Suchergebnisse

Competitiveness can be defined in a number of ways. We can think of it as of a successful performance of a company or organization; or we may talk about competitiveness in a macro context such as a favourable exchange rate of a national currency. Can we also talk about competitiveness of a nation? What is it and how can it be evaluated?There does not seem to be a common definition of what the international competitiveness of nations is. Some feel that the very notion of international competitiveness of nations is unfair and unacceptable. They argue that the nations themselves do not compete, their enterprises do. For others the notion of international competitiveness of nations is fair. They believe that creating appropriate measures of international competitiveness is central for tracking and understanding the sources of competitiveness of countries.In this paper I classify and compare the measures developed by various authors. I suggest that the studies on the measurement of competitiveness can be classified into five groups:1. Particular sector studies.2. Competitiveness studies at the regional / country level.3. Particular competitiveness indicator studies.4. Competitiveness studies at an international level.5. Cross-country economic policy studies.Since the competitiveness studies serve a different audience and purpose, we cannot discuss which is best without first asking: best at what? ; Ekonominį konkurencingumą galima apibrėžti įvairiai. Įmonės ar organizacijos kontekstu jį galima suvokti kaip sėkmingos veiklos prielaidą. Šalies lygmeniu apie jį dažnai kalbama, kai analizuojama nacionalinės valiutos kurso svyravimo įtaka į eksportą/importą orientuotų įmonių verslo sėkmei.Nors šalies ekonominio konkurencingumo sąvoka dažnai vartojama, sutarimo, ką jį apibrėžia, nėra. Vieni autoriai tvirtina, kad tarpusavyje konkuruoja ne šalys, o įmonės, ir šalies ekonominio konkurencingumo sąvoka yra nesusipratimas. Kiti teigia, kad ši sąvoka yra prasminga, ir kuria šalių ekonominio konkurencingumo vertinimo metodikas.Straipsnyje autoriaus suklasifikuotos ir lyginamos įvairių autorių metodikos. Suklasifikavus išskirtos penkios metodikų grupės: ekonomikos sektorių konkurencingumo vertinimai; regiono/šalies lygmens konkurencingumo vertinimai; vertinimai pagal konkurencingumo indikatorius; tarptautinio lygmens konkurencingumo vertinimai; ekonominės politikos įtakos konkurencingumui vertinimai.Nors šios metodikų grupės turi skirtumų, naudojamos valstybių konkurencingumui įvertinti ir palyginti jos duoda panašius rezultatus. Kadangi kiekviena metodika pabrėžia skirtingus dalykus, jos viena kitą praturtina ir papildo.

Im vergangenen Jahrzehnt sind über 1,8 Millionen Deutsche ins Ausland fortgezogen. Internationale Mobilität gewinnt für die Lebensläufe der jüngeren Generation zunehmend an Bedeutung. Für zwei Drittel der umgezogenen Personen ist der Auslandsaufenthalt nur zeitlich befristet und für einige Jahre geplant. Ebenfalls zwei Drittel dieser Personen lebten bereits früher einmal im Ausland. Umzüge ins Ausland erfolgen meist aus ökonomischen Motiven sowie aus Gründen des Lebensstils. Die ins Ausland umgezogenen Personen sind überdurchschnittlich qualifiziert. Drei Viertel der Befragten besitzen einen Hochschulabschluss. Die ins Ausland umgezogenen Personen profitieren beruflich in den meisten Fällen von ihrem Auslandsaufenthalt. Selbst unter Berücksichtigung von Kaufkraftunterschieden zwischen Deutschland und den verschiedenen Zielländern erhöhen sich mit dem Umzug ins Ausland die monatlichen Nettoverdienste von Vollzeitbeschäftigten durchschnittlich um knapp 1.200 Euro. Öffentlich finanzierte internationale Mobilitätsprogramme sollten weitere Bevölkerungsgruppen ansprechen. Vereinfachung und bessere Sichtbarkeit der Programme könnten ihre Attraktivität auch für Bevölkerungs- und Berufsgruppen mit bisher geringerer internationaler Mobilität erhöhen.

Fast Track Authority (FTA) is the institutional procedure in the Unites States whereby Congress grants to the President the power to negotiate international trade agreements. Under FTA, Congress can only approve or reject negotiated trade deals, with no possibility of amending them. In this paper, we examine the determinants of FTA voting decisions and the implications of this institutional procedure for trade negotiations. We describe a simple two-country trade model, in which industries are unevenly distributed across con- stituencies. In the foreign country, trade negotiating authority is delegated to the executive, while in the home country Congress can retain the power to amend trade agreements. We show that legislators' FTA voting behavior depends on the trade policy interests of their own constituencies as well as those of the majority of Congress. Empirical analysis of the determinants of all FTA votes between 1974 (when fast track was first introduced) and 2002 (when it was last granted) provides strong support for the predictions of our model. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhalt: L. Krämer, The Implementation of Environmental Laws by the European Economic Communities - M. Bothe, The Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict - J. Machowski, Poland's Policies Toward Antarctica - H. Tiberg, Sweden's Baltic Boundaries - V.-Y. Ghébali, La sécurité internationale à l'ère de l'après-guerre froide: Le rôle des Nations Unies - H. Hillgenberg, Der KSZE-Mechanismus zur friedlichen Regelung von Streitfällen - R. S. Lee, A Case for Facilitation in the Settlement of Disputes - E.-U. Petersmann, Violation-Complaints and Non-Violati

The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law is a comprehensive, critical work, which analyses the state of research across the refugee law regime as a whole. Drawing together leading and emerging scholars, the Handbook provides both doctrinal and theoretical analyses of international refugee law and practice. It critiques existing law from a variety of normative positions, with several chapters identifying foundational flaws that open up space for radical rethinking. The Handbook aspires to be global, both legally and geographically. Contributions assess a wide range of international legal instruments relevant to refugee protection, including from international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international migration law, the law of the sea, and international and transnational criminal law.