The existence of Micro, Small, and Medium enterprises in Indonesia is cannot be underestimated. Moreover, it has contributed to the growth of economy. The government, especially Regional Government has established several efforts in developing the influence of Regional Government's policies on entrepreneurship. Thus, this research has purpose to know the influence of Regional Government's policies on entrepreneurship to reduce poverty. Afterward, this research is conducted in two regions in Indonesia which are Pamekasan and Tulungagung. The research used mix method approach between qualitative and quantitative. The results show that the Regional Government put more emphasis on three things. First, capital assistance is considered important because the micro industry is more based on families whose capital is limited. Second, marketing assistance is expected to expand the market reach of the products produced. Capital assistance is carried out with various schemes. Third, the training assistance as well as the fourth assistance for Industrial and Trade (TPL) extension workers. Yet, it found that several assistances provided by the government are insignificant. Hence, the right strategy in developing small industries in Pemekasan and Tulungagung Regencies is to increase attention to policies in terms of capital assistance and capital assistance which still face many obstacles. The obstacles faced are the limited budget for increasing capital assistance and marketing assistance. The ease of access to business assistance sources and the opportunity to participate in product promotion exhibitions is less affected by entrepreneurs. The right strategy in developing small industries in regions under research is to increase attention to policies in terms of capital assistance which still face many obstacles. JEL Classification: D6, O4, Q0 ; Значення існування мікро-, малих і середніх підприємств в Індонезії не можна недооцінювати. Більше того, це сприяло зростанню економіки. Уряд – особливо регіональний – вжив ряд заходів для підсилення впливу своєї політики на підприємництво. Таким чином, метою даного дослідження є вивчення впливу політики регіонального уряду на підприємництво, спрямованої на скорочення бідності. З цією метою дослідження проводиться в двох регіонах Індонезії: Памекасан і Тулунгаунг. У дослідженні використовувався змішаний якісно-кількісний метод. Результати доводять, що регіональний уряд приділяє найбільшу увагу трьом явищам. По-перше, фінансова підтримка вважається важливою, оскільки мікроіндустрія більшою мірою заснована на сім'ях, капітал яких обмежений. Фінансова підтримка здійснюється за різними схемами. По-друге, маркетингова підтримка, як очікується, розширить охоплення продукції, що виробляється. По-третє, допомога в навчанні, а також допомога для працівників сфери промисловості і торгівлі (TPL). Проте, було встановлено, що деякі види допомоги, що надаються урядом, незначні. Отже, правильна стратегія розвитку малих підприємств в регіонах Пемекасан і Тулунгагунг полягає в підвищенні уваги до політики щодо фінансової та маркетингової підтримки, яка все ще стикається з багатьма перешкодами. Основною перешкодою є, в першу чергу, обмежений бюджет для збільшення фінансової і маркетингової підтримки, в меншій мірі перешкоджають розвитку підприємництва в аналізованих регіонах доступність джерел підтримки бізнесу і можливість брати участь в заходах просування продукції. Дієва стратегія розвитку малих підприємств в досліджуваних регіонах країни полягає в підвищенні уваги до політики щодо допомоги капіталу і підтримки малого та середнього підприємництва, механізми здійснення якої продовжують стикатися з багатьма перешкодами. JEL Classification: D6, O4, Q0 ; Значение существования микро-, малых и средних предприятий в Индонезии нельзя недооценивать. Более того, это способствовало росту экономики. Правительство – особенно региональное – предприняло ряд мер для усиления влияния своей политики на предпринимательство. Таким образом, целью данного исследования является изучение влияния политики регионального правительства на предпринимательство, направленной на сокращение бедности. С этой целью исследование проводится в двух регионах Индонезии: Памекасан и Тулунгаунг. В исследовании использовался смешанный качественно-количественный метод. Результаты показывают, что региональное правительство уделяет наибольшее внимания трем явлениям. Во-первых, финансовая поддержка считается важной, так как микроиндустрия в большей степени основана на семьях, капитал которых ограничен. Финансовая поддержка осуществляется по различным схемам. Во-вторых, маркетинговая поддержка, как ожидается, расширит охват производимой продукции. В-третьих, помощь в обучении, а также помощь для работников сферы промышленности и торговли (TPL). Тем не менее, было установлено, что некоторые виды помощи, оказываемые правительством, незначительны. Следовательно, правильная стратегия развития малых предприятий в регионах Пемекасан и Тулунгагунг заключается в повышении внимания к политике в отношении финансовой и маркетинговой поддержки, которая все еще сталкивается со многими препятствиями. Основным препятствием является, в первую очередь, ограниченный бюджет для увеличения финансовой и маркетинговой поддержки, в меньшей мере препятствуют развитию предпринимательства в анализируемых регионах доступность источников поддержки бизнеса и возможность участвовать в мероприятиях продвижения продукции. Действенная стратегия развития малых предприятий в исследуемых регионах страны заключается в повышении внимания к политике в отношении помощи капиталу и поддержке малого и среднего предпринимательства, механизмы осуществления которой продолжают сталкиваться со многими препятствиями. JEL Classification: D6, O4, Q0
98 p. ; El objeto del presente trabajo es analizar el liderazgo gerencial como acción estratégica de las empresas de servicios públicos. Su base teórica se sustenta en autores como: Páez (2013); Paz, Harris y García (2015), Paz, Sánchez y Sánchez (2017); Daft (2008), Benavides (2014); Robbins y Jugde (2012); Koontz, Weihrich y Cannice (2012); y Hernández y Rodríguez (2011), entre otros. Metodológicamente, el paradigma epistemológico de la investigación es cuantitativo, bajo enfoque positivista, investigación descriptiva, diseño no experimental, transeccional y de campo. La población objeto de investigación estuvo compuesta por 24 directivos. Para recolectar la información se utilizó como técnica la encuesta, y el instrumento fue un cuestionario de 33 ítems con 5 opciones múltiples; encuesta e instrumento que fueron evaluados previamente mediante un proceso de validez de contenido por cinco expertos. La confiabilidad se obtuvo mediante la aplicación del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach a una prueba piloto de 10 sujetos con características similares a la población objeto, lo que arrojó un 93 % de fiabilidad. Los resultados de la aplicación del cuestionario se interpretaron mediante estadística descriptiva y fueron ilustrados en tablas de frecuencias por dimensiones e indicadores. Los resultados evidenciaron la presencia de un liderazgo democrático y participativo, el cual aplica habilidades conceptuales, técnicas y humanas para llevar a cabo la gestión de los procesos de trabajo en el desempeño de las funciones del cargo ocupado en las empresas objeto de estudio, y permite utilizar sus potencialidades y cualidades para analizar y conceptualizar los espacios laborales, aunado a la práctica de herramientas y técnicas en la integración con el equipo de trabajo, a fin de lograr el éxito empresarial. ; The object of the present work is to analyze management leadership strategic action of public service companies. Theoretical arguments are supported on authors such as: Páez (2013); Paz, Harris and García (2015); Paz, Sánchez and Sánchez (2017); Daft (2008); Benavides (2014), Robbins and Jugde (2012); Koontz, Weihrich and Cannice (2012); and Hernández and Rodríguez (2011), among others. Methodologically, the epistemological paradigm of research is quantitative under a positivist approach, descriptive research, non-experimental, transectional and field design. The population under investigation was formed by 24 managers. To collect the information, the survey and instrument was used as a technique, a questionnaire of 33 items with 5 multiple options, being previously evaluated by a content validity process of five experts. Reliability was obtained from the application of Alpha Cronbach, to a pilot test of 10 subjects with characteristics similar to the target population, giving 93 % reliability. The results of the application of the questionnaire will be interpreted through descriptive statistics, being illustrated in tables of frequencies by dimension and indicators. The results could be evidenced by the presence of democratic and participative leadership, which applies conceptual, technical and human skills to carry out the management of the work processes in the performance of the functions of the position occupied in the companies under study, being able to use their potential and qualities to analyze and conceptualize work spaces, coupled with the practice of tools and techniques in the integration with the work team, in order to achieve business success. ; Prólogo 11 Resumen/Abstract 13 Introducción 15 Capítulo I. Recorrido conceptual del liderazgo gerencial 1. Estado del arte 21 2. Recorrido conceptual del liderazgo gerencial 26 2.1. Estilos de liderazgo gerencial 28 2.1.1. Liderazgo democrático 31 2.1.2. Liderazgo autocrático 32 2.1.3. Liderazgo carismático 33 2.1.4. Liderazgo situacional 36 2.1.5. Liderazgo transaccional 37 2.1.6. Liderazgo participativo 39 2.1.7. Liderazgo directivo 39 2.1.8. Liderazgo transformacional 40 2.2. Habilidades del liderazgo gerencial 42 2.2.1. Habilidad conceptual 46 2.2.2. Habilidad técnica 49 3. Términos básicos 53 4. Sistemas de variables 55 4.1. Definición nominal de la variable 1 55 4.2. Definición conceptual 55 4.3. Definición operacional 55 Capítulo II. Metodología 1. Enfoque epistemológico de la investigación 57 2. Tipo de investigación 59 3. Diseño de la investigación 59 4. Población 61 5. Técnicas e instrumento de recolección de datos 62 5.1. Validez del instrumento 63 5.2. Confiabilidad del instrumento 64 6. Procesamiento estadístico de los datos 65 7. Procedimiento de la investigación 66 Capítulo III. Resultados del estudio 1. Presentación de los datos 69 Capítulo IV. Lineamientos estratégicos como sustento del liderazgo gerencial en empresas de servicios públicos en Colombia 1. Introducción 85 2. Justificación 86 3. Objetivos 87 3.1 General 87 3.2. Específicos 87 4. Alcance 88 5. Resultados esperados 88 5.1. Lineamiento 1 88 5.1.1. Acciones estratégicas 88 5.1.2. Recursos y responsables de la implementación del lineamiento 89 5.2. Lineamiento 2 90 5.2.1. Acciones estratégicas 90 5.2.2. Recursos y responsables de la implementación del lineamiento 90 5.3. Lineamiento 3 91 5.3.1. Acciones estratégicas 91 5.3.2. Recursos y responsables para la implementación del lineamiento 92 Conclusiones 93 Recomendaciones 94 Referencias 95
ABSTRAKOlahraga merupakan hak dan kebutuhan dasar yang dimiliki oleh setiap manusia. Sebagai sebuah hak seperti halnya hak yang lain, hak melakukan olahraga perlu mendapatkan perhatian yang serius dan perlu diperjuangkan sayangnya hak untuk dapat melakukan aktivitas berolahraga belum sebangun dan sejajar dengan hak yang lainnya seperti hak mendapatkan pekerjaan, hak berpolitik dan hak berekonomi. Hal ini sudah dirasakan di Gugus Genteng Kulon, Kecamatan Genteng, Kabupaten Banyuwangi yang dulunya banyak lahan kosong yang bisa dijadikan sebagai tempat olahraga jumlahnya sudah mulai berkurang, tidak hanya itu sejumlah prasarana olahraga seperti lapangan voli, lapangan basket, lapangan bulutangkis dan lapangan sepakbola yang dulunya sering digunakan sebagai tempat berolahraga sudah dialihfungsikan menjadi tempat bisnis seperti rumah makan, tempat penjualan , perumahan dan lain-lain. Dengan dialihfungsikannya sejumlah prasaana olahraga ini maka mengakibatkan berkurangnya fasilitas olahraga. Rencana penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Gugus Genteng kulon Kecamatan Genteng Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan merupakan non-eksperimen dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dimana peneliti sama sekali tidak memiliki kesempatan untuk memberikan perlakuan atau manipulasi terhadap variabel yang mungkin berperan dalam munculnya suatu gejala, karena gejala yang diamati telah terjadi. Populasi yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas V (lima) Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Gugus Genteng Kulon, Kec. Genteng, Kab. Banyuwangi yang berjumlah 205 siswa dari 6 sekolah. Berdasarkan perhitungan dari hasil tes TKJI kemudian data yang didapat diolah menggunakan perhitungan manual dan SPSS besarnya tingkat kebugaran jasmani siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Gugus Genteng Kulon Kecamatan Genteng Kabupaten Banyuwangiyaitu siswa dengan kriteria kebugaran jasmani baik sekali berjumlah 0 dari 205 siswa dengan persentase 0%, sedangkan siswa dengan kriteria kebugaran jasmani yang baik berjumlah 2 orang dari 205 siswa dengan persentase 1%, sedangkan tingkat kebugaran jasmani dengan kriteria sedang berjumlah 35 orang dari 205 siswa dengan persentase 17%, untuk kriteria kurang jumlah siswa sebanyak 108 orang dari 205 siswa dengan persentase 53%, sedangkan tingkat kebugaran jasmani dengan kriteria kurang sekali jumlah siswa sebanyak 60 orang dari 205 siswa dengan persentase 29%. Kata Kunci : Survei, Kebugaran Jasmani.ABSTRACTSports is the basic rights and needs of every human being. As a right as well as other rights, the right to exercise needs to get serious attention and needs to be fought for unfortunately the right to be able to exercise is not yet equal and equal to other rights such as the right to work, political rights and economic rights. This has been felt in the Genteng Kulon Cluster, Genteng Subdistrict, Banyuwangi Regency which used to be a lot of vacant land that can be used as a sporting place. The number has begun to decrease, not only a number of sports infrastructure such as volleyball courts, basketball courts, badminton courts and football fields that were once often used as a place of exercise has been converted into a business place such as restaurants, places of sale, housing and others. With the conversion of a number of sports skills, this has resulted in reduced sports facilities. This research plan aims to determine the level of physical fitness of the fifth grade students of public elementary schools as kulon cluster in Genteng sub-district, Banyuwangi regency. The type of research used is a non-experiment with a quantitative approach where researchers have absolutely no opportunity to give treatment or manipulation of variables that may play a role in the appearance of a symptom, because the observed symptoms have occurred. The population taken in this study were all students in grade V (five) of State Primary Schools in the Genteng Kulon Cluster, Kec. Genteng, Kab. Banyuwangi which numbered 205 students from 6 schools. Based on the calculation of the TKJI test results then the data obtained were processed using manual calculation and SPSS the physical fitness level of the fifth grade students of Public Elementary Schools in Genteng Kulon Cluster, Genteng Subdistrict, Banyuwangi Regency, ie students with excellent physical fitness criteria totaling 0 out of 205 students with a percentage 0%, while students with good physical fitness criteria amounted to 2 out of 205 students with a percentage of 1%, while the level of physical fitness with moderate criteria amounted to 35 people out of 205 students with a percentage of 17%, for criteria less number of students were 108 people out of 205 students with a percentage of 53%, while the level of physical fitness with the criteria of the number of students is as many as 60 people from 205 students with a percentage of 29%. Keywords: Survey, Physical Fitness.
Transnational migration fields emerged in social research as a result of a tentative criticism of methodological nationalism with its focus on the national space as a homogeneous container of all the forms of social life. The new approach of methodological transnationalism is targeted to locate some sociocultural phenomena and processes in the framework of interactions among several societies. Cross-border practices, links and identities in this new approach put in relation not only nation-states but non-state actors that are structured at group, community and regional level. The three chapters of the working paper address the emerging social transnationalism (Mau, 2012) of Romanians by focusing on transnational fields, perceptions of the first trips abroad and the habitus of emigrants in relation with return intentions. Temporary or indefinite time emigration of Romanians abroad for work started, mainly, during the economic recession that hit Romania in 1997-1999. In spite of its young age, it largely contributed to the structuring of a social transnationalism by fields, actors and layers. EUCROSS and non-EUCROSS data at individual or aggregated level, of quantitative and qualitative nature are put to work for capturing the complexity of the Romanian transnationalism in the making.
The key idea of the first chapter is that regions at different levels, at origin and at destination, function as relevant frames in structuring migration fields. Transnational fields are not only dense interactions between pairs of societies having Romania as origin, but a configuration of interactions among clusters of sending microregions in Romania and receiving macroregions, formed by clusters of receiving countries. Changing the unit of analysis from national societies to regions at different levels allows for a dynamic picture of multisited and multilevel regionalism in understanding transnational migration. Survey and census data are aggregated to reach this picture. The multiregional model of transnationalism is developed by four axes or layers on migration streams, cross-border networks, transnational habitus and migration experiences at individual and family levels. This comprehensive, multilayer approach requires the use of multiple data sets (the EUCROSS survey on Romanian natives, the Romanian census data from 2011 and the Romanian subsample from the Eurobarometer 73.3 on New Europeans) that are able to capture the complexity of the model.
The chapter "First trip abroad: expectations, experiences and stories of transnational Romanians" analyses transnational Romanians' stories about their first trip abroad using the EUMEAN dataset. The concept of physical mobility is seen as a broader framework for understanding transnational and cosmopolitan behaviours as well as international migration. In order to distinguish between different types of travelling for the first trip abroad, the chapter is constructed keeping in mind the structural changes and constraints regarding physical mobility for Romanian citizens. During the transition from a communist country to a EU member state, Romanian citizens' stories about travelling abroad for the first time fundamentally changed. Labour migrants, asylum seekers, business travellers, students or tourists left the country with different expectations and faced different problems at destination. Their attitudes toward origin and destination framed their images about the first trip abroad. Using a qualitative approach and samples of Romanians who live in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom, the analysis emphasizes certain differences between different types of travelling for the first time abroad and reconstructs how Romanians started their transnational careers.
Romanian migration has a temporary and circulatory character: on the one hand, people are moving back and forth to and from a destination and, on the other hand, there are migrants who either resettle in Romania, come back in the home country and then emigrate to a different destination than the initial one or move to a new destination after spending time abroad without returning to Romania. The third chapter is concerned with the factors that shape these distinct possible strategies and types of mobility, with a special interest towards intentions and plans for return. In doing so, we look at the bonds Romanian migrants maintain with their home country and explore the different typologies and categories of migrants as moulded by their experiences, opinions and attitudes towards the country of origin. The main questions of interest concern how the experience of migration shapes the attitude towards the home country and the intention to return, how did the crisis influence such aspects (if it did) and what the main factors that appear as significant to one category of migrants or another from this point of view are. For this purpose, we use fifty one of the sixty one in-depth interviews realized with Romanians as part of the EUCROSS project in Denmark, UK, Spain, Italy and Germany (EUMEAN dataset).
The recent default of important Italian agri-business companies provides a challenging issue to be investigated through an appropriate scientific approach. The events involving CIRIO, FERRUZZI or PARMALAT rise an important research question: what are the determinants of performance for Italian companies in the Italian agri – food sector? My aim is not to investigate all the factors that are relevant in explaining performance. Performance depends on a wide set of political, social, economic variables that are strongly interconnected and that are often very difficult to express by formal or mathematical tools. Rather, in my thesis I mainly focus on those aspects that are strictly related to the governance and ownership structure of agri – food companies representing a strand of research that has been quite neglected by previous scholars. The conceptual framework from which I move to justify the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company, governance and performance is the model set up by Airoldi and Zattoni (2005). In particular the authors investigate the existence of complex relationships arising within the company and between the company and the environment that can bring different strategies and performances. They do not try to find the "best" ownership structure, rather they outline what variables are connected and how they could vary endogenously within the whole economic system. In spite of the fact that the Airoldi and Zattoni's model highlights the existence of a relationship between ownership and structure that is crucial for the set up of the thesis the authors fail to apply quantitative analyses in order to verify the magnitude, sign and the causal direction of the impact. In order to fill this gap we start from the literature trying to investigate the determinants of performance. Even in this strand of research studies analysing the relationship between different forms of ownership and performance are still lacking. In this thesis, after a brief description of the Italian agri – food sector and after an introduction including a short explanation of the definitions of performance and ownership structure, I implement a model in which the performance level (interpreted here as Return on Investments and Return on Sales) is related to variables that have been previously identified by the literature as important such as the financial variables (cash and leverage indices), the firm location (North Italy, Centre Italy, South Italy), the power concentration (lower than 25%, between 25% and 50% and between 50% and 100% of ownership control) and the specific agri – food sector (agriculture, food and beverage). Moreover we add a categorical variable representing different forms of ownership structure (public limited company, limited liability company, cooperative) that is the core of our study. All those variables are fully analysed by a preliminary descriptive analysis. As in many previous contributions we apply a panel least squares analysis for 199 Italian firms in the period 1998 – 2007 with data taken from the Bureau Van Dijck Dataset. We apply two different models in which the dependant variables are respectively the Return on Investments (ROI) and the Return on Sales (ROS) indicators. Not surprisingly we find that companies located in the North Italy representing the richest area in Italy perform better than the ones located in the Centre and South of Italy. In contrast with the Modigliani - Miller theorem financial variables could be significant and the specific sector within the agri – food market could play a relevant role. As the power concentration, we find that a strong property control (higher than 50%) or a fragmented concentration (lower than 25%) perform better. This result apparently could suggest that "hybrid" forms of concentrations could create bad functioning in the decision process. As our key variables representing the ownership structure we find that public limited companies and limited liability companies perform better than cooperatives. This is easily explainable by the fact that law establishes that cooperatives are less profit – oriented. Beyond cooperatives public limited companies perform better than limited liability companies and show a more stable path over time. Results are quite consistent when we consider both ROI and ROS as dependant variables. These results should not lead us to claim that public limited company is the "best" among all possible governance structures. First, every governance solution should be considered according to specific situations. Second more robustness analyses are needed to confirm our results. At this stage we deem these findings, the model set up and our approach represent original contributions that could stimulate fruitful future studies aimed at investigating the intriguing issue concerning the effect of ownership structure on the performance levels.
The existing practice of state planning not only providing a reasonable decision making aimed at the achievement of strategic goals of the country development, but also does not consider any reasonable and scientific procedure of decisions support. Currently, the regulation of the decision making procedure contents is replaced by the formalization of document control planning procedures. At the moment the necessity of strategic, including medium-term and long-term planning of social and economic development of the country is acutely experienced at all management levels federal, regional, local. The attempts for implementation of goal-oriented planning and medium-term budget planning are recently made at the federal level, "national projects" are being promoted. Most big cities elaborate strategic development plans. However all these useful measures don't have any serious theoretical substantiation, generally accepted procedural guidelines and are not coordinated with each other. It should be noted that it's been a long time as planning is recognized in the international practice as a complex social process that is way beyond the scope of the economics subject field. The understanding of this fact by society is an independent problem that can be solved by planning experts acting jointly with other experts and civil society representatives. Other vital task, facing experts of this field is mediation in assimilation of planning technique by economists. The problem is that the possibilities of scheduling and network goal-oriented planning techniques have not been assimilated yet. Therefore a priority should be given to planning methodology development, considering influence of all the factors, significant for the life of the country, major active forces and their objectives, using a scenario approach and able to find out the optimal way to achieve the most favorable future. One of the most elaborated and most popular approaches to the research of complex multilevel systems is an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)1. It is successfully used by dealing with management problems in various fields of human activities, including the field of state planning. The generation of the state planning scheme begins with the developments of the long-range forecasting technique, whereby should be considered the influence of all key factors on social and economic development of the country, such as economic, political, social, technological, ecological and other factors, revealing not only internal but also external limits. There are not only quantitative figures, but also actors, events, conditions and their risks, policies, strategies and other factors. One of the main advantages of the proposed scheme is the major forces (actors) having influence on these factors and accordingly on the future of the country. Both governmental authorities (federal and regional) and society as a whole, large business, foreign countries, international organizations, other significant participants of economic and political processes can be considered as the actors. The development of the country depends on the objectives and policies within the context of achievement of these actors objectives, which are the basis for the consideration of the country developments scenarios. The actors activity is oriented on the implementation of these scenarios. Combination of the developed scenarios, containing main macrocharacteristics of the development level (e.g. number of population, GDP per capita, actual household disposable income and others), depending on the priority grade of each of them enables to calculate a generalized forecasting scenario, representing an implementation of the contrast scenarios. Finally, only one of possible scenarios can be implemented and it will be a combination of various actors attempts to form it in such a way that its own interests will be met. Many (often controversial) interests, implemented under this scenario can result in the «weakened version» of what each actor intends to observe as an outcome. This forecasting process is called a direct planning process or exploratory forecast. In consequence of the first forecast iteration consideration one or several actors can start working on changing some of their policies, in order to attempt to carry out a new outcome, which is closer to a desirable outcome (this procedure is called a reversed process or normative forecast). Eventually, particular model and/or scheme changes are usually carried out after forming the first version of the forecasting model (it is clear that the model is also changing then). Such iteration is usually repeated several times. The scheme and model of the reverse2 process can be updated simultaneously. Iterations of this sort can differ greatly and model updating requires a certain analytical culture. This approach means that next stage will require forming a specific algorithmic procedure and methods of binding scenario conditions, forecasts, target programs and other elements of social and economic development of Russian economy, based on this procedure. This working stage will require making graph fragments, preparing relevant inquiry forms, canvasing specially selected experts, process and interpreting results.
La decisione di quotarsi è, come noto, portatrice di rilevanti cambiamenti all'interno del sistema aziendale con riferimento a molteplici aspetti della sua operatività. Come tutti i momenti di "discontinuità", infatti, anche la quotazione dà vita a mutamenti notevoli e talvolta radicali per l'azienda, con riferimento al suo sistema ideologico-valoriale ed alla sua impostazione strategica, senza peraltro trascurare l'impatto sulle interazioni con l'ambiente e le notevoli innovazioni relative al sistema delle comunicazioni aziendali. Oltre ad ottemperare ad alcuni requisiti tecnico-giuridici imposti dalla regolamentazione, le società che decidono di quotarsi devono assolvere anche e soprattutto ad alcuni requisiti "sostanziali" - quali avere un business con buone prospettive di crescita, un management qualificato e determinato, un sistema di corporate governance allineato alle best practice internazionali e così via - che rappresentino una "garanzia" del potenziale successo dell'operazione. La conoscenza delle "condizioni di quotabilità" delle aziende costituisce quindi un primo elemento indispensabile per valutare la fattibilità dell'ingresso in borsa, a prescindere da quelli che sono i "fattori determinanti" della decisione e gli effetti attesi e/o reali che ne conseguiranno. Tuttavia, un percorso valutativo adeguato alla portata dell'evento "quotazione", che consideri in modo adeguato le modifiche all'assetto strategico dell'azienda ed al suo sistema ideologico-valoriale, necessariamente deve procedere focalizzando l'attenzione su molteplici elementi. L'analisi deve infatti concentrarsi non solo sugli aspetti finanziari, che spesso costituiscono i principali fattori determinanti dell'ingresso in borsa, ma anche su altri fattori che comunque assumono un rilievo significativo prima, durante e successivamente alla quotazione. Il modello di analisi da noi suggerito si basa sulla definizione di cinque elementi oggetto di analisi, mutuando, almeno in parte, lo schema, consolidato in dottrina, che rappresenta il sistema delle strategie a livello aziendale e che si articola in quattro sottosistemi, fra loro coordinati ed interrelati: strategia organizzativa, strategia economico finanziaria, strategia sociale, strategia di portafoglio (e competitiva). Le classi di strategie a livello aziendale sopra richiamate sono infatti tutte inevitabilmente coinvolte nel processo di cambiamento indotto dalla quotazione. A tali sottosistemi è necessario aggiungere anche un altro elemento, la cui attenta valutazione risulta indispensabile; ci riferiamo al sistema ideologico-valoriale dell'azienda che è frequentemente soggetto, in modo estremamente rilevante, a cambiamenti in occasione della quotazione. È evidente, tuttavia, che l'articolazione dell'analisi in cinque "elementi di osservazione" distinti, se da un punto di vista cognitivo risulta utile ed apprezzabile, vista la possibilità che offre di semplificare la casistica oggetto di studio, non esime dalla necessità di considerare nell'analisi anche le relazioni reciproche che vincolano l'un l'altro i cinque elementi e dalla necessità di ricondurre a sistema le considerazioni emerse, al fine di rileggere il tutto in modo unitario. Il percorso valutativo dovrà concentrarsi, inoltre, non solo sull'analisi di "fattibilità" dei cambiamenti ritenuti necessari per quotare l'azienda in borsa con successo, ma anche sul contributo, in termini di economicità e di sostegno allo sviluppo durevole ed evolutivo, che eventualmente la scelta comporterà; infatti, nel caso di strategie "intenzionali" come la quotazione, la valutazione deve consentire una stima preventiva delle conseguenze che una decisione può avere sull'azienda, conseguenze che, tuttavia, non sempre si possono esprimere in termini oggettivi e con determinazioni quantitative. La complessità delle problematiche, l'incertezza degli effetti attesi, la numerosità delle variabili che possono influenzare direttamente ed indirettamente il risultato finale sono infatti spesso tali da richiedere di esprimere anche considerazioni qualitative, valutando, tra gli altri, anche le risorse e competenze disponibili, l'influenza della congiuntura, dell'andamento di altre emissioni, della situazione politica ed economica generale e così via. Il giudizio sulla opportunità della quotazione interessa quindi tre diversi profili, tra loro collegati sulla base di un ordine sequenziale: la fattibilità, l'economicità e la rispondenza alle esigenze di continuità e sviluppo dell'azienda. Il percorso di analisi, dunque, si svilupperà lungo cinque direttrici corrispondenti ai cinque "elementi di osservazione" individuati e riguarderà, per ciascuno, i tre profili di giudizio sopra accennati. Il lavoro si divide in tre capitoli. Il primo analizza i numerosi contributi teorici ed empirici sulla quotazione delle aziende, con particolare attenzione ai lavori di taglio "aziendalistico", cercando di dare un inquadramento teorico di importanti tematiche quali la definizione dei "fattori determinanti" dell'ingresso in borsa, degli "effetti" della quotazione e dei costi connessi a tale decisione. Le considerazioni espresse in questa sede saranno la base di partenza per lo sviluppo dei successivi capitoli. Il secondo e terzo capitolo sono dedicati, rispettivamente, alla descrizione del modello di analisi e valutazione strategica dell'ingresso in borsa delle aziende da noi proposto ed all'approfondimento delle cinque direttrici di analisi, corrispondenti ad altrettante direttrici di cambiamento, individuate all'interno del suddetto modello: sistema ideologico-valoriale, strategia economico finanziaria, strategia organizzativa, strategia competitiva, strategia sociale. Il terzo capitolo si chiude con una rilettura in ottica sistemica del modello di analisi, al fine di ricondurre ad unità la visione dell'azienda in merito alle opportunità ed alle criticità che riguardano complessivamente l'impresa che intenda valutare la possibilità di quotarsi in borsa.
Minimum corporate taxation is the second Pillar of the reforms of international corporate taxation. It is a simple and powerful tool that could curb profit shifting towards low or no tax jurisdictions. Its implementation would allow France to tax the profits that French headquarters have shifted to tax havens, but also to reduce the erosion of its tax base. We estimate the French corporate income tax (CIT) revenues would increase by almost 6 billion euros in the short run after the implementation of an effective minimum tax rate of 15% and by 8 billion euros at a rate of 21%. CIT gains may vary substantially depending on the scope of the tax base, the possibility of headquarters' inversion, and whether it includes domestic corporations or not. CIT gains are relatively higher in France than in Germany or the United States. The expected gains are substantially larger than those to be expected from the implementation of the first Pillar of the reform in its version proposed by the US in April 2021, which opens up rights to tax the 100 largest corporations in the world according to their sales' destination. According to our estimates, Pillar One would bring in about 900 million euros for France.
International audience ; We propose a structural approach to investigate total factor productivity (TFP) and economic growth of 58 provinces and municipalities of Vietnam (known as one of the most dynamic emerging economies in the last few years). The analysis is applied to the provincial data that are available to us for the period 2000–2007. TFP is composed of three components: an autonomous technological change, an observed deterministic part depending on external factors, and an unobserved stochastic part. Estimation results do not show any evidence regarding the impacts of national and local public spending on TFP and economic growth of Vietnam's provinces. On the contrary, human capital and industry share (compared to shares of agriculture and services) significantly increase the provincial TFP, helping to explain the cross-province differences in terms of productivity. Finally, TFP of Vietnam's provinces does not converge in the long run as it displays a polarization feature around two main groups of provinces, a large group with low TFP levels and a much smaller group with high TFP levels. This bipolar pattern of TFP distribution supports the competitiveness disparity among the Vietnam's provinces.
j'assume la responsabilité de ce document de travail ; Financial system being the place of metting capital flows (equality between saving and investment), a volatility of capital flows can destroy the robustness and good working of financial system, it means subvert financial stability. The same a weak financial system, few regulated and bad manage can exacerbate volatility of capital flows and finely undermine financial stability. The present study provides evidence on feedback effect between volatility of capital flows and financial stability in Democratic republic of Congo (DRC), and estimate the contributions of macroeconomic and macroprudential policies in the attenuation volatility of capital flows effects on financial stability and in the prevention of instability financial. Assessment dynamic regression model a la Feldstein-Horioka we showed that financial system is widely supplied and financed by internationals capital flows. This implicate Congolese economy is financially mobile, that can be dangerous for financial stability. The study dynamic econometric of financial system's absolute size, we stipulate financial system has a systemic weight on real economy. Hence a shock of financial system could have devastating effects on Congolese economy. We estimate a vector autoregressive (VAR) model for prove the bilateral causality and impacts of macroeconomic and macroprudential policies. With regard to results, it proved on the one there is a feedback effect between volatility of capital flows and financial stability, on the other hand macroeconomic and macroprudential policies can't attenuate volatility of capital flows and prevent instability financial. It prove macroprudential approach is given a better result than monetary policy. The implementation of framework macroprudential by Central Bank of Congo will be beneficial in the realization of financial stability and attenuation volatility of capital flows.Keywords: Volatility of capital flows, financial stability, macroeconomic and macroprudential ...
International audience ; This paper studies payout policies of listed family firms. The recent evolutions of family firms models bring to study two types of agency conflicts, the one between shareholders and manager (type I), and the one between majority and minority shareholders (type II). Our results show that payout policies are related to the intensity of the two types of agency conflicts which are overall less strong than in non family firms. ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la relation entre les politiques de distribution des entreprises familiales cotées et deux grands types de conflits d'agence dans les entreprises familiales, entre actionnaires et dirigeant (type I), et entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires (type II). Les résultats sur les entreprises du SBF 250 montrent que les montants distribués sont liés à ces deux composantes du conflit d'agence, qui est globalement moins fort dans les entreprises familiales.
International audience ; This paper studies payout policies of listed family firms. The recent evolutions of family firms models bring to study two types of agency conflicts, the one between shareholders and manager (type I), and the one between majority and minority shareholders (type II). Our results show that payout policies are related to the intensity of the two types of agency conflicts which are overall less strong than in non family firms. ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la relation entre les politiques de distribution des entreprises familiales cotées et deux grands types de conflits d'agence dans les entreprises familiales, entre actionnaires et dirigeant (type I), et entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires (type II). Les résultats sur les entreprises du SBF 250 montrent que les montants distribués sont liés à ces deux composantes du conflit d'agence, qui est globalement moins fort dans les entreprises familiales.
International audience ; This paper studies payout policies of listed family firms. The recent evolutions of family firms models bring to study two types of agency conflicts, the one between shareholders and manager (type I), and the one between majority and minority shareholders (type II). Our results show that payout policies are related to the intensity of the two types of agency conflicts which are overall less strong than in non family firms. ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la relation entre les politiques de distribution des entreprises familiales cotées et deux grands types de conflits d'agence dans les entreprises familiales, entre actionnaires et dirigeant (type I), et entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires (type II). Les résultats sur les entreprises du SBF 250 montrent que les montants distribués sont liés à ces deux composantes du conflit d'agence, qui est globalement moins fort dans les entreprises familiales.
International audience ; This paper studies payout policies of listed family firms. The recent evolutions of family firms models bring to study two types of agency conflicts, the one between shareholders and manager (type I), and the one between majority and minority shareholders (type II). Our results show that payout policies are related to the intensity of the two types of agency conflicts which are overall less strong than in non family firms. ; L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la relation entre les politiques de distribution des entreprises familiales cotées et deux grands types de conflits d'agence dans les entreprises familiales, entre actionnaires et dirigeant (type I), et entre actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires (type II). Les résultats sur les entreprises du SBF 250 montrent que les montants distribués sont liés à ces deux composantes du conflit d'agence, qui est globalement moins fort dans les entreprises familiales.
This issue of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to come closer to its 45th year of existence. Throughout this time, we have tried to publish different types of scientific research, review, or reflection papers by national and international authors who have relied on us to disseminate their knowledge. To every one of them, our authors, our referees, the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially our readers, we would like to thank them for allowing us to continue, through digitalization, to bring a more significant impact on the sciences of administration.In the 66th issue, thirteen scientific papers have been published. The arbitration process guarantees the quality of the authors and their contributions in Spanish or English, to make a publication 100% in English, in the pursuit of higher knowledge dissemination. In this sense, we put to our readers' consideration the editorial process undertaken in this issue, in the hope that its content will be a support or become a starting point for new discussions and concerns in their reflections and research, or that, if applicable, it will allow in future reviews or translations into other languages.The first article in this issue, entitled "Characterization and determinants of organizational satisfaction in Mexican SME workers," by using quantitative methods, attempts to build a model to understand organizational satisfaction from variables related to job satisfaction through a survey to 646 workers, of both sexes and between the ages of 18 and 70, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). "Management of Corporate Social Responsibility in Project Management: Theoretical Approach" is the title of the second paper, and it aims to conduct a theoretical discussion on social responsibility within the framework of project management. The methodology defines the steps taken by the researchers to achieve presenting elements and conclusions from the different theoretical approaches found. The third article "Coordinating sustainability, globalization and urban intelligence with Habitat III and SDG-2030 agendas: the challenge of sustainable urban development in cities", is the result of research in 83 cities where, using the correspondence analysis technique, the authors analyzed around urban development, globalization, urban intelligence and sustainability, and whether these relate to sustainable development and habitat goals.The fourth article, "Trust as a mechanism to improve performance in organizations," includes a relational model between employee trust in the organization and company performance, as mediated by an organizational commitment to learning and employee commitment to the company. Using quantitative methods, through a 31-item survey applied to 161 individuals from different organizations in the southwestern region of Colombia, the relationship between competencies and skills management and the performance of organizations is analyzed.In the fifth paper, the authors investigate the concept of productivity in the context of knowledge workers. As a method, they applied interviews to a group of managers and workers from organizations in the knowledge-intensive services sector and ultimately raise some challenges. The title of this article is "Work Productivity Management in Knowledge Intensive Service Companies: Considerations and Challenges." "Impact of economic internationalization policies in Colombia, Peru, and Chile," is the sixth scientific research paper, where, from a mixed approach paired with documentary analysis of the different government plans and categories of export development, integration agreements, and institutional development, and by analyzing quantitative variables from GDP, exports and trade balance, the authors analyze how trade policies and integration in Colombia, Chile and Peru impacted their international trade in the period from 1980 to 2017. The seventh article in our 66th issue is called "Financing decisions in the creative and cultural SMEs of Bogotá, Colombia." Through a survey, the authors compare assumptions from financial theories in cultural and creative SMEs in Bogotá, finding some factors that drive their financial decision-making.Using linear regressions, the authors compared the influence of social networks in the self-perception of the academic performance of a group of university students in Mexico and Spain. The findings show differences in both countries. "Social networks and academic performance self-perception in business sciences students" is the title of the paper mentioned above.The ninth article is entitled "Social norms and entrepreneurial intent in university researchers in Colombia." Therein, the authors, using quantitative methods, propose relationships between social norms, among other variables, and entrepreneurial intent when conducting a survey on peer reviewers at Colciencias and the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The results account for the relationships found, which a literature review supports.In the paper "Sociological ambivalence in three Latin American corporate control institutions: Tax Inspectorate (Colombia), Statutory Examiner (Mexico) and Statutory Audit (Argentina)," the authors propose some contradictions present in corporate control and do so from the theoretical framework of sociological ambivalence. Qualitative content analysis is used to approach the institutions studied.The paper "Reflections towards Responsible Tourism in the Framework of Social Responsibility" aims to present Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) elements in the context of the hotel subsector, based on literature documentary analysis, to propose improvements in social responsibility practices in the sector."Investment projects: definition from the perspective of processes" is the title of a paper that presents an analysis of the definition of investment projects from the perspectives of the subject, method, and object of intervention in order to identify their relationship with the improvement of processes. Among the findings, it is evident that most of the definitions are framed within the method or form of intervention.Our last paper in this issue is a review. It carries the title "Shared value: a bibliometric review of literature from the approaches of strategy, corporate social responsibility, and stakeholders," where the authors conduct research based on a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, and focus on the evolution of the concept of shared value, presenting elements from its proposal and some current tendencies.The content of each paper is the sole responsibility of their authors. This issue presents a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome in each of these proposals. We hope you will continue to accompany us as readers of our scientific journal. ; Este número de Cuadernos de Administración, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, nos permite acercarnos a sus 45 años de existencia. A lo largo de este tiempo, hemos intentado publicar diferentes tipos de trabajos de investigación científica, revisión o reflexión de autores nacionales e internacionales que han confiado en nosotros para difundir sus conocimientos. A todos y cada uno de ellos, nuestros autores, nuestros árbitros, los miembros de los Comités Editorial y Científico, pero especialmente a ustedes, nuestros lectores, nos gustaría agradecerles por permitirnos continuar, y ahora a través de la edición electrónica, lograr un mayor impacto en las ciencias de la administración. En el número 66, se publican trece artículos científicos. El proceso de arbitraje garantiza la calidad de los autores, desde sus aportes en español o inglés, para luego realizar una publicación 100% en inglés, en pos de una mayor difusión del conocimiento. En este sentido, sometemos a su consideración el proceso editorial llevado a cabo en este número, con la idea de que su contenido sea un soporte o un punto de partida, para nuevas discusiones e inquietudes en sus reflexiones e investigaciones, o que, si corresponde, permita futuras revisiones o traducciones a otros idiomas. El primer artículo de este número titulado "Caracterización y determinantes de la satisfacción organizacional en trabajadores mexicanos de PyMES", usando métodos cuantitativos intenta construir un modelo para comprender la satisfacción organizacional a partir de variables relacionadas con la satisfacción laboral, en una encuesta a 646 trabajadores de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PyMES), de ambos sexos entre 18 y 70 años. "Gestión de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la gerencia de proyectos: aproximación teórica", es el título del segundo artículo que tiene como objetivo realizar una discusión teórica de la responsabilidad social en el marco de la gestión de proyectos. En la metodología se definen los pasos realizados por los investigadores para lograr la presentación de elementos y las conclusiones desde los diferentes enfoques teóricos encontrados. El tercer artículo "Coordinar la sostenibilidad, globalización e inteligencia urbana con las agendas hábitat III y ODS-2030: el desafío del desarrollo urbano sostenible en las ciudades", es el resultado de una investigación en 83 ciudades donde desde la técnica de análisis de correspondencia, se analizó alrededor del desarrollo urbano, la globalización, la inteligencia urbana y la sostenibilidad y sí hay relación con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y hábitat. El cuarto artículo "La confianza como un mecanismo para mejorar el desempeño en las organizaciones", incluye un modelo relacional entre la confianza del colaborador en la organización y el desempeño de la compañía mediado por el compromiso organizacional con el aprendizaje y el compromiso de los empleados con la empresa. Con métodos cuantitativos, por medio de una encuesta de 31 ítems, aplicada a 161 individuos de diferentes organizaciones en la región suroccidental de Colombia, se analiza la relación entre la gestión de competencias y habilidades, y el desempeño de las organizaciones. En el quinto artículo los autores indagan sobre el concepto de la productividad en el contexto de los trabajadores de conocimiento, utilizan como método las entrevistas a un grupo de directivos y trabajadores de organizaciones del sector servicios intensivos en conocimiento y al final proponen algunos desafíos. El título de este artículo es "Gestión de la productividad laboral en empresas de servicio intensivas en conocimiento: consideraciones y desafíos". "Impacto de las políticas de internacionalización económica en Colombia, Perú y Chile", es el sexto artículo científico de investigación, donde, desde un enfoque mixto, con un análisis documental de los diferentes planes de Gobierno y las categorías de desarrollo de exportaciones, acuerdos de integración y desarrollo institucional, y con análisis de variables cuantitativas desde el PIB, las exportaciones y la balanza comercial, se analizan cómo las políticas comerciales y la integración en Colombia, Chile y Perú impactaron su comercio internacional en el período 1980 -2017. El séptimo artículo de este número 66 titulado "Decisiones de financiación en las Pymes creativas y culturales de Bogotá, Colombia", mediante una encuesta los autores comparan supuestos de teorías financieras en las pymes culturales y creativas de Bogotá, encontrando algunos factores que determinan sus decisiones financieras. Utilizando regresiones lineales los autores comparan la relación de las redes sociales en la autopercepción de desempeño académico de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios en México y España. En los hallazgos se evidencian diferencias en ambos países. El título del artículo es "Redes sociales y autopercepción de desempeño académico en estudiantes de ciencias empresariales". El noveno artículo tiene por título "Normas sociales e intención emprendedora en investigadores universitarios en Colombia", donde los autores con métodos cuantitativos plantean relaciones entre las normas sociales, entre otras variables, y la intención emprendedora al realizar una encuesta a pares evaluadores de Colciencias y las áreas de ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas. Los resultados presentan las relaciones encontradas que son soportadas con una revisión de literatura. En el artículo "Ambivalencia sociológica en tres instituciones latinoamericanas de control societario: Revisoría Fiscal (Colombia), Comisaría (México) y Sindicatura (Argentina)", los autores plantean algunas contradicciones presentes en el control societario desde el marco teórico de la ambivalencia sociológica. Se utiliza el análisis de contenido cualitativo para el abordaje de las instituciones estudiadas. El artículo "Reflexiones hacia el Turismo Responsable en el Marco de la Responsabilidad Social", tiene como objetivo presentar elementos de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en el contexto del subsector hotelero, a partir del análisis documental de la literatura, para proponer mejoras en las prácticas de responsabilidad social en el sector. "Proyectos de inversión: definición desde la perspectiva de procesos", es el título de un artículo donde se presenta un análisis de la definición de proyectos de inversión desde las perspectivas del sujeto, método y el objeto de intervención con la finalidad de identificar su relación con la mejora de procesos. Dentro de los hallazgos se evidencia que la mayor parte de las definiciones se enmarcan en el método o forma de intervención. Nuestro último artículo de este número, es de revisión y tiene el título "Valor compartido: una revisión bibliométrica de la literatura desde los enfoques de estrategia, responsabilidad social corporativa y de partes interesadas", donde los autores realizan una investigación basada en una revisión sistemática de la literatura y el análisis bibliométrico, centrado en la evolución del concepto de valor compartido, presentando en su desarrollo elementos desde qué se propone y algunas tendencias actuales. El contenido de cada uno de estos artículos es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores. Este número se convierte en una nueva oportunidad para que la comunidad científica nacional e internacional, juzgue el resultado de cada una de estas propuestas. Esperamos que nos sigan acompañando como lectores de nuestra revista científica.
