Suchergebnisse

The United States is often regarded as a country of immigrants given its long history of immigration. While American Indians are the original inhabitants of this country, whites (individuals with primarily Western European and Anglo Saxon roots) have held most of the social, political, and economic influence in this country since the birth of this nation. A minority group in the United States (in terms of population size and power in general) is Latinos. This racial, ethnic group makes up the largest minority group in the United States and are individuals with direct or indirect ties to Latin America (Latinos is used here as a gender-inclusive term). While Latinos immigrate from various parts of Mexico, Central America, and South America, the largest percentage of Latinos are of Mexican descent. Actually, the largest percentage of immigrants in the United States were born in Mexico. The Latino population in the United States is multifarious. Not only do Latinos differ by national origin but they also differ by nativity, citizenship status, and skin tone, among a variety of characteristics. The term "Latino" is a pan-ethnic term used to describe the Latino population yet not all Latinos identify pan-ethnically. Further, Latinos do not identify by the same race. Since the US Census considers Latino origin an ethnicity, it provides Latinos the opportunity to identify by race. According to the 2010 US Census, the majority of Latinos identify as white (53 percent); some classify themselves as some other race (37 percent); and very few (3 percent) identify as black. Latinos' increasing presence and emerging social, political, and economic clout has been noticed by many individuals, particularly whites. Some whites have responded positively to Latinos' presence and influence, yet others have not. This article addresses race relations between whites and Latinos with a focus on what extant research reveals to us regarding whites' perceptions of immigration with a focus on Latino immigration, Latinos' views toward whites, and the determinants of white-Latino racial attitudes and relations. The bibliography below begins with a discussion of studies that have established the foundation for our understanding of white-Latino relations. This discussion is followed by a presentation of extant research (primarily from the political science discipline) focused on three major themes. The first theme is perceptions of immigrants and immigration with a focus on the determinants on these attitudes. The second theme of the following studies center on Latinos' social, economic, cultural, and political incorporation into the United States and whites' perceptions of their behavior. Lastly, the third major theme focuses on white-Latino racial attitudes, the precursors of coalition formation, and the factors that structure inter-race relations. This article culminates with a discussion of critical data sources that individuals can consult for further research on white-Latino relations.

Cities in Central and Eastern Europe are a subject of interest for researchers, as their evolution has followed particular trajectories in view of their complex history. However, often, the transformations of the cities of Central and Eastern European countries are analysed by taking into account only the political and socio-economic changes and not from the point of view of morphological and functional evolution. Thus, this thesis proposes a quantitative approach in what concerns the analysis of both the morphological changes of the cities of Central and Eastern Europe before and after the collapse of communism as well as the functional changes of the post-socialist period, both doubled by an exploratory analysis of spatial and socio-economic capacity of resilience of cities in the short and long term. Therefore, this thesis aims to add the spatial dimension to the socio-economic and political analysis of the post-socialist city of Central and Eastern Europe, by questioning the similarities and dissimilarities that characterize them. Our results show a rather heterogeneous territory of Central and Eastern Europe, with West-East fractures at the regional level, as well as at the national level. The city of Central and Eastern Europe is outlined as an urban model that seeks to reconcile the legacy of the past, including the socialist legacy, with the new demands of the market economy, which spatially translates into the emergence of a similar city, but in the same time different from that of Western Europe, which he seeks to match, fact that proves its complex context of evolution. ; Les villes d'Europe centrale et orientale suscitent l'intérêt des chercheurs, car leur évolution a suivi des trajectoires particulières vu leur histoire complexe. Mais le plus souvent leurs transformations sont recensées à partir des changements politiques et socio-économiques et non pas du point de vue de l'évolution morphologique et fonctionnelle. Cette thèse propose une démarche d'analyse quantitative à la fois des changements morphologiques des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale avant et après l'effondrement de communisme, ainsi que des changements fonctionnels dans la période post-socialiste, les deux doublées par une analyse exploratoire de la capacité de résilience spatiale et socio-économique des villes à court et à long terme. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à ajouter la dimension spatiale à l'analyse socio-économique et politique de la ville post-socialiste de l'Europe centrale et orientale, en questionnant les similarités et les dissimilarités qui les caractérisent. Nos résultats montrent un territoire d'Europe centrale et orientale assez hétérogène, avec des fractures ouest-est au niveau régional (dans l'ensemble du territoire), mais également au niveau national. La ville d'Europe centrale et orientale s'esquisse dans un modelé urbain conciliant l'héritage du passé, y compris l'héritage socialiste, avec les nouvelles demandes de l'économie de marché, ce qui se traduit spatialement par l'émergence d'une ville qui se rapproche du modèle de la ville d'Europe de l'Ouest, tout en restant différente.

Cities in Central and Eastern Europe are a subject of interest for researchers, as their evolution has followed particular trajectories in view of their complex history. However, often, the transformations of the cities of Central and Eastern European countries are analysed by taking into account only the political and socio-economic changes and not from the point of view of morphological and functional evolution. Thus, this thesis proposes a quantitative approach in what concerns the analysis of both the morphological changes of the cities of Central and Eastern Europe before and after the collapse of communism as well as the functional changes of the post-socialist period, both doubled by an exploratory analysis of spatial and socio-economic capacity of resilience of cities in the short and long term. Therefore, this thesis aims to add the spatial dimension to the socio-economic and political analysis of the post-socialist city of Central and Eastern Europe, by questioning the similarities and dissimilarities that characterize them. Our results show a rather heterogeneous territory of Central and Eastern Europe, with West-East fractures at the regional level, as well as at the national level. The city of Central and Eastern Europe is outlined as an urban model that seeks to reconcile the legacy of the past, including the socialist legacy, with the new demands of the market economy, which spatially translates into the emergence of a similar city, but in the same time different from that of Western Europe, which he seeks to match, fact that proves its complex context of evolution. ; Les villes d'Europe centrale et orientale suscitent l'intérêt des chercheurs, car leur évolution a suivi des trajectoires particulières vu leur histoire complexe. Mais le plus souvent leurs transformations sont recensées à partir des changements politiques et socio-économiques et non pas du point de vue de l'évolution morphologique et fonctionnelle. Cette thèse propose une démarche d'analyse quantitative à la fois des changements morphologiques des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale avant et après l'effondrement de communisme, ainsi que des changements fonctionnels dans la période post-socialiste, les deux doublées par une analyse exploratoire de la capacité de résilience spatiale et socio-économique des villes à court et à long terme. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à ajouter la dimension spatiale à l'analyse socio-économique et politique de la ville post-socialiste de l'Europe centrale et orientale, en questionnant les similarités et les dissimilarités qui les caractérisent. Nos résultats montrent un territoire d'Europe centrale et orientale assez hétérogène, avec des fractures ouest-est au niveau régional (dans l'ensemble du territoire), mais également au niveau national. La ville d'Europe centrale et orientale s'esquisse dans un modelé urbain conciliant l'héritage du passé, y compris l'héritage socialiste, avec les nouvelles demandes de l'économie de marché, ce qui se traduit spatialement par l'émergence d'une ville qui se rapproche du modèle de la ville d'Europe de l'Ouest, tout en restant différente.

Cities in Central and Eastern Europe are a subject of interest for researchers, as their evolution has followed particular trajectories in view of their complex history. However, often, the transformations of the cities of Central and Eastern European countries are analysed by taking into account only the political and socio-economic changes and not from the point of view of morphological and functional evolution. Thus, this thesis proposes a quantitative approach in what concerns the analysis of both the morphological changes of the cities of Central and Eastern Europe before and after the collapse of communism as well as the functional changes of the post-socialist period, both doubled by an exploratory analysis of spatial and socio-economic capacity of resilience of cities in the short and long term. Therefore, this thesis aims to add the spatial dimension to the socio-economic and political analysis of the post-socialist city of Central and Eastern Europe, by questioning the similarities and dissimilarities that characterize them. Our results show a rather heterogeneous territory of Central and Eastern Europe, with West-East fractures at the regional level, as well as at the national level. The city of Central and Eastern Europe is outlined as an urban model that seeks to reconcile the legacy of the past, including the socialist legacy, with the new demands of the market economy, which spatially translates into the emergence of a similar city, but in the same time different from that of Western Europe, which he seeks to match, fact that proves its complex context of evolution. ; Les villes d'Europe centrale et orientale suscitent l'intérêt des chercheurs, car leur évolution a suivi des trajectoires particulières vu leur histoire complexe. Mais le plus souvent leurs transformations sont recensées à partir des changements politiques et socio-économiques et non pas du point de vue de l'évolution morphologique et fonctionnelle. Cette thèse propose une démarche d'analyse quantitative à la fois des changements morphologiques des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale avant et après l'effondrement de communisme, ainsi que des changements fonctionnels dans la période post-socialiste, les deux doublées par une analyse exploratoire de la capacité de résilience spatiale et socio-économique des villes à court et à long terme. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à ajouter la dimension spatiale à l'analyse socio-économique et politique de la ville post-socialiste de l'Europe centrale et orientale, en questionnant les similarités et les dissimilarités qui les caractérisent. Nos résultats montrent un territoire d'Europe centrale et orientale assez hétérogène, avec des fractures ouest-est au niveau régional (dans l'ensemble du territoire), mais également au niveau national. La ville d'Europe centrale et orientale s'esquisse dans un modelé urbain conciliant l'héritage du passé, y compris l'héritage socialiste, avec les nouvelles demandes de l'économie de marché, ce qui se traduit spatialement par l'émergence d'une ville qui se rapproche du modèle de la ville d'Europe de l'Ouest, tout en restant différente.

Cities in Central and Eastern Europe are a subject of interest for researchers, as their evolution has followed particular trajectories in view of their complex history. However, often, the transformations of the cities of Central and Eastern European countries are analysed by taking into account only the political and socio-economic changes and not from the point of view of morphological and functional evolution. Thus, this thesis proposes a quantitative approach in what concerns the analysis of both the morphological changes of the cities of Central and Eastern Europe before and after the collapse of communism as well as the functional changes of the post-socialist period, both doubled by an exploratory analysis of spatial and socio-economic capacity of resilience of cities in the short and long term. Therefore, this thesis aims to add the spatial dimension to the socio-economic and political analysis of the post-socialist city of Central and Eastern Europe, by questioning the similarities and dissimilarities that characterize them. Our results show a rather heterogeneous territory of Central and Eastern Europe, with West-East fractures at the regional level, as well as at the national level. The city of Central and Eastern Europe is outlined as an urban model that seeks to reconcile the legacy of the past, including the socialist legacy, with the new demands of the market economy, which spatially translates into the emergence of a similar city, but in the same time different from that of Western Europe, which he seeks to match, fact that proves its complex context of evolution. ; Les villes d'Europe centrale et orientale suscitent l'intérêt des chercheurs, car leur évolution a suivi des trajectoires particulières vu leur histoire complexe. Mais le plus souvent leurs transformations sont recensées à partir des changements politiques et socio-économiques et non pas du point de vue de l'évolution morphologique et fonctionnelle. Cette thèse propose une démarche d'analyse quantitative à la fois des changements morphologiques des villes d'Europe centrale et orientale avant et après l'effondrement de communisme, ainsi que des changements fonctionnels dans la période post-socialiste, les deux doublées par une analyse exploratoire de la capacité de résilience spatiale et socio-économique des villes à court et à long terme. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à ajouter la dimension spatiale à l'analyse socio-économique et politique de la ville post-socialiste de l'Europe centrale et orientale, en questionnant les similarités et les dissimilarités qui les caractérisent. Nos résultats montrent un territoire d'Europe centrale et orientale assez hétérogène, avec des fractures ouest-est au niveau régional (dans l'ensemble du territoire), mais également au niveau national. La ville d'Europe centrale et orientale s'esquisse dans un modelé urbain conciliant l'héritage du passé, y compris l'héritage socialiste, avec les nouvelles demandes de l'économie de marché, ce qui se traduit spatialement par l'émergence d'une ville qui se rapproche du modèle de la ville d'Europe de l'Ouest, tout en restant différente.

###EgeUn### ; The fauna of amphibians and reptiles (except turtles) from the early Miocene localities of the Kilcak section (Turkey) is described here. The herpetofaunal assemblage of the Kilcak localities is the best documented early Miocene herpetofauna in Anatolia. The following taxa are revealed: Salamandra sp., Latonia sp., Eopelobates sp., Crocodylia indet., Lacertidae indet. (morphotypes A and B), Ophisaurus sp., Anguinae indet., Eoanilius cf. oligocenicus, Bavarioboa sp., Falseryx sp., and Texasophis sp. Among them, Latonia represents the oldest published record of this frog in Anatolia. Its maxilla is sculptured, extending the occurrence of the Latonia lineage with ornamented maxillae to the earliest Miocene, and demonstrating the long coexistence of the Latonia lineages (with smooth and ornamented maxillae), for almost the entirety of the Late Cenozoic. The genera Eopelobates, Eoanilius, and Falseryx are described from Anatolia and Asia for the first time. The booid fauna, being poorly known from this time interval (i.e., the so called "Dark Period" of booid snakes), significantly adds to our knowledge of early Miocene snake assemblages. The snake material from Kilcak indicates a transition from "ancient" late Oligocene to "modern" early-middle Miocene fauna. The widely distributed European taxa recovered in Kilcak, indicate that Anatolia had close faunal links to Europe during the late Oligocene - early Miocene. ; Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [19-04-00514, AAAA-A19-119020590095-9]; Ege UniversityEge University [TTM /001/2016, TTM/002/2016]; international bilateral research of TUBITAK-RFBRTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [111Y192]; University of Torino [SYNTHESYS ES-TAF-5910, SYNTHESYS AT-TAF-5911, SYNTHESYS HU-TAF-6145]; National Scholarship Program of the Slovak Republic (SAIA) ; Roman Rakitov (Borissiak Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia) is thanked for assistance with SEM microscopy. Alexey Tesakov (Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Andrej Eeroansky (Comenius University in Bratislava) are thanked for fruitful comments. Lars van den Hoek Ostende (Naturalis Biodiversity Center) is thanked for providing literature. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under No. 19-04-00514, and the government theme under No. AAAA-A19-119020590095-9 (EVS). Authors also were supported by Ege University (TTM /001/2016) and (TTM/002/2016) research grants as well as the international bilateral research of TUBITAK-RFBR 111Y192 during his visits in Russia. GLG acknowledges travel support from the University of Torino, SYNTHESYS ES-TAF-5910 (MNCN, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain), SYNTHESYS AT-TAF-5911 (NHMW, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria), and SYNTHESYS HU-TAF-6145 (HNHM, Hungarian Museum of Natural History, Budapest, Hungary) and funding from the National Scholarship Program of the Slovak Republic (SAIA)-the curators of MNCN, NHMW, and HNHM (Marta Calvo Revuelta, Heinz Grillitsch and Silke Schweiger, and Judit Voros, respectively) are highly acknowledged. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments and corrections.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit war es, eine Analyse der Waffen- und Rüstungsexporte Österreichs vorzunehmen. Dazu wurde zunächst die Geschichte und Entwicklung der Waffenindustrie während der beiden Weltkriege beleuchtet sowie ein Blick auf die gesetzlichen Regelungen geworfen, denen der Export unterliegt. Zusätzlich wurden verschiedene wirtschaftliche Theorien dargelegt, die die Entwicklung der Waffenindustrie in Österreich erklären. Anhand der von der EU veröffentlichten Exportzahlen wird auch ein genauer Blick auf Österreichs Exporte geworfen, vor allem welche Güter wohin exportiert werden.Weiters wird die Entwicklung von zwei der größten Waffenhersteller Österreichs gezeigt: Steyr-Mannlicher und Glock. Bei Steyr-Mannlicher liegt der Fokus auf dem geschichtlichen Werdegang der Firma. In den über 150 Jahren seit seiner Gründung hat das Unternehmen beide Weltkriege miterlebt und war in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts als Panzerexporteur tätig. Glock wurde erst deutlich später gegründet, das einzige Produkt des Unternehmens die Glock Pistole gilt aber als eine der erfolgreichsten Pistolenmarken weltweit und genießt vor allem in den USA ein hohes Ansehen. In diesem Kapitel werden entsprechend die Gründe für diese Entwicklung analysiert.Inhalt des letzten Kapitels der Arbeit ist schließlich der sogenannte "Noricum Skandal", welcher den Export von Artilleriewaffen in den Iran und den Irak Anfang der 1980er Jahre behandelt. Der Export dieser Militärgüter war durch das sogenannte Kriegsmaterialgesetz, welches den Export von Waffen und ähnlichen Gütern regelt, verboten, da sich die beiden Staaten im Rahmen des Golfkrieges im Kriegszustand befanden und es Österreich als neutrales Land untersagt ist, Waffen an kriegsführende Staaten zu exportieren. Verschärft wurde die Situation noch dadurch, dass das exportierende Unternehmen Noricum eine Tochtergesellschaft der zur damaligen Zeit verstaatlichten VOEST Alpine war. ; The stated goal of this masters thesis was to analyse the arms industry in Austria. To do that, the first part of the thesis takes a look at the history and development of the arms industry during the two World Wars as well as the legal regulations that followed and are in place today. Furthermore, some economic theories that aim to explain the development and success of the Austrian arms industry are presented. The paper also analyses the arms exports of Austria based on recently published reports by the European Union and is taking a closer look at the exports and their destinations.The thesis gives a look at two of the biggest arms manufacturers in Austria Steyr Mannlicher and Glock in greater detail. Steyr Mannlicher, founded in 1864, is the oldest arms manufacturer in Austria and one of the oldest in the world. The company survived both World Wars and successfully exported tanks in the latter half of the 20th century and is still one of the biggest arms-exporters in Austria today.In contrast Glock is a considerably younger company. Its only product the Glock pistol is one of the most successful weapons-related brands in the world. Especially in the United States Glock is widely regarded as a lifestyle accessory. This paper shows the circumstances around the rise of the Glock in den United States.The last part of the paper covers the so-called "Noricum Skandal". The Austrian company Noricum exported heavy artillery to the Iran and the Iraq at the beginning of the 1980s, while both countries were at war with each other during the Iran-Iraq war. The export of those arms ran counter to the "Kriegsmaterialgesetz" which restricts the export of weapons from Austria. The Noricum scandal is particularly noteworthy because the parent company of Noricum the VOEST Alpine was a nationalized enterprise at the time. ; Johannes Lutz ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3758534

The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment.
Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks.
Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress

Context. Knowing the exact shape of the ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) of high-redshift galaxies is important to understand the star formation history of the early Universe. However, the uncertainties, especially at the faint and bright ends of the LFs, remain significant. Aims. In this paper, we study the UV LF of redshift z = 2:5 4.5 galaxies in 2.38 deg of ALHAMBRA data with I ≤ 24. Thanks to the large area covered by ALHAMBRA, we particularly constrain the bright end of the LF. We also calculate the cosmic variance and the corresponding bias values for our sample and derive their host dark matter halo masses. Methods.We have used a novel methodology based on redshift and magnitude probability distribution functions (PDFs). This methodology robustly takes into account the uncertainties due to redshift and magnitude errors, shot noise, and cosmic variance, and models the LF in two dimensions (z; M). Results. We find an excess of bright ∼M∗ galaxies as compared to the studies based on broad-band photometric data. However, our results agree well with the LF of the magnitude-selected spectroscopic VVDS data. We measure high bias values, b ∼ 8 10, that are compatible with the previous measurements considering the redshifts and magnitudes of our galaxies and further reinforce the real high-redshift nature of our bright galaxies. Conclusions. We call into question the shape of the LF at its bright end; is it a double power-law as suggested by the recent broadband photometric studies or rather a brighter Schechter function, as suggested by our multi-filter analysis and the spectroscopic VVDS data.© ESO 2018. ; K. Viironen acknowledges the >Juan de la Cierva incorporacion> fellowship, IJCI-2014-21960, of the Spanish government. This work has mainly been funded by the FITE (Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel) and the projects AYA2015-66211-C2-1 and AYA2012-30789. We also acknowledge support from the Aragon Government Research Group E103 and support from the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds through grants AYA2010-15081, AYA2010-15169, AYA2010-22111-C03-01, AYA2010-22111-C03-02, AYA2011-29517-C03-01, AYA2012-39620, AYA2013-40611-P, AYA2013-42227-P, AYA2013-43188-P, AYA2013-48623-C2-1, AYA2013-48623-C2-2, ESP2013-48274, AYA2014-58861-C3-1, AYA2016-76682-C3-1-P, Generalitat Valenciana projects Prometeo 2009/064 and PROMETEOII/2014/060, Junta de Andalucia grants TIC114, JA2828, P10-FQM-6444, and Generalitat de Catalunya project SGR-1398. BA has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 656354. MP acknowledges financial supports from the Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute (ESSTI) under the Ethiopian Ministry of Science Science and Technology (MoST) ; Peer Reviewed

У статті розглядається термін «масові відкриті он-лайн курси», його значення й мета, також окреслюються деякі вже існуючі платформи курсу, досліджується історія виникнення масових відкритих он-лайн курсів. Описується технологія масових відкритих он-лайн курсів як результат логічного розвитку відкритих освітніх ресурсів та дистанційного навчання. Висвітлюється поняття відкритої освіти як основи концепції розвитку масових відкритих он-лайн курсів, наводяться приклади університетів, залучених до відкритої освіти та їхні особливості. Окреслюються перспективи відкритої освіти та масових відкритих он-лайн курсів у майбутньому. Розкривається негативний вплив масових відкритих он¬лайн курсів на традиційну систему навчання. ; The article observes the term massive open online courses, its meaning and purpose, it also observes some platforms of the course, investigates the history of the emergence of massive open online courses. The technology of masive open online courses as a result of a logical development of open educational resources and distance learning is described. The concept of open education is observed as the basis of the concept of massive open online courses. Examples of universities involved in open education and their features are described. The prospects of open education and massive open online courses in the future are also described. It reveals the negative impact of massive open online courses on traditional system of education. The advantages of the projects of massive open online courses are outlined: free, mass and global character; they attract the best teachers from all universities in the world; presence of elements of traditional education - schedules, deadlines, exams; presence of numerous channels for feedback between all elements of the educational sphere: listener - teacher, listener - listener, teacher - teacher; after courses the information remains on the Internet and continues to be supplemented by the participants; the role of the teacher changes: the teacher becomes only a mediator or a colleague; use of specially prepared lectures, rather than simple electronic content of the material. It is concluded that massive open online courses are gaining high popularity around the world. The emergence of massive open online courses is based on the implementation of modern educational principles of openness of education, equality of participants in the educational process, internationalization of the educational systems, globalization of the educational space, individualization of education. The rapid development of massive open online courses challenges the effectiveness of the traditional education system, and today massive online courses challenge this traditional system by collecting millions of donations and participants. Despite the fact that these courses have appeared relatively recently, they are already known and implemented in many countries, in particular in the European Union, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and even China. In the future, massive open online courses will become a commonplace phenomenon in our country, so teachers should be prepared to apply them.

The concerning spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria has directed the spotlight upon bacteriophages, in short phages, as potential candidates for therapeutic purposes. Far for being a novelty, phage therapy has been widely used in the 20s and 30s in western countries until the discovery of antibiotics, which, coupled with a lack of knowledge of phage biology at that time, let to the replacement of phage therapy by antibiotics. On the other side of the planet, the Georgian Eliava Institute has been using phages for treating bacterial diseases since short after phage discovery a century ago. Georgian pharmacies commonly sell phage cocktails from the Institute without the need of a doctor's prescription. A thorough characterisation of the cocktail is though required for it to be accepted as pharmaceutical in the European Union. The potential to investigate the genetic material of microbial communities directly from the environment through metagenomics, allows for genomic characterisation of these cocktail. Furthermore, metagenomics analyses may lead to the discovery of novel phages with therapeutic potential, opening up a promising new horizon for phage therapy. This thesis is divided into five parts, each assigned a chapter. Chapter 1 provides the reader with an introduction to phage biology, history and metagenomics. Here, the main bioinformatics methods used throughout the studies of the following chapters are also presented and briefly described. Chapter 2 presents the paper "HostPhinder: A Phage Host Prediction Tool" published in May 2016. The tool predicts the bacterial host of a given phage based on co-occurrent k-mers between a query sequence and reference phage genomes with known host. HostPhinder's accuracy in predicting the host species and genus of an evaluation set was higher than 74% and 81%, respectively. The tool can be applied to identify the host of phage sequences found for instance in metagenomes allowing for a first step characterisation. Chapter 3 presents the paper "Metagenomic analysis of therapeutic PYO phage cocktails from 1997 to 2014" submitted in October 2017 and currently under peer-revision. In this study, the compositions of 3 batches of a Georgian cocktail from 1997 to 2014 was compared by means of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and metagenomic analysis. Thirty and 29 phage draft genomes were found in the cocktails from 1997 and 2014, respectively. One of them was present in both sample and did not resemble any known phage genomes, strongly suggesting its novelty. Phage representatives of all bacterial targets supposedly targeted by the cocktail's were found, as predicted using HostPhinder. A comparison between cocktails from 1997, 2000, and 2014 showed a closer composition between the first two cocktails. Chapter 4 presents the characterisation of historicalS. aureus phages, once used for phage typing. Finally, the conclusive Chapter 5, recapitulates the main findings of this thesis and frame them into the perspective of potential future investigations.

En la ciudad palatina de la Alhambra existen numerosos espacios nazaríes que expresan una clara vocación contemplativa del paisaje. Ello parece sorprendente y desusado en una época medieval en la que los intereses defensivos y el aprovechamiento productivo del territorio prevalecían sobre cualquier otra consideración hacia el mismo. El deseo de mirar y recrearse se manifiesta no sólo en su posicionamiento, configuración espacial y abundancia de huecos sino también, en algunos casos, en los testimonios históricos o en los textos epigráficos inmortalizados en la propia arquitectura. Resulta de gran interés, en primer lugar, reconocer esta voluntad de mirar al entorno de forma ociosa y aparentemente desinteresada en una Edad Media en la que, en teoría, aún no había sido alumbrada la noción de paisaje en territorio europeo. Se trata, por otro lado, de una arquitectura muy temprana y singularmente destinada a la actividad contemplativa, sin unos precedentes claros en cuanto a su intensa relación visual con el paisaje circundante. Su condición patrimonial resulta incuestionable, entre otras cosas, por la interdependencia de esta arquitectura con el paisaje granadino que busca enmarcar y contemplar. Además, la espacialidad conseguida ha sentado precedentes en la manera de proyectar espacios para mirar, que han llegado hasta nuestros días. El análisis de una serie de espacios seleccionados lleva asimismo a cuestionarse la linealidad teórica y los postulados simplificadores de la historia del paisaje, para reabrir el debate en razón de las peculiaridades históricas, sociales y culturales de cada territorio. ; In the palatine city of the Alhambra, there are various Nasrid spaces clearly conceived to gaze at landscape. This appears both surprising and unusual in a medieval context, in which the military interests and the productive use of land took precedence over any other consideration towards it. The desire to look outside for recreation is expressed not only in the position, spatial configuration and openings of this architecture but also, in certain cases, in the historical evidence or in the epigraphical messages immortalized on its walls. It seems of great interest, first of all, to recognize this recreational and apparently disinterested gazing in a Middle Age in which, theoretically, the notion of landscape had not been invented yet in the European continent. At the same time, this ancient architecture designed to house contemplative activities appears to have no clear precedents regarding its intense visual connection with the surrounding landscape. Its heritage condition appears undeniable, among other reasons, because of the mutual dependence of this architecture and the local landscape it aims to frame and contemplate. Moreover, the spatial experience achieved has set precedents in the architectural design of viewpoints, which have survived to these days. The study of a series of spaces selected also leads to questioning the theoretical linearity and the simplifying postulates of landscape history, in order to reopen the debate considering the historical, social and cultural peculiarities of each territory.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used despite their risk of gastrointestinal bleeding or cardiovascular events. We report the profile of people taking NSAIDs in Spain, and we include demographic factors, health-related behaviours and cardiovascular disease history. Women consumed more non-aspirin NSAIDs (38.8% [36.7–41.0]) than men (22.3 [20.5–24.2]), but men consumed more aspirin (11.7% [10.3–13.2]) than women (5.2% [4.3–6.3]). Consumption of non-aspirin NSAIDs decrease with age from 44.2% (39.4–49.1) in younger than 45 to 21.1% (18.3–24.2) in older than 75, but the age-pattern for aspirin usage was the opposite. Aspirin was reported by about 11% patients, as being twice as used in men (11.7%) than in women (5.2%); its consumption increased with age from 1.7% (< 45 years old) to 12.4% (≥75 years old). Aspirin was strongly associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors or established cardiovascular disease, reaching odds ratios of 15.2 (7.4–31.2) in women with acute coronary syndrome, 13.3 (6.2–28.3) in women with strokes and 11.1 (7.8–15.9) in men with acute coronary syndrome. Participants with cardiovascular risk factors or diseases consumed as much non-aspirin NSAID as participants without such conditions. Non-aspirin NSAIDs were more consumed by women and aspirin by men. The age patterns of aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs were opposite: the higher the age, the lower the non-aspirin NSAIDs usage and the higher the aspirin consumption. People with cardiovascular risk factors or diseases consumed more aspirin, but they did not decrease their non-aspirin NSAIDs usage. ; This work was partially funded by the "Accion Transversal del Cancer", approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007; The Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER [PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PI09/ 00773-Cantabria, PI09/01286-León, PI09/01903-Valencia, PI09/02078-Huelva, PI09/01662-Granada, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/0613, PI15/00069, PI15/00914, PI15/01032]; The Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla [API 10/09]; The ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL (The ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII (RD12/0036/0036)); The Junta de Castilla y León [LE22A10–2]; The Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía [2009-S0143]; The Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana [AP_061/10]; The Recercaixa [2010ACUP 00310]; The Regional Government of the Basque Country; The Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia; The European Commission [grants FOODCT- 2006-036224-HIWATE]; The Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; The Catalan Government DURSI [grant 2014SGR647]; The Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias; and the University of Oviedo.

This article considers one of the most relevant issues in the study of art casting from cast iron. Due to the fact that the administration and owners of the Kasli Iron Works responded in their strategies to the tastes of different consumers and also because they treated their production as part of their advertising campaign for the plant meant to demonstrate the capacities and quality of their main production, i.e. military and agricultural, there was no established plan for the product range. This is proved by the great variety of models different both stylistically and technically. With a few exceptions, the illustrated albums and pricelists of the Works provided information about the authors of the products. A systematic study of the authorship of Ural art casting production started in the 1980s but until today, there are considerable gaps in researchers' knowledge about the authors of the models. The article considers sources of cast iron works, namely, models borrowed from porcelain production. Owing to its relatively low price and mass production, by the second half of the nineteenth century, the European and Russian markets of porcelain were full of allegoric statuettes and figurines focusing on everyday themes. Such porcelain works owned by the administration members of the Kyshtym mining district became models or prototypes for the cast iron products of the Kasli Iron Works. Porcelain prototypes continued to be used during the Soviet stage of the Works' history. In those days, it did not only use existing models but collaborated with porcelain artists, such as E. A. Janson-Manizer, O.P. Tayezhnaya-Cheshuina, L.P. Azarova, etc. ; Статья посвящена одной из самых актуальных проблем в исследовании художественного литья из чугуна. Ориентация управляющих и владельцев чугуно­литейного завода Каслей на покупательский вкус самых разных слоев населения, а также отношение к выпускаемым художественным изделиям как к рекламным, показывающим возможности и качество основного производства — военной и сельскохозяйственной продукции, — привели к тому, что наполнение ассортиментного ряда завода велось без определенного плана. Об этом говорит огромное стилистическое разнообразие моделей разного художественного и технического уровня. За редким исключением, в иллюстрированных альбомах и прейскурантах завода указывался автор произведения. Систематическое исследование авторства модельного ряда уральского художественного литья из чугуна было начато в 1980-е гг., но и сегодня в нем имеются значительные лакуны. В статье рассматриваются источники заимствования моделей для чугунных отливок в фарфоре. Относительно невысокая стоимость, тиражное производство ко второй половине XIX в. насытили европейский и русский рынок фарфора аллегорическими статуэтками и фигурками на бытовые темы. Эти произведения из частных коллекций членов правления Кыштымского горного округа становились моделями или прототипами для чугунных отливок Каслинского завода. Практика использования фарфоровых прототипов продолжилась и в советский период существования Каслинского завода. В это время не только использовали уже готовые модели, но и активно сотрудничали с художниками-фарфористами, такими как Е. А. Янсон-Манизер, О. П. Таежная-Чешуина, Л. П. Азарова и др.

This thesis retraces the intellectual history of ordoliberalism, focusing in particular on the works of Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke, with references to the contributions of Franz Böhm, Alexander Rüstow, Leonhard Miksch and Friedrich Lutz. The main question it addresses is the following: how can we explain the fact that ordoliberal thought had the intellectual resources to weight on German post-war reconstruction? In order to answer it, it is necessary to provide a clear definition of ordoliberalism in its discursive context. First the thesis shows that ordoliberalism, in its epistemological (Chap. 1 ), theoretical (Chap. 2), ideological (Chap. 3) and political (Chap. 4) components, can be defined as a political economy of power, i. e. a form of economic knowledge, whose primary objective is to analyse the sources, the action and the impact of power within society; in other words, as a specific doctrine rather than a sub-species of (neo) liberalism. Secondly, the thesis illustrates how this identity played a positive role in promoting a form of political rationality in the post-war years in West Germany (Chap. 5), but also a negative one by excluding rival political programs, such as that of John Maynard Keynes (Chap. 6). Finally, the thesis investigates the ordoliberal discourse as a benchmark for German, and then European, economic policies: a persistence that went together with its radical transformation from the initial political economy of power, to the contemporary form of ordoliberal orthodoxy. ; Cette thèse propose une histoire intellectuelle de l'ordolibéralisme (1932-1950), centrée sur les travaux de Walter Eucken et Wilhelm Röpke, incluant également des références à Franz Böhm, Alexander Rüstow, Leonhard Miksch et Friedrich Lutz. Il s'agit de répondre à la question suivante : comment expliquer que la pensée ordolibérale ait eu les ressources intellectuelles pour peser sur la reconstruction allemande de l'après-guerre Seconde Guerre mondiale ? Répondre à cette interrogation exige, dans un premier temps, de définir clairement ce qu'est l'ordolibéralisme dans son contexte discursif d'apparition. La thèse établit d'abord que l'ordolibéralisme, dans ses composantes épistémologique (Chap. 1), théorique (Chap. 2), idéologique (Chap. 3) ou politique (Chap. 4), peut être défini comme une économie politique du pouvoir : c'est-à-dire une forme de savoir économique, plutôt qu'une sous variété de (néo)libéralisme. L'objectif premier de cette économie politique est de conduire une analyse des sources, des manifestations et des conséquences du pouvoir dans la sphère sociale. Dans un deuxième temps, la thèse montre en quoi cette identité a pu jouer positivement dans la fondation d'une rationalité politique dans les années d'après-guerre en Allemagne de l'Ouest (Chap. 5), et négativement comme rempart aux programmes concurrents, et en particulier face à celui de John Maynard Keynes (Chap. 6). En définitive, la thèse interroge le discours ordolibéral dans sa capacité à servir de référence à des politiques économiques allemandes, puis européennes : une pérennité accompagnée d'une profonde transformation d'une économie politique du pouvoir initial à la forme contemporaine de l'orthodoxie ordolibérale.