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In this paper the author analyses the contemporary counter-terrorism especially in the context of relevant international and national regulatives. The author first considers counter-terrorism measures in investigation of crimes of terrorism. In the name of protecting states and citizens, "war on terrorism" in some countries legitimized many actions directed towards the suppression of any potential danger from terrorism. Some boundaries have been crossed when the treatment of suspicious individuals is concerned and in that sense the author discusses the use of torture in fight against terrorism. Another issue that is subject of disscusion in this paper is treatment of persons convicted for terrorism. There are two dimensions of that treatment. On the one side is penintentiary treatment ie. the process which take place in prisons and on the other side we can talk about post-penal treatment of convicts for terrorism. The author criticizes the way how dominant approach in contemporary penintentiary and postpenal treatment of terrorists – the program of deradicalization, is realizing. Finally, the author considers counter-terrorism activities of some countries during the Covid-19 pandemic and possible future situation when it comes to terrorism which will influences the application of counter-terrorism measures.

In discussing conceptions and definitions of fascism, this text offers a new and broader perspective on the phenomenon by introducing the concept of fascization as an analytical tool. Given the fact that the conditions that fascism produced have not been destroyed, its elements have not been delegitimized and that the fascist imagination still exists in European and non-European societies, the author argues that we need a new category connecting the past and present without historicizing fascism. The author identifies practices and forms of fascization in evidence such as the EU anti-migrant and anti-refugee policy as well as racist violence in Germany after reunification. The author critically examines various definitions of fascism and analyses its key characteristics including the fascist community from a psychoanalytical perspective. The author also looks at the historiographical debate concerning the question of whether or not fascism could be considered revolutionary or counter-revolutionary. Making a clear-cut distinction between fascism and National Socialism, the author re-visits the case of Ernst Nolte whose interpretation of the origins of National Socialism resurrected the Nazi Weltanschauung by normalizing and justifying the Nazi campaign against the European Jews.

In this article the author examines state-church relations in Central Asia in the 1940s - mid 1960s illustrated by the example of the Tashkent Deanery during the period of the development of the Russian Orthodox Church under the patronage of the institute of state commissioners for the Russian Orthodox Church. On the basis of an analysis of unpublished archival sources, the author describes the process of reconstruction of parishes on the territory of the Tashkent and Central Asian dioceses, analyzes the economic and property relations between the state and the church, and the financial activities of the Orthodox parishes of the Tashkent deanery. The author focuses on issues related to the staff of Orthodox priests assigned to parishes, their level of education. The author briefly touches on the problem of Catholics and representatives of the Armenian Gregorian Church, who were not allowed to establish houses of prayer. The article provides statistics of the rituals requested in Tashkent in the context of the Assumption Cathedral and the Alexander Nevsky Church. The author comes to the conclusion that the demand for Orthodox rituals in the churches of Tashkent was associated with the high proportion of the Russian population living in the capital.

Various ideologies are expressed by the author in the literary works he created. One of the modern Balinese literary authors, I Made Suarsa in his short story entitled Luh-Luh reveals the dynamics of female ideology. The dynamics of women's ideology reflect the ideology of Indonesian women from various professions and are expressed by authors in various styles of language. The problems discussed in this research are: (1) how the dynamics of women's ideology in the story of Luh-Luh short story by I Made Suarsa; and (2) how the author discloses the woman's ideology in her story collection. Theories used to answer the above problems are feminist theory, ideology, and sociology of literature. The research method used is qualitative method through literature study, descriptive analytics, and descriptive. Techniques used are techniques of referring, notes, and tafseer. The results show that women's ideology is seen from three professions, namely: politician (legislative), artist, and state official (executive). The dynamics of women's ideology are expressed by the author through the style of metaphorical language, pleonasm, and comparison. In addition, the author also uses sound games to reinforce the image the author wishes to convey.

In this article, the author analyzes the contraposition between infantile consciousness and «heroic art» used by Merab Mamardashvili. Examining the phenomenon of infantile consciousness, the author discovers a number of principles underlying it. Studying how these principles give rise to areas of absent life experience (from the side of thinking or from the side of feeling), the author indicates how another principle grows out of it — the «unknowability of being» or «demonization of being». Under such conditions, a person performs an evaluation procedure instead of stating the inconceivability of a situation and the self-determination procedure (the inconceivability of a situation is evaluated negatively and is fixed in thinking in this way). Using these conclusions, the author describes a situation in which «heroism» is understood as something alien to the meanings Mamardashvili endowed the «heroic art» idea with. The alienness shows itself in the way «heroism» is expressed as defense against the «unknowability of being». The author draws attention to the principle of ratio, important to Merab Mamardashvili, which consists in maintaining the final apodictic form between the two poles — the unknowable in sensory experience and the unknowable in thinking. With the help of this principle, the meaning of Mamardashvili's statements about «heroic art» is clarified.

PurposeRelational uncertainty determines how relationships develop because it enables the building of trust and commitment. However, relational uncertainty has not been explored in an inter-organisational setting. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how organisations experience relational uncertainty in service dyads and how they resolve it through suitable organisational responses to increase the level of service quality.Design/methodology/approachThe author applies the overall logic of organisational information-processing theory and presents empirical insights from two industrial case studies collected via semi-structured interviews and secondary data.FindingsThe findings suggest that relational uncertainty is caused by the partner's unresolved organisational uncertainty, i.e. their lacking capabilities to deliver or receive (parts of) the service. Furthermore, the author found that resolving the relational uncertainty increased the functional quality while resolving the partner's organisational uncertainty increased the technical quality of the delivered service.Originality/valueThe author makes two contributions: first,the author introduces relational uncertainty to the OM literature as the inability to predict and explain the actions of a partnering organisation due to a lack of knowledge about their abilities and intentions; and second, the author presents suitable organisational responses to relational uncertainty and their effect on service quality.

We show that if Ω ⊂ ℝ, n ≥ 1, is a uniform domain (also known as a 1-sided NTA domain), i.e., a domain which enjoys interior corkscrew and Harnack chain conditions, then uniform rectifiability of the boundary of Ω implies the existence of exterior corkscrew points at all scales, so that in fact, Ω is a chord-arc domain, i.e., a domain with an Ahlfors-David regular boundary which satisfies both interior and exterior corkscrew conditions, and an interior Harnack chain condition. We discuss some implications of this result for theorems of F. and M. Riesz type, and for certain free boundary problems. ; The first author was partially supported by NSF RTG grant 0838212. The second author was supported by NSF grants DMS-1101244 and DMS-1361701. The third author was supported in part by MINECO Grant MTM2010-16518, ICMAT Severo Ochoa project SEV-2011-0087. He also acknowledges that the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC agreement no. 615112 HAPDEGMT. The fourth author was partly supported by the Swedish research council VR. The last author was partially supported by the Robert R. & Elaine F. Phelps Professorship in Mathematics.

Employing the concept of racial evasion—a derivation of Bonilla-Silva's colorblind ideology theory—the author analyzes 237 songs of underground white and nonwhite rappers from 2006 to 2010. Performing a content analysis on their lyrics, the author finds that white artists make fewer references to racially political and social themes (e.g., racial profiling, police brutality, racist policies) than nonwhite artists—what the author terms racial evasion. The author speculates that white rappers, understanding that they operate in a specifically racialized black and brown cultural art form, deemphasize or mask their racial identity in their lyrics. This tactic is achieved through lyrically referencing hypermasculine tropes such as violence, misogyny, and homophobia to a greater degree than nonwhite artists. This work demonstrates the strategic use of hypermasculine discourse as a rhetorical strategy to achieve "hip hop authenticity" by minimizing or evading racial discourse within this popular cultural form. Furthermore, the author illustrates how the maintenance and manifestation of white male privilege operates via the process of deracialization as a form of meaning making. Ultimately, this work elaborates on the debate of "authenticity" within hip hop studies, providing a window into white racial identity construction within popular culture.

In this paper, the author looks at the challenges to professional standing among academics. Using Michael Zweig's contention that, "The challenge to professional standing among academics is not only a question of tenure" (27), the author explores this perspective by examining the state of higher educational institutions and 21st. century trends and factors that affect academic standing across universities and colleges. The author views the changes in human values and profession, global cultural transition, and the changing face of the university from an intellectual to a corporate-oriented model among the factors affecting the professional standing of academics. The transition of the university from faculty-oriented and controlled to administrator-oriented and operated, is seen as a critical factor in this regard as advocated by authors Benjamin Ginsberg and Steven Johnson. Other factors affecting professional standing are related to traits including gender and race as evident from the works of Diggs, Garrison-Wade, Estrada, and Galindo. The author examines the perspectives of several authoritative writers and sources including Ginsberg, Readings, Newman, and Johnson on the university and faculty standing. The author concludes that as colleges and universities are increasingly confronted with new challenges, professional standing among academics will continue to be challenged.

В статье рассматриваются основные теоретические взгляды относительно ценовой политики и рыночного поведения субъектов естественных монополий. Определяется причины и роль государственного вмешательства в ценовое регулирование таких рынков, с учетом отечественного опыта. Работа раскрывает существующие методы ценообразования субъектов естественных монополий, а также некоторые проблемы их практической реализации (на примере газовой отрасли). В заключительной части разработаны рекомендации по оптимизации деятельности субъектов рынка, с целью решения диагностированных проблем. ; The article discusses the basic theoretical views on pricing and market behavior of the natural monopolies. The author analyzes the views of such great economists as E. Chamberlin, J. Robinson, F. Ramsay. In the work the author determines the causes and role of the government intervention in the price regulation of such markets. The author uses examples of domestic practice gas industry and other monopoly industries. The article reveals the existing methods of pricing of natural monopolies, as well as some problems of their practical implementation. The author has developed recommendations for streamlining the activities of market participants to address the diagnosed problems. The author studies the work of "Gasprom neft", a large retailer company that sells fuel. The research shows that the price of fuel is much influenced by its quality.

In this text the author first tries to provide an answer on the number of religious people today in two post-communist and Orthodox countries, and then on the number of Orthodox believers in them. Therefore he analyzes numerous data from empirical evidence using a large number of indicators discussed in the text. The author first analyzes them as indicators of representative dimension of religiousness, then as indicators of beliefs in dogmatic core of Christianity, indicators of current church ritual practice and finally, as indicators of a traditional attitude towards religion and church. With these analyses the author tries to find the criterion or criteria which best express the religiousness of people in a particular area. The analysis identifies three approaches in Russian sociological and religious literature. The first one is defined as a classic, positivistic approach, the second one as post-classic or phenomenological, and the third one as synthetic. Then the author discusses the term attachment to religion and church and its indicators, as well as the indices which are sociologically more suitable for the research of the religious and church complex. In the end the author gives a few methodological instructions for a sociological and empirical research of religiousness.

In this paper, author deals with Heidegger's account of the modern age as the epoch based on Western metaphysics. In the first part of the paper, he shows that, according to Heidegger, modern interpretation of the reality as the world picture, is essentially determined by Descartes' philosophy. Then, author exposes Heidegger's interpretation of the turn which already took place in Plato's metaphysics and which made possible Descartes' metaphysics and modern epoch. In the second part of the paper, author explores Heidegger's interpretation of science and technology as shoots of very metaphysics. Heidegger emphasizes that the essence of technology corresponds to the essence of subjectivity and shows how the metaphysics of subjectivity subsequently finds its end in Nietzsche's metaphysics of the will to power, as the last word of Western philosophy. In the concluding part, author argues that the contemporary processes of globalization can be just understood as processes of completion of metaphysics. They can be identified as a global rule of the essence of technology. On the basis of Heidegger's vision of overcoming metaphysics, author concludes that it opens the possibility of a philosophy of finitude which points to dialogue with the Other as a way of resolving the key practical issues of the contemporary world.

In the article the author analyses influence of Lithuanian Constitutional Law on Latvian Constitutional Law. The article is dedicated to the analyses of the some similar aspects of the Constitution (Satversme) of the Republic of Latvia and the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania from 1922. Besides the main objective the article also considers the information of the Lithuanian influence on the Latvian constitutional praxis in general. In the second section of the article the author describes in general the Lithuanian influence. This influence exists in constitutional legislation as well as in praxis of Latvian Constitutional Court. As the very important aspect in this influence the author mentioned the close cooperation of Latvian and Lithuanian Constitutional Courts nowadays. The third section of the article related to the analyses of the Latvian Constitution (Satversme) from the perspective of the Lithuanian 1922 Constitution. The author in this section discusses content of some similar norms of the both Constitution. Three unclear norms of the Latvian Constitution and praxis of implementation of this norms are analysed in this section of the article. Author also shows similar norms of the Lithuanian 1922 Constitution in which disputed questions are written more clearly.

The Reflective Practitioner: Critical Theory and the Professionalisation of PR Abstract The purpose of this article is to outline the relevance that critical theory has for the practice of public relations and the professional formation of its practitioners. The article provides an overview of one of the key theoretical perspectives articulated in the political economy approach to communication - that of the relationship between powerful elites in society and media professionals. The author seeks to explore the hypothesised relationships said to exist between power brokers in society and the 'organs of cultural production' - with particular emphasis on media relations. The author examines this dynamic as articulated in the literature and explores its relevance to public relations practitioners. Arising from some of the issues raised by the political economy analysis of public communication, the author will reflect on some of the ethical challenges that face the Public Relations industry with specific reference to media relations. In this context, the author will propose a professional orientation for public relations practice that is informed by theory and characterised by research and reflective practice. In summary, the author seeks to describe a model for the professionalisation of public relations practice consistent with a research process leading to credentialism and formal professional accreditation.