Abstract In the paper, the author addresses the question of Dharmakīrti's philosophical identity afresh. While acknowledging both the elements, external realism of Sautrāintika and idealism of Yogācāra, the author does disagree with the claim which is sometimes made, that Dharmakīrti's idealism as his ultimate position and accepts realism only at conventional level. The author shows how Dharmakīrti in Pramāṇavārttika oscillates between the two positions and that he must have been attracted to both the positions for different reasons. He was attracted to idealism from critical point of view, when he was critical about the limitations of Sautrāntika realism (which itself can be called critical realism). He was attracted to realism for its capacity to explain the diverse phenomena and lead human beings to their goals. The author denies the claim made by some scholars that Dharmakīrti's idealism can be called just an epistemic one. He argues that it did have a metaphysical dimension which is hard to defend. The author shows that Dharmakīrti's idealist stance has adverse implications to the realist epistemology and logic which constitute his mainstream position; the implications, which Dharmakīrti does not take up for discussion.
The article highlights issues related to the concept of crimes committed by the author using the Internet, and their characteristics. It also analyzes the criminalization of socially dangerous acts related to the illegal use of information technologies, the need for deep study and effective use of foreign experience in combating these crimes and their prevention, implementation of international law, further improvement of national legislation. In addition, the author lists the features of the development of information and communication means of this type of crime, such as the creation of an animated version of real life - the virtual world, the relative ease of committing crimes in the virtual world. The author tried to distinguish this type of crime from other crimes, using his views and theoretical sources. In turn, the author points out that the number of crimes committed using the Internet is growing rapidly both in quantity and quality, and, accordingly, the need for constant improvement of the legal framework to combat these crimes, and the author also discussed the views of various researchers on this area. K
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Frage der Inszenierung der Autorschaft am Beispiel von Uwe Timm. Dieser Problematik geht sie nach, indem sie vier unterschiedliche "begleitende" Genres untersucht: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen, Reiseberichte, Autobiographien und Poetikvorlesungen, welche unter dem Begriff "Medien der Autorschaft" nach Urs Meyer zu verstehen sind. Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieser Arbeit richtet sich auf die medialen Erscheinungsformen einerseits und auf die Darstellungsweise der Autorschaft andererseits. Auf dieser Grundlage werden multiple Autorbilder von Uwe Timm vor dem Hintergrund des Konzepts des literarischen Felds und des Habitus von Pierre Bourdieu herausgearbeitet: der politisch engagierte Autor, der Autor als Ethnologe, der Autor als Erinnerungsarbeiter des kollektiven Gedächtnisses sowie der Autor als Geschichtenerzähler. ; This dissertation addresses the question of how authorship is presented in the works of Uwe Timm. To explore this issue, four different "accompanying" genres have been considered: journals and newspapers, travel writings, autobiographies and poetic lectures, all of which are to be understood as "Media of Authorship" according to Urs Meyer. The discussion revolves around two aspects, the forms of media on the one hand, and the representational techniques on the other. Through Pierre Bourdieu's concept of literary field and habitus, Uwe Timm's multiple author images have been highlighted: the politically engaged author, the author as an ethnologist, the author as a memory worker of the collective memory and the author as a storyteller.
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Frage der Inszenierung der Autorschaft am Beispiel von Uwe Timm. Dieser Problematik geht sie nach, indem sie vier unterschiedliche "begleitende" Genres untersucht: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen, Reiseberichte, Autobiographien und Poetikvorlesungen, welche unter dem Begriff "Medien der Autorschaft" nach Urs Meyer zu verstehen sind. Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieser Arbeit richtet sich auf die medialen Erscheinungsformen einerseits und auf die Darstellungsweise der Autorschaft andererseits. Auf dieser Grundlage werden multiple Autorbilder von Uwe Timm vor dem Hintergrund des Konzepts des literarischen Felds und des Habitus von Pierre Bourdieu herausgearbeitet: der politisch engagierte Autor, der Autor als Ethnologe, der Autor als Erinnerungsarbeiter des kollektiven Gedächtnisses sowie der Autor als Geschichtenerzähler. ; This dissertation addresses the question of how authorship is presented in the works of Uwe Timm. To explore this issue, four different "accompanying" genres have been considered: journals and newspapers, travel writings, autobiographies and poetic lectures, all of which are to be understood as "Media of Authorship" according to Urs Meyer. The discussion revolves around two aspects, the forms of media on the one hand, and the representational techniques on the other. Through Pierre Bourdieu's concept of literary field and habitus, Uwe Timm's multiple author images have been highlighted: the politically engaged author, the author as an ethnologist, the author as a memory worker of the collective memory and the author as a storyteller.
The author focuses on the European Union and the domestic legislative framework related to the definition of "active farmer", underlining its critical points and its ambiguities. The author proposes some indications on the reasons of the failure of the model of active farmer introduced by EU legislation in order to make European Union action more efficient, with a view to containing expenditure in the agricultural sector. According to the author, the reasons for the failure derive from a lack of clarity on the real needs that the European Union and domestic bodies want to express through the filter of the active farmer. The author underlines how these regulatory measures have had an exclusive interest: a reduction in expenses, by postponing the identification and implementation of concrete measures to a wide discretionary power of individual member states. This context, according to the author, has in fact determined that the role of active farmer has been rendered meaningless and has led to a weakening of efficient action to protect the financial interests of the European Union.
In response to rising popular disenchantment with elected officials, numerous scholars have sought to defend politics and restate why it matters. For the most part, however, these theoretical arguments overlook the views and reflections of politicians themselves. As a step towards filling this gap, the author surveys politician-centred studies from around the world and the reflections of academics who have become politicians. By paying careful attention to what 'insiders' say about life in politics, the author constructs a practical rather than theoretical defence of the vocation and the people who undertake it. The author argues that politicians' views remind one that human endeavour is central to the purpose and function of politics and associated political institutions. To link the practical views and experiences of politicians with the emerging literature on demonisation, the author revisits the work of Arendt and Weber. The author concludes that while one may not always like who politicians are or the ways they operate, revaluing endeavour allows one to give credit where credit is due; politicians may regularly disappoint people but representative democracy does not work without them.
In response to rising popular disenchantment with elected officials, numerous scholars have sought to defend politics and restate why it matters. For the most part, however, these theoretical arguments overlook the views and reflections of politicians themselves. As a step towards filling this gap, the author surveys politician-centred studies from around the world and the reflections of academics who have become politicians. By paying careful attention to what 'insiders' say about life in politics, the author constructs a practical rather than theoretical defence of the vocation and the people who undertake it. The author argues that politicians' views remind one that human endeavour is central to the purpose and function of politics and associated political institutions. To link the practical views and experiences of politicians with the emerging literature on demonisation, the author revisits the work of Arendt and Weber. The author concludes that while one may not always like who politicians are or the ways they operate, revaluing endeavour allows one to give credit where credit is due; politicians may regularly disappoint people but representative democracy does not work without them.
Статья посвящена гностическому исследованию понятия «суфизм». Рассмотрено множество его значений, исходя из которых выявлено этимологическое и философское определение этого понятия. Автором также затронуты исторические аспекты суфизма, когда в начале XIX в. он получил широкое распространение в Дагестане. Активизация его усилилась в связи с последующим развитием военных действий на Кавказе. Автором обращено особое внимание на этику ислама, основанную на культуре традиций толерантности, покорности, а также на проблему политизации этой религии и ее причины. Отмечено, что генезис понятия «суфизм» многогранен и неоднозначен. ; This artical considers gnostical study of the concept «sufism».The author educes ethimological and philosophical definithions of the concept with regard to its polysemy. Moreover, the author investigates historical aspects of sufism, highlighting the beginning of the XIXth century when it became widespread within Dagestan territory. Due to further military activities in the Caucasus region, sufism expansion was more consolidated. The author emphasizes the ethics of Islam that is based on the culture of tolerance and humbleness. Besides, the author highlights the reasons of politicization of Islam. The author reveals the complicated character of genesis of the concept «sufism».
In contemporary American jurisprudence, there are many different legal-theoretical courses, orientations and legal schools. In this work, the author tries to analyze jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The reason for commitment for these two legal theories the author finds in the fact that they are actually modern forms of theories with a rich philosophical tradition. The paper argues that the jusnaturalism is the oldest philosophical tradition. Legal positivism was developed in opposition to jusnaturalism in the mid-19th century. The author points out that contemporary American jurisprudence marks the conflict between jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The main reason for their disagreement is the question of the relationship between law and morality. The paper analyzes the differences between the modern version of legal positivism and jusnaturalism and their classical theories. It is noticeable that the modern versions are purified and softened versions of the classic theories. The author concludes that a kind of mitigation of positivist-jusnaturalism dispute has already begun. Finally, the author allows that in the further development of contemporary American jurisprudence a significant convergence of legal positivism and jusnaturalism can reasonably be expected.
In this performative play without speech, the author demonstrates the various acrobatic negotiations she makes in her everyday life as a transnational feminist educational researcher who was born in India, raised in Canada, and educated and employed in higher education in the U.S. The author uses silence as a space of reflection, resistance, adaptation, retreat, and freedom in order to challenge the duality of silence and voice where silence is seen as the absence of voice. The author presents her negotiations in academia as a set of acrobatic moves in response to her everyday circumstances. She also demonstrates that for her home is always a shifting concept that continues to force her to shuttle between multiple national identities. The author uses the works of Kamala Visweswaran and Inderpal Grewal to theorize nomadic, diasporic, and transnational subject positions and ways in which silence and voice function. Using the form of silence as a performance, the author invites readers to find their own entry points of identification, resistance, and points that transcend both identification with and resistance to the scenes with which she works, works out, and plays.
On Sources of Structural Injustice: A Feminist Reading of the Theory of Iris M. Young The author focuses on a critical theory of justice and democracy by Iris Marion Young. Young's normative approach to justice and the institutional framework of inclusive democracy develops out of her critique of injustice. In the first section the author explains Young's approach to structural injustice, which she conceptualizes in terms of domination and oppression. In the second part the author elucidates Young's concept of the politics of difference and inclusive democracy. In this context Young differentiates between social and cultural groups; this enables her to take into consideration the political significance of group differences. The author goes on to present Young's critical theory of gender based on the notion of women as a social structural group. Young argues that gender refers to social structures that shape relations of subordination and oppression rather than to identity. In the final part the author discusses the application of Young's concept of structural injustice at a transnational level. Finally, she concludes with an outline for a feminist reading of the concept of structural injustice in a transnational context.
В данной статье автор делает попытку выявить и оценить характерные черты и закономерности процессов, происходящих в данный момент на постсоветском пространстве. На основании своих выводов автор предлагает возможные сценарии развития ситуации. При этом разбираются позиции ключевых игроков на этой территории, указываются декларируемые ими цели и рассматриваются возможности их достижения. Особое внимание автор уделяет роли России в политико-экономической ситуации на постсоветском пространстве. В статье разбираются возможности России по увеличению товарооборота, укреплению политических и культурных связей со своими соседями. ; In given article the author does attempt to reveal and estimate characteristic features and laws of the processes occurring at present on the post-Soviet territory. On the basis of the conclusions the author offers possible scenarios of development of a situation. Author analyses the balance of powers in the region, observes main actors, their aims and their abilities to reach these aims. Author gives special attention to the role of Russia in a political and economic situation in CIS. Author tries to reveal the ways to increase goods turnover, to strengthen political and a cultural contacts between Russia and its neighbours.
Abstract The author of this paper gives a detailed semiotic analysis to the dynamic change of individualism and collectivism, the main cultural concepts shared by Westerners and Easterners respectively. The author believes that the rise of memetics has contributed immensely to dynamic semiotics and dynamic semiotic analysis, in turn, is made more applicable to many branches of learning in general and to intercultural communication in particular. The author ventures that individualism and collectivism seem opposed to each other, they can be unified and fused as a result of memetic movement including memetic spreading, selection and memetic quality variation. Intercultural communicators can possess at the same time both desirable individualistic and collectivistic concepts in the process of intercultural communication as a result of semiotic production. Such tendency is justified by the existence of androgyny in human character. The author, in the meantime, gives a semiotic analysis to intercultural communicators' cultural structure. The author concludes that interculture is the nature of the cultural structure of intercultural communicators, a semiotic mixture which is different from their home culture or the target culture.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halavarthi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the delineated physiographic boundaries were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 83 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent mining/ industrial area, 8 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 38 per cent of the area is having loamy at the surface and 45 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface. About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 65 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 46 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent of the soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural & horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (22 ) 88 (16) Pomegranate 118 (22 ) 179 (33) Maize 87(16) 119(22) Guava 34(6) 263 (48) Bajra 118 (22) 304 (55) Jackfruit 118 (22 ) 179(33) Redgram 118(22) 12 (2 ) Jamun 115(21) 182(33) Bengalgram - 255 (47) Musambi 118(22) 179(33) Groundnut 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 118(22) 179(33) Sunflower 118(22) 12 (2 ) Cashew 34(6) 263(48) Cotton 115(17) 91 (17) Custard apple 118 (22). 336 (61) Chilli 118(22) 88 (16) Amla 118 (22). 336 (61) Tomato 118(22) 88 (16) Tamarind 115(21) 15 (3) Drumstick 118 (22) 44 (8 ) Marigold 118(22) 88 (16) Mulberry 118 (22) 211 (38 ) Chrysanthemum 118(22) 88 (16) Mango 115(21) 15 (3) Jasmine 118(22) 88 (16) Sapota 118 (22) 179 (33) Crossandra 118(22) 88(16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 109 (55.05%) men and 89 (44.95%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 7.66. The data indicated that, 53 (26.77%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (42.93%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.08%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Halavarti had 33.84 per cent illiterates, 0.51 per cent functional literate and masters, 30.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.07 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.14 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.51 per cent had diploma education and 2.02 per cent had degree education. The results indicate that, 58.97 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 35.90 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.82 per cent of the household members, 25.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.51 per cent were in general labour and artisans, 2.53 per cent were in private service, 1.52 per cent were in trade and business, 28.28 per cent were in students and 4.04 per cent were in housewives and children. The results show that, 99.49 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions and 0.51 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank in the micro watershed. The results indicate that 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 7.69 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.56 per cent of them possess semi pacca house. The results show that 92.31 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.72 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 10.26 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.77 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle, 7.69 per cent of the households possess auto and 92.31 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,111, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,473, bicycle was 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,833, landline was 246,666 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,085. About 7.69 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 12.82 per cent of them possess plough, 5.13 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.82 per cent of them possess weeder, and 2.56 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,333, plough was Rs. 4,340, sprayer was Rs. 3,500, weeder was Rs.50, harvester was Rs.25 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 2,000. The results indicate that, 10.26 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.77per cent of the households possess local cow, 7.69 per cent possess crossbreed cow, 5.13 per cent possess buffalo and poultry birds and 2.56 per cent possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 4 and average hired labour (women) available was 3.59. The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Halavarti micro-watershed possess 31.33 ha (78.67%) of dry land and 8.49 ha (21.33%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.24 ha (95.56%) of dry land and 0.43 ha (4.44%). Small farmers possess 10.66 ha (88.39%) of dry land and 1.40 ha (11.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.85 ha (61.70%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (38.30%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.58 ha (63.67%) of dry land and 4.90 ha (36.33%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 510,462.64 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 447,165.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,167,950.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,864,151.04for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 365,856.44 for dry land and Rs. 999,421.95 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for dry land and Rs. 452,173.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 58,228.07 for dry land and Rs. 163,305.78 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 15.38 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.01 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.32 ha, 1.38 ha, 2.43 ha and 2.83 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (21.76 ha), bajra (5.4 ha), cotton (4.17 ha), chilly, onion and red gram (0.81ha), groundnut (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, 3 bajra, groundnut, onion and red gram. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and chilly. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Halavarti micro-watershed was found to be 55.31 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 103510.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47406.59. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -56104.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.46. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 55020.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12904.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 48129.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62025.03. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 13895.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 62915.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90149.37. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 27233.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 42750.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700.00. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. -18050.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30418.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11115.00. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -19303.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.37. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 31350.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230.00. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -9120.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71. The results indicate that, 46.15 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs 15,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 47,175, for small farmers it was Rs. 54,777.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,333.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,162.21. For landless households it was Rs. 1,720, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,187.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,126.98, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 7,944.44. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 75 coconut, and 7 mango trees in their field and 7 coconut trees are in backyard. 4 The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak,45 neem,2 tamarind and pongamia and 7 banyan trees in their field and 1 teak and 12 neem trees are their in backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,025.64 for land development, Rs.102.56 for irrigation facility, and Rs. 769.23 for improved crop production. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.5 per cent for land development and improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 30 per cent of the households for land development and improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 91.03 per cent, chilly and onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 98.7 per cent, ground nut was sold to the extent of 98.59 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.18 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 17.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 7.69 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households used head load, 69.23 per cent of the households used cart and 30.77 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 87.18 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.56 per cent of the households used biogas and 28.2 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 61.54 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 25.64 per cent of the households, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 2.78 per cent of the households used lake/tank in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the households did not possessed PDS. The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5 The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 7.69 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.13 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk and egg were adequate was 56.41 per cent and meat was adequate for 46.15 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses and milk were inadequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 69.23 per cent, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 89.74 per cent, egg was inadequate for 30.77 per cent and meat were inadequate for 35.90 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 23.08 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for2.56 per cent of the households and milk were market surplus for 5.13 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 46.15 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.90%), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (30.77%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.95%), inadequate extension services (25.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (33.33%), less rainfall (51.28%) and source of Agri-technology information (15.38%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
