grant from the Government of Andorra, ATC-010-AND and AMTC010-AND/2013, academic years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 ; Peer Reviewed

2016 Spring. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Since the 1960's, the Federal Government through the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been working to create and enforce regulations to protect and counteract the degradation experienced in the nation's waterways due to increased nutrient loading (primarily phosphorus and nitrogen). The eutrophication caused by excess levels of these nutrients is not only an aesthetic issue, but is toxic to aquatic life and can also create issues detrimental to human health. In 2007, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment began working on new nutrient regulations for state dischargers, particularly larger Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) like the City of Fort Collins and its two wastewater treatment plants, Mulberry Water Reclamation Facility (MWRF) and Drake Water Reclamation Facility (DWRF). Since 2008, The City of Fort Collins has been upgrading its secondary treatment systems to Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) in preparation for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit compliance in 2020. Early in the design process, it was determined that DWRF suffered from a limitation in influent carbon for adequate nutrient removal and carbon addition would need to be considered. The City analyzed various local carbon sources and has been working to determine the viability of beer waste from local breweries as a viable carbon source. The overarching goal of this work is to evaluate the current nutrient removal efforts at DWRF to help determine if adjustments are required to the wastewater treatment Master Plan to consistently meet Colorado's Regulation 85 nutrient discharge limits. This study included monitoring of nutrient water quality values at specific points in the treatment system while adding beer waste at varying flow rates and durations to determine its effect on the system. Different automated control strategies were tested using several dosage schemes including Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) values. Finally, water quality data was analyzed and compared alongside historical nitrogen and phosphorus values to evaluate the effects of the beer waste addition to effluent quality and plant removal performance. The initial values for effluent total inorganic nitrogen showed promise, averaging 9.79 mg/L in comparison to 12.05 mg/L when beer waste was not added. However, a mass balance comparison with influent nitrogen values showed no significant difference in BNR process performance for nitrogen with the beer addition. Effluent phosphorus values averaged 2.24 mg/L-P which was slightly lower than without beer waste addition (2.42 mg/L), but not considered a statistically significant decrease. During the study, an observation was made that adjusting time-of-day and flowrate of the dewatering centrate return significantly decreased effluent phosphorus concentrations down to 1.1 mg/L, significantly lower than P concentrations without beer addition (p < 0.05). An analysis of phosphorus removal at DWRF also highlighted the historical improvement of phosphorus removal as BNR improvements are brought on-line, even though the required effluent limits required by Regulation 85 have not been achieved yet. Overall, carbon addition via beer waste has shown to have positive impact on DWRF's ability to remove nutrients. Lower effluent concentrations of nitrogen were achieved when beer waste was added to DWRF and lower effluent P concentrations were also achieved as long as centrate return flow was controlled. Additional study is required for long-term control of centrate return flows which may include the analysis of side-stream treatment solutions. Additional analysis to determine the role of beer waste addition independent of centrate flow returns is also recommended.

In the last few decades, Central American countries are making a significant effort in order to modernize their governments' legislation both on financial management and systems of financial information. In this sense, these countries aim to enhance the quality of public financial information in order to improve decision-making processes, decrease the level of corruption, and keep citizens informed. In this context, the purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to assess the degree of similarity of the financial information that is being developed by Central American governments with regard to the recommendations set up by Ipsas, and secondly, to analyse the efforts and the strategies that those countries are carrying out in the process of implementing those standards. To determine the differences in the information containing the annual financial statements issued by national public authorities and the recommendations set up by Ipsas we conducted a deductive content analysis. In view of the results we can say that the quality of annual financial statements presented by the countries in Central America, in comparison to the recommendations by the Ipsas concerning Ifac information, is not enough. Hence, in order to operate significant changes, it is still necessary to create new strategies for the implementation of the Ipsas. ; En las últimas décadas, los países de Centroamérica están haciendo un significativo esfuerzo para modernizar tanto la legislación gubernamental sobre administración financiera como de sus sistemas de información financiera. En este sentido, estos países pretenden aumentar la calidad de la información financiera pública con el fin de mejorar los procesos de toma de decisiones, reducir el nivel de corrupción, y para mantener a los ciudadanos informados. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es doble. En primer lugar, para evaluar el grado de similitud de la información financiera que están elaborando por los gobiernos de Centroamérica con respecto a las recomendaciones establecidas por las Ipsas y, en segundo lugar, para analizar los esfuerzos y las estrategias que estos países están llevando a cabo en el proceso de aplicación de estas normas. Para determinar las diferencias informativas que contienen los estados financieros anuales de las administraciones públicas nacionales frente a las recomendaciones fijadas por las Ipsas, llevamos a cabo un análisis deductivo de contenido. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos podemos afirmar que la calidad de los estados financieros anuales presentados por los países de Centroamérica al compararla con la información recomendada por las Ipsas de la Ifac no es suficiente, por lo que es necesario operar todavía cambios importantes, para lo que sería conveniente plantear nuevas estrategias para implementar las Ipsas. ; Nas últimas décadas, os países da América Central estão fazendo esforços significativos para modernizar tanto a legislação do governo sobre a gestão financeira como os dos seus sistemas de informação financeira. Nesse sentido, esses países pretendem aumentar a qualidade da informação financeira pública, a fim de melhorar os processos de tomada de decisão, reduzir o nível de corrupção, e para manter os cidadãos informados. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é duplo. Em primeiro lugar, avaliar o grau de similaridade da informação financeira que está sendo desenvolvido pelos governos da América Central a respeito das recomendações estabelecidas pelas Ipsas e, em segundo lugar, analisar os esforços e estratégias que esses países estão procurando no processo de implementação desses padrões. Para determinar as diferenças informativas contendo as demonstrações financeiras anuais das autoridades públicas nacionais e as recomendações estabelecidas pela Ipsas, realizamos uma análise de conteúdo dedutivo. Em vista dos resultados, podemos dizer que a qualidade das demonstrações financeiras anuais apresentadas pelos países centro-americanos, em comparação com o recomendado pela Ipsas das informações Ifac, não é suficiente, por isso ainda é necessário, para operar mudanças importantes, levantar novas estratégias para implementar as Ipsas.

The article analyses Great Britain's specifics in the context of European integration. The key factors, which separate the United Kingdom from its continental neighbours, are its being an island state, having a historical past of a great superstate, strong and long-lasting relations with the USA. All these factors had their specific impact on forming Great Britain's unique political attitude and behaviour. They have also determined a multi-vector British identity for the British see themselves as a part of a British nation, a part of a Trans-Atlantic alliance as well as a part of a large European community. In the last decades an ethnic component of the identity has become significant. Thus, such identity levels as national, ethnic and pan European have been singled out. The Maastricht Treaty was perhaps the key element of certain finalising of the European integration process as it de-facto created the European Union that we know today. The process of its adoption and ratification have been analysed in the article. It has been concluded that signing the treaty has deepened the differences between the euro-enthusiasts and euro-sceptics in the society in general and within political circles in particular and has also caused a conflict within the Tori Party which has first led to a defeat at the parliamentary elections in 1997 and had many other manifestations in the following years, the Brexit being one of the most prominent and visible results of the aforementioned phenomena. ; В статье анализируется специфика Великобритании в контексте европейской интеграции. Определены основные факторы, которые отличают Объединенное королевство от его континентальных соседей, а именно, островное положение, историческое прошлое великой супердержавы, давние и крепкие связи с США. Все эти факторы оказали свое специфическое влияние на формирование уникального политического отношения и поведения Великобритании. Они также определили многовекторность британской идентичности, ведь сами броитанцы видят себя и частью британской нации, и частью трансатлантического союза, и частью большой европейской общины. В последние десятилетия этнический компонент стал важен. Таким образом, было выделено следующие уровни идентичности как национальный, этический и паневропейский. Маастрихтские соглашения были, наверное, ключевым элементом определенного завершения процесса европейской интеграции, ведь они де-факто создали Европейский Союз, который мы сегодня знаем. Процесс их принятия и ратификации был проанализирован в статье. Было определено, что подписание Соглашения углубило разногласия между евроэнтузиастами и евроскептиками в обществе в целом и в политических кругах в частности, а также вызвало конфликт внутри партии тори, который привел к поражению на парламентских выборах 1997 года, а также имел еще ряд ярких проявлений в течении многих лет, кульминацией которых является Брексит и его последствия. ; В статті аналізується специфіка Великої Британії в контексті європейської інтеграції. Визначені головні чинники, котрі відрізняють Сполучене королівство від її континентальних сусідів, а саме, острівне положення, історичне минуле великої супердержави, давні та міцні зв'язки з США. Всі ці фактори справили свій специфічний вплив на формування унікального політичного ставлення та поведінки Великої Британії. Вони також визначили багатовекторність британської ідентичності адже самі британці бачать себе і частиною британської нації, частиною трансатлантичного союзу, а також частиною великої європейської спільноти. В останні декади етнічний компонент ідентичності став важливим. Таким чином, було виокремлено такі рівні ідентичності як національний, етнічний та панєвропейський. Маастрихтські угоди були, напевне, ключовим елементом певного завершення процесу європейської інтеграції, адже вони де-факто створили Європейський Союз, який ми знаємо сьогодні. Процес їх прийняття та ратифікації був проаналізований у статті. Було визначено, що підписання Угоди поглибило розбіжності між євро- ентузіастами та євро-скептиками у суспільстві загалом, та в політичних колах зокрема, а також викликало конфлікт всередині партії торі, котрий призвів до поразки на парламентських виборах 1997 року, а також мав ще ряд яскравих проявів впродовж років, кульмінацією яких є Брексіт та його наслідки.

The 3d workshop within the IIASA project "Challenges and Opportunities of Economic Integration within a Wider European and Eurasian Space" held on 20-21 November, 2014 in Laxenburg, Austria discussed the major issues related to the compatibility and costs of technical regulations used by different countries and unions, and also the non-tariff barriers affecting the trade among them. The workshop concentrated on major aspects related to the existing non-tariff barriers in trade between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the European Union (EU), and other CIS countries. The participants discussed the challenges related to the general non-tariff barriers that exist between the EU, the EAEU, and the CIS countries, as well as possible solutions, particularly in the context of recent economic and political developments. The workshop also discussed the relationship between the norms and principles of international trade law contained in the provisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO); analyzed the legal framework of economic integration in various regions of the world; and reflected on the potential for eliminating unnecessary obstacles to trade, including by mutual recognition of conformity. The workshop was focused particularly on the potential effects of the implementation of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTA) between the EU and Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. It also addressed the economic impacts of the currently applied mutual sanctions conflict" between the EU, the USA and some other Western nations on the one hand, and Russia on the other, their impacts on international trade, and on the potentials of long-term cooperation between the EU and the EAEU. The impacts on economies of other CIS countries, not directly involved, were also touched upon. Harmonization of legislation in the field of technical, as well as sanitary, phytosanitary, and veterinary regulations between the EAEU and other regions, primarily the EU, was addressed in detail. The discussion covered the harmonization of terminology and labeling; harmonization of national and regional standards with international standards; accreditation, product safety, training in the field of standardization and conformity assessment as well as trade facilitation. In order to foster interdisciplinary and international dialogue on the topic, the workshop brought together well-established scientists, policymakers, banks and companies representatives from around the world, including: Péter Balás, Deputy Director General, DG Trade, European Commission; Igor Finogenov, Chairman of the Management Board, Eurasian Development Bank (EDB), Kazakhstan; Pavel Kabat, Director General and Chief Executive Officer, IIASA; Evgeny Vinokurov, Director, Centre for Integration Studies, Eurasian Development Bank; Paul de Lusignan, Leading Expert, Tariff and Non-Tariff Negotiations, Rules of Origin, DG Trade, European Commission, , Stefanie Harter, Head, Liaison Office to the German Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Interior and Justice, German Agency for International Cooperation, Evgeny Hotulev, Director, Department of Macroeconomic Policy, Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), Oleg Noginskiy, Director, Ukrainian Association Suppliers of the Customs Union, Veronika Movchan, Director, Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER), Alessandro Nicita, Officer-in-Charge, Trade Policy Research Section, Trade Analysis Branch, Division on International Trade, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), among many others, with a total of 41 participants. The workshop participants discussed possible ways how non-tariff barriers could be reduced and convergence of technical regulations to the mutual benefit of all parties involved could be achieved. In this context, they also analyzed the opportunities and risks of economic modernization of the East-European partnership countries, if they adapt to European technical regulations and sanitary requirements. Possibilities for providing a unified policy, removing bottlenecks and differences in the sphere of technical regulation in the EAEU countries, was examined; and the impacts of such policy on producers of goods and services in different regions with regard to ensuring their competitiveness were assessed.