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The world faces old and new problems that are more complicated than our currently capable multilateral and national institutions. To face these challenges, international cooperation is becoming ever more important. An international environmental agreement is a kind of treaty that is binding in international law, allowing them to accomplish an environmental goal. Bilateral environmental agreement is defined as an agreement between two countries. If the agreement is signed between three or more nations it is called a Multilateral Environmental Agreement. These agreements, mainly drawn up by the United Nations, include issues, such as environmental policies, freshwater policies, hazardous waste and material policies, aquatic environment, wildlife conservation policies, noise pollution and nuclear safety. International agreements set a number of objectives: Informal agreements may formulate action plans for sovereign states or international institutions; they may establish or alter international organizations or bodies; and legally binding agreements may demand that sovereign states change their actions. Least developed countries face significant challenges in terms of mitigation and adaptation, which must be resolved by successful agreements. A state government may wish to abide by an agreement but lacks the power to do so. Some climate agreements build in frameworks for promoting implementation and enforcement through technology transfer, funding and technical support. Agreements can facilitate the process of forging a common vocabulary and a mutual knowledge of an issue. States have often taken steps within their own jurisdictions which foreshadow what they are prepared to agree internationally. The balance of power is increasingly shifting, giving rise to questions about the successful functioning of foreign regimes. This current multi-polarity also deepens cleavages over the nature of agreements. The financial crisis spurred consensus on institutional reform; adapting international architecture to better ...

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Department of Defense (DOD) issued antiarmor munitions master plans beginning in 1985 and updated the plans annually until 1990. These antiarmor plans focused on the Cold War armored threat and on the weapons that would be needed to prevail in a Central European Scenario. Congress expressed concern that the military continued to develop and procure an increasing number of tank-killing weapons at a time when potential adversaries had smaller numbers of armored forces. Congress told DOD to develop an Antiarmor Munitions Master Plan to identify the projected armor threat and the projected quantity of all antiarmor weapons, with the purpose of identifying and eliminating excess anti armor capability. This report reviews the plan to determine if it provides the data and analysis specified in the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Appropriations conference report and provides data and analysis needed to support the services' current antiarmor acquisition plans. GAO found that DOD's July 2000 Antiarmor Munitions Master Plan did not provide the data and analysis specified in the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Appropriations conference report. The plan provided limited data and analysis to support the services' current antiarmor acquisition plans. In January 2001, DOD stated that, in anticipation of the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Army had begun several studies and analyses to more clearly define an economically sound and operationally effective mix of munitions."

This article focusses on ongoing discussions about the place of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and the Franco dictatorship (1939–75) in Spain's democracy. Following the suspension of Judge Baltasar Garzón by the Spanish Supreme Court in 2010, who had indicted General Francisco Franco (1892–1975) and thirty‐four accomplices under international law for committing crimes against humanity, a debate arose between leading intellectuals in Spain about the growing international influence on Spain's war past. This debate revealed that a group of influential left‐wing intellectuals attempted to curb the social and political influence of the citizens' memory movements. The author observes how this happened by applying three strategies: the foreign strategy, the nationalistic‐ethical strategy, and the saturation strategy. He concludes that the growing international pressure on Spain's handling of the Civil War and dictatorship led to a "Spanification" of the "culture of the transición" as a national memory, causing the memory movements to lose momentum and curbing the international influence on Spain's handling of its dictatorial past.

Understanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all "actors" in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion