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A tractable incomplete-market model with unemployment, sticky prices, and a fiscal side is used to quantify the macroeconomic effects of lockdown policies and the miti-gating effects of raising government spending and implementing UI benefit extensions. We find that the effects of lockdown policies, although we are relatively conservative about the size of the lockdown, are huge: unemployment doubles on impact and al-most triples even for relatively short lockdown durations. Output falls dramatically and debt-output ratios increase by several tens of percentage points. In addition, the surge in unemployment risk triggers a rise in precautionary savings that make such shocks Keynesian supply shocks: aggregate demand falls by more than aggregate supply, and lockdown policies are deflationary. Unfortunately, we find that raising public spending and extending UI benefits stimulate aggregate demand or improve risk-sharing but has little effects on output and unemployment, although they do alleviate the welfare losses of lockdown policies for the households.

I model different macroeconomic transmission channels of the energy transition in two official scenarios on the French energy system, according to different evolutions of energy prices and information structures of private agents. A hybrid model combines a dynamic GE model and an optimization model of the electricity production system. It simulates households under liquidity constraints, the energy services produced by households' durable goods, different energy price scenarios, the effects of a carbon tax, and two information structures depending on whether or not the agents anticipate the future. The results suggest the importance of the price effect on energy consumption (rather than a rise in investments to decarbonize the electricity mix), the role played by investments in durable goods, and the differences in behavior between Ricardian and non-Ricardian households. The effects of the carbon tax vary according to the price of non-electric energy; if redistributed, it does not harm household welfare in the model. If agents anticipate the future, decarbonization is favored without weighing significantly on growth. To achieve carbon neutrality, more efforts in energy efficiency and in transfers of use seem necessary. ; La thèse modélise différents canaux macroéconomiques de transmission de la transition énergétique dans deux scénarios officiels sur le système énergétique français, selon différentes évolutions du prix des énergies et structures d'information des agents privés. Un modèle hybride associe un modèle en équilibre général dynamique et un modèle d'optimisation du système de production d'électricité. Il modélise notamment des ménages sous contraintes de liquidité, les services énergétiques produits par les biens durables des ménages, différents scénarios du prix des énergies, les effets d'une taxe carbone, et deux structures d'information selon que les agents anticipent ou non parfaitement le futur. Les résultats suggèrent l'importance de l'effet prix sur la consommation d'énergie par les agents ...

I model different macroeconomic transmission channels of the energy transition in two official scenarios on the French energy system, according to different evolutions of energy prices and information structures of private agents. A hybrid model combines a dynamic GE model and an optimization model of the electricity production system. It simulates households under liquidity constraints, the energy services produced by households' durable goods, different energy price scenarios, the effects of a carbon tax, and two information structures depending on whether or not the agents anticipate the future. The results suggest the importance of the price effect on energy consumption (rather than a rise in investments to decarbonize the electricity mix), the role played by investments in durable goods, and the differences in behavior between Ricardian and non-Ricardian households. The effects of the carbon tax vary according to the price of non-electric energy; if redistributed, it does not harm household welfare in the model. If agents anticipate the future, decarbonization is favored without weighing significantly on growth. To achieve carbon neutrality, more efforts in energy efficiency and in transfers of use seem necessary. ; La thèse modélise différents canaux macroéconomiques de transmission de la transition énergétique dans deux scénarios officiels sur le système énergétique français, selon différentes évolutions du prix des énergies et structures d'information des agents privés. Un modèle hybride associe un modèle en équilibre général dynamique et un modèle d'optimisation du système de production d'électricité. Il modélise notamment des ménages sous contraintes de liquidité, les services énergétiques produits par les biens durables des ménages, différents scénarios du prix des énergies, les effets d'une taxe carbone, et deux structures d'information selon que les agents anticipent ou non parfaitement le futur. Les résultats suggèrent l'importance de l'effet prix sur la consommation d'énergie par les agents ...

With about 22%, the transport sector is one of the largest global emitters of the greenhouse gas CO₂. Long-distance road freight transport accounts for a large and rising share within this sector. For this reason, in February 2019, the European Union agreed to introduce CO₂ emission standards following Canada, China, Japan and the United States. One way to reduce CO₂ emissions from long-distance road freight transport is to use alternative powertrains in trucks — especially heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) because of their high mileage, weight and fuel consumption. Multiple alternative fuels and powertrains (AFPs) have been proposed as potential options to lower CO₂ emissions. However, the current research does not paint a clear picture of the path towards decarbonizing transport that uses AFPs in HDVs. The aim of this literature review is to understand the current state of research on the market diffusion of HDVs with alternative powertrains. We present a summary of market diffusion studies of AFPs in HDVs, including their methods, main findings and policy recommendations. We compare and synthesize the results of these studies to identify strengths and weaknesses in the field, and to propose further options to improve AFP HDV market diffusion modelling. All the studies expect AFPs on a small scale in their reference scenarios under current regulations. In climate protection scenarios, however, AFPs dominate the market, indicating their positive effect on CO₂ reduction. There is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the emergence of a superior AFP technology for HDVs. The authors of this review recommend more research into policy measures, and that infrastructure development and energy supply should be included in order to obtain a holistic understanding of modelling AFP market diffusion for ...

In France, studies on energy-saving investments for residential buildings are still relatively rare even if this sector exhibits a high potential for energy-savings. In this PhD dissertation, the aim is to isolate the determinants of energy efficient investments in the residential sector in France in order to provide some policy recommendations. We also want to study the effect of current and potential public policies designed to trigger retrofit investments.The dissertation consists in four chapters. In the first essay, our main objective is to analyze household's expenditures in renovation works by distinguishing energy efficiency works (insulation works and equipment replacement works) and reparation works using an econometric approach. In the second essay, we seek to understand the home renovation decision of households in a theoretical model in which there exist split incentives (landlord/tenant case). In the third essay, we study the decision to invest in energy efficiency by taking into account irreversibility and uncertainties on energy prices and on income return in a general equilibrium framework. Finally, the fourth essay assesses the effect of public policy on the decision to invest using an empirical approach.We model energy consumption and GHG emissions, the decision to invest in energy-saving renovations and the dynamics of the housing stock. ; En France, les études sur les déterminants des investissements économiseurs d'énergie dans le résidentiel sont encore relativement rares même si ce secteur représente un gisement important d'économies d'énergie.Dans cette thèse, l'objectif est d'isoler les déterminants de l'investissement en efficacité énergétique dans le secteur résidentiel afin de fournir des recommandations de politiques publiques. Nous souhaitons étudier l'effet des politiques actuelles mais aussi potentielles qui visent à stimuler l'adoption d'équipements économiseurs d'énergie. Cette thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, l'objectif principal est d'analyser ...

The article considers the problem of transition to the anthroponatural paradigm of development, which is relevant for the modern stage of the world civilization process. It is noted that the global environmental crisis, the signs of which were clearly identifi ed at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries, was the result of unbalanced transformative activities of people, as a result of which the very possibility of life on the planet was threatened. The current situation has shown the need for fundamental changes both in the existing type of management, based on unregulated consumption of natural resources, and in public consciousness in the direction of reorienting it to a rational attitude towards the environment, which would ensure the survival and further progressive movement of civilization. In the development of a coevolutionary strategy for the interaction of society and nature, based on a new system of moral values, the natural scientific, religious, philosophical and literary and artistic heritage of cosmism has significant spiritual potential. Based on the analysis of the works of representatives of Russian cosmism, it is concluded that the idea of the active role of humanity in transforming the environment involves, in addition to improving the scientifi c and technical sphere, the development of worldview attitudes focused on understanding a man as an organic part of natural (cosmic) unity, developing according to general evolutionary laws. The current sociocultural situation, characterized by a number of global problems (environmental, raw materials, food, etc.), indicates the need to move to an anthroponatural paradigm of civilizational development, which could ensure the joint evolution of people and nature, the formation of appropriate ethical standards and principles of ecological thinking. Clearly, the future of mankind, the prospects of which were outlined by the representatives of cosmism, is impossible without reliance on a solid moral foundation, thanks to which the population of the Earth has the opportunity not only to overcome the crisis consequences of its own activities on the planet, to carry out rational and balanced environmental management, but also to enter the next round of its development – the active exploration of outer space.

Indonesia is the premier example of a well-integrated cassava economy, where the multiuse characteristics of the crop are fully exploited. Av. yields range from 2.3 to 19.5 t/ha, depending on cropping system and, above all, land type. The 5 major cassava- producing zones are characterized. Cassava-based systems provide a significant return on cash outlay. Cassava has been ignored by policy-makers despite the fact that (a) it has played a significant role in underpinning key policy objectives and in transmigration projects and that (b) historically, it has been an important export crop and is the 2nd most important calorie source in the diet. Income influences the distribution of cassava consumption; e.g., gaplek is a nonpreferred food consumed mainly by the poor. Except for starch, the tendency is for total cassava consumption to decline with income. The cassava starch market remains very dynamic. With the high income elasticity for krupuk, the potential in making high fructose sweeteners from cassava in upland areas, and increases in the textile, paper, and plywood industries, the demand for starch will continue to grow. Effective price transmission and adequately linked markets imply relatively competitive price formation throughout the country. (CIAT) ; Indonesia es el principal ejemplo de una economia de yuca bien integrada, donde las caracteristicas de uso multiple del cultivo se explotan ampliamente. Los rendimientos prom. fluctuan entre 2.3 y 19.5 t/ha, dependiendo del sistema de cultivo y sobre todo del tipo de tierra. Se caracterizan las 5 principales zonas productoras de yuca. Los sistemas a base de yuca proporcionan una ganancia al desembolso de efectivo. La yuca ha sido ignorada por aquellos encargados de hacer las politicas a pesar de que esta a) ha desempenado un papel significativo al apoyar los objetivos de las politicas clave y de los proyectos de transmigracion y b) ha sido historicamente un cultivo de exportacion importante y la segunda fuente de calorias en la dieta. El ingreso influye en la distribucion del consumo de yuca; p. ej., el gaplek es un alimento no preferido, consumido principalmente por la poblacion de escasos recursos. A excepcion del almidon, el consumo total de yuca disminuye a medida que aumenta el ingreso. El mercado de almidon de yuca sigue siendo muy dinamico. La demanda de almidon continuara creciendo gracias a la gran elasticidad de ingreso del krupuk; al potencial para la fabricacion a partir de la yuca de edulcorantes con alto contenido de fructosa en areas de tierras altas; y al crecimiento de las industrias de textiles, papel y madera prensada. La transmision efectiva de precios y la vinculacion adecuada de los mercados implican la formacion de precios relativamente competitivos en todo el pais. (CIAT)

The great inequality in the distribution of world resources is well represented by the co-existence of two opposite phenomena: the scarcity of resources that relegates billions of individuals in extreme poverty conditions, and the over-consumption of resources by a minority of inhabitants who waste and pollute the planet earth. In addition to the serious ethical paradox produced by the combination of these negative forces, every year poverty and pollution cause severe economic losses, both directly and for negative externalities. Is it possible to reverse this ethical and economic paradox and find a joint solution to these two forms of world pollution? This paper illustrates a simple model of earth basic income, which could serve as an easy solution to both problems: a taxation mechanism on waste production as a means to finance basic income.

INRA Sociale Sciences became INRAE Sociale Sciences on 1 January 2020: reference to be corrected when the review is included in the list. Pricing policies are known to give an effective signal to consumers. They can therefore be a key tool for reorienting food choices in order to improve food sustainability. Our work uses micro econometrics of consumption to quantify the effects of tax policies that would encourage consumers to adopt more sustainable behaviour when purchasing food. They aim to address at the same time three pillars of sustainability: the environment, health through nutrition and the social dimension through inequalities. However, the latter dimension, and in particular the angle of reducing social inequalities, is one of the pillars of sustainability often neglected in the work of economists. ; International audience ; INRA Sociale Sciences became INRAE Sociale Sciences on 1 January 2020: reference to be corrected when the review is included in the list. Pricing policies are known to give an effective signal to consumers. They can therefore be a key tool for reorienting food choices in order to improve food sustainability. Our work uses micro econometrics of consumption to quantify the effects of tax policies that would encourage consumers to adopt more sustainable behaviour when purchasing food. They aim to address at the same time three pillars of sustainability: the environment, health through nutrition and the social dimension through inequalities. However, the latter dimension, and in particular the angle of reducing social inequalities, is one of the pillars of sustainability often neglected in the work of economists. ; INRA Sciences Sociales devient INRAE Sciences Sociales au 1er janvier 2020 : référence à corriger quand la revue sera intégrée dans la liste. Les politiques de prix sont connues pour donner un signal efficace aux consommateurs. Elles peuvent donc constituer un outil privilégié pour réorienter les choix alimentaires afin d'améliorer la durabilité de l'alimentation. Nos ...

"The Rise of Green Extractivism tackles the understudied interconnections between extractivism and climate-smart policies and their implications for rural livelihoods, both theoretically and empirically. This new variation of extractivism arises as an innovative way in which capitalist production and accumulation unfolds and constitutes a convenient analytical tool in today's focus on reducing or compensating for emissions. The book consolidates "extractivism" as a theoretical framework that fully challenges contemporary capitalism's dynamics, particularly in the current global environmental crisis. It explores new dynamics of accumulation, resource grabbing and legitimation strategies. These are approached as mechanisms of appropriation of resources that produce social, economic and ecological implications to be considered in the current agrarian question debates. By analysing the implementation and outcomes of green policies, the author shows that new strategies of capital accumulation arise through the creation of new commodities, markets, vehicles of accumulation and ways of legitimising capital accumulation. A new and "greener" frontier of accumulation is constituted. These emerging processes of commodification bring along new waves of expropriation that further cut into the necessary consumption of rural populations. Insights from empirical cases explored in this book show how this new wave of green investments and projects, directly linked to climate change concerns, are further expropriating livelihoods and fuelling capital accumulation in the name of the fight against climate change. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and researchers of political economy, globalisation, development studies, economics, political ecology, agrarian studies and environmental studies. It will also inform and provide policymakers with evidence-based insights into their decision-making process when designing and implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, especially in developing countries"--

"The Rise of Green Extractivism tackles the understudied interconnections between extractivism and climate-smart policies and their implications for rural livelihoods, both theoretically and empirically. This new variation of extractivism arises as an innovative way in which capitalist production and accumulation unfolds and constitutes a convenient analytical tool in today's focus on reducing or compensating for emissions. The book consolidates "extractivism" as a theoretical framework that fully challenges contemporary capitalism's dynamics, particularly in the current global environmental crisis. It explores new dynamics of accumulation, resource grabbing and legitimation strategies. These are approached as mechanisms of appropriation of resources that produce social, economic and ecological implications to be considered in the current agrarian question debates. By analysing the implementation and outcomes of green policies, the author shows that new strategies of capital accumulation arise through the creation of new commodities, markets, vehicles of accumulation and ways of legitimising capital accumulation. A new and "greener" frontier of accumulation is constituted. These emerging processes of commodification bring along new waves of expropriation that further cut into the necessary consumption of rural populations. Insights from empirical cases explored in this book show how this new wave of green investments and projects, directly linked to climate change concerns, are further expropriating livelihoods and fuelling capital accumulation in the name of the fight against climate change. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and researchers of political economy, globalisation, development studies, economics, political ecology, agrarian studies and environmental studies. It will also inform and provide policymakers with evidence-based insights into their decision-making process when designing and implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, especially in developing countries"--

"The Rise of Green Extractivism tackles the understudied interconnections between extractivism and climate-smart policies and their implications for rural livelihoods, both theoretically and empirically. This new variation of extractivism arises as an innovative way in which capitalist production and accumulation unfolds and constitutes a convenient analytical tool in today's focus on reducing or compensating for emissions. The book consolidates "extractivism" as a theoretical framework that fully challenges contemporary capitalism's dynamics, particularly in the current global environmental crisis. It explores new dynamics of accumulation, resource grabbing and legitimation strategies. These are approached as mechanisms of appropriation of resources that produce social, economic and ecological implications to be considered in the current agrarian question debates. By analysing the implementation and outcomes of green policies, the author shows that new strategies of capital accumulation arise through the creation of new commodities, markets, vehicles of accumulation and ways of legitimising capital accumulation. A new and "greener" frontier of accumulation is constituted. These emerging processes of commodification bring along new waves of expropriation that further cut into the necessary consumption of rural populations. Insights from empirical cases explored in this book show how this new wave of green investments and projects, directly linked to climate change concerns, are further expropriating livelihoods and fuelling capital accumulation in the name of the fight against climate change. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and researchers of political economy, globalisation, development studies, economics, political ecology, agrarian studies and environmental studies. It will also inform and provide policymakers with evidence-based insights into their decision-making process when designing and implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, especially in developing countries"--

The current structure of the global food system is increasingly recognized as unsustainable. In addition to the environmental impacts of agricultural production, unequal patterns of food access and availability are contributing to non-communicable diseases in middle- and high-income countries and inadequate caloric intake and dietary diversity among the world's poorest. To this end, there have been a growing number of academic and policy initiatives aimed at advancing food system transformation, including the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and several UN Climate conferences. Yet, the policy pathways for achieving a transformed food system are highly contested, and the enabling conditions for implementation are frequently absent. Furthermore, a broad range of polarizing factors affect decisions over the food system at domestic and international levels - from debates over values and (mis)information, to concerns over food self-sufficiency, corporate influence, and human rights. This volume explicitly analyses the political economy dynamics of food system transformation with contributors who span several disciplines, including economics, ecology, geography, nutrition, political science, and public policy. The chapters collectively address the range of interests, institutions, and power in the food system, the diversity of coalitions that form around food policy issues and the tactics they employ, the ways in which policies can be designed and sequenced to overcome opposition to reform, and processes of policy adaptation and learning. Drawing on original surveys, interviews, empirical modelling, and case studies from China, the European Union, Germany, Mexico, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the United States, the book touches on issues as wide ranging as repurposing agricultural subsidies, agricultural trade, biotechnology innovations, red meat consumption, sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, and much more.

A sweeping intellectual history of the concept of economic scarcity—its development across five hundred years of European thought and its decisive role in fostering the climate crisis.Modern economics presumes a particular view of scarcity, in which human beings are innately possessed of infinite desires and society must therefore facilitate endless growth and consumption irrespective of nature's limits. Yet as Fredrik Albritton Jonsson and Carl Wennerlind show, this vision of scarcity is historically novel and was not inevitable even in the age of capitalism. Rather, it reflects the costly triumph of infinite-growth ideologies across centuries of European economic thought—at the expense of traditions that sought to live within nature's constraints.The dominant conception of scarcity today holds that rather than master our desires, humans must master nature to meet those desires. Albritton Jonsson and Wennerlind argue that this idea was developed by thinkers such as Francis Bacon, Samuel Hartlib, Alfred Marshall, and Paul Samuelson, who laid the groundwork for today's hegemonic politics of growth. Yet proponents of infinite growth have long faced resistance from agrarian radicals, romantic poets, revolutionary socialists, ecofeminists, and others. These critics—including the likes of Gerrard Winstanley, Dorothy Wordsworth, Karl Marx, and Hannah Arendt—embraced conceptions of scarcity in which our desires, rather than nature, must be mastered to achieve the social good. In so doing, they dramatically re-envisioned how humans might interact with both nature and the economy.Following these conflicts into the twenty-first century, Albritton Jonsson and Wennerlind insist that we need new, sustainable models of economic thinking to address the climate crisis. Scarcity is not only a critique of infinite growth, but also a timely invitation to imagine alternative ways of flourishing on Earth

Intro -- Prologue -- Contents -- 1: Law and Life -- 1.1 Different Levels of Thinking -- 1.2 Truth, Space, and Time: Law´s Legend -- 1.3 The Vita Activa. Hannah Arendt -- 1.4 The Content of This Treatise -- References -- 2: The Rule of Law -- 2.1 Why Do We Have Law? The Rule of Law -- 2.2 What Is Law? Law as a Human Construct -- 2.3 Law and Justice. Aristotle and Rawls -- 2.4 Law and Justice. Ricoeur and Sen -- 2.5 Law, Politics, and Leadership -- 2.6 Waldron and Rawls. Arendt on Politics. Kurt Jooss -- 2.7 Law and Economics -- 2.8 Access-Based Consumption. Sustainability -- 2.9 ``Bottom Up´´ Versus ``Top Down´´ -- 2.10 Opinion, Rules, and Judgment. Reason and Reasoning -- 2.11 Institutional Justice and Existence-Linked Justice -- References -- 3: Law and Society -- 3.1 Society and the Place Occupied by an Individual -- 3.2 Law and Morality -- 3.3 Morality in Kant´s Philosophy -- 3.4 Called to Freedom. Kant and Marcuse -- 3.5 Hegel -- 3.6 Connection, Cohesion, Awareness -- 3.7 Awareness, Common Space, and Common Time -- 3.8 Dignity, Respect and Responsibility. Ricoeur -- 3.9 Margalit and Rawls. A Sense of Justice. Ricoeur again -- 3.10 Taking Distance from Rawls -- 3.11 Trust and Confidence -- 3.12 Law and Rationality -- 3.13 Law and Equality -- 3.14 Law, Fundamental Rights, and Fundamental Obligations -- 3.15 Law and Legality -- 3.16 Law and War -- 3.17 American and English Law in History -- 3.18 Law and Justice in Recent English and American Literature -- References -- 4: Homo Iuridicus Versus Homo Societatis -- 4.1 Professionals and Citizens. The T-Shaped Lawyer -- 4.2 Continuity and Change. Ownership and Transfer -- 4.3 Legal Rights as Challenge and Obligation -- 4.4 Law as Language Practice -- 4.5 Law as Dialogue and Discussion -- 4.6 Translation as Creative Mediation -- 4.7 External, Internal, and Substantive Translation.