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The aim of this article is to make a comparative study of the history of European ports during the last two centuries showing their complexity and specific characteristics. Whereas during the process of waterfront development, local governments emphasize the relationship of ports with sailing ships as a marketing instrument, the industrial history of those ports are mostly neglected. This article focuses on the industrial port, showing differences in the chronology of construction and in their urban impact. Hinterland and inland transportation were responsible for a part of those differences, as well as geographical and political circumstances. However, social aspects as well as technological issues showed comparable evolutions. The decline of the industrial port city is a part of the general process of de-industrialization of Europe, but it has its own specific features. At least it is clear that the development of port cities during the last two centuries is far more complex than some stage theories about port development assume.

Die Dissertation entstand in einer Zeit, in der um ein tragfähiges Zuwanderungskonzept heftig debattiert wurde. Die Arbeit versteht sich daher in erster Linie als Versuch einer grundlegenden Analyse der Zuwanderungsdebatte der Jahre 2000 bis 2003. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich die Diskussion über Einwanderung in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren verändert hat und wie um eine Neugestaltung der Zuwanderungspolitik gestritten wurde. Die politische Diskussion um die Modernisierung des deutschen Ausländerrechts wurde insbesondere in ihren Anfangsphasen durch eine Welle fremdenfeindlicher Gewalt begleitet. Diese Umstände haben den Autor veranlasst, auch zur Klärung der Hintergründe der so sehr emotionsbeladenen Einstellung der deutschen Gesellschaft zu der sogenannten "Ausländerfrage" beizutragen. ; The Dissertation was written in a time, when the acceptable immigration concept was highly debated. That is the reason why the paper is for a most an attempt at a fundamental analysis of the immigration debate in Germany from 2000 until 2003. The paper shows how the discussion about immigration in Germany changed in recent years, and how a restructuring of immigration policy was argued. The political discussion about modernization of German Immigration Law was, particularly in the beginning, attended by a wave of xenophobical violence. These circumstances encouraged the author to contribute to clarifying the background issues surrounding German Society's emotional attitude toward the so-colled "Foreigner Problem".

Towards the end of the seventeenth century a controversy erupted over the interpretation of the relation between the historical death of Christ and the associated doctrine of the forgiveness of sins. This controversy had its origin in the dissemination of the ideas of the Leyden professor Johannes Cocceius (1603-1669) and his followers. Resistance to these ideas came from the followers of the Utrecht professor Gisbertus Voetius (1587-1676). The discussion centered on the interpretation of the concept of Christ's sponsio or suretyship and was essentially an intensification of standing differences between these two strands in the Reformed Church of the seventeenth century, namely, on the interpretation of the fourth commandment (the Sabbath) and the doctrine of justification. While these issues may initially seem of merely academic interest, much more proved to be at stake as the debate developed. The theological quarrel had repercussions at the social and political level, and worked as a catalyst in the formation of group identity.

When family members admit a loved one to a nursing home, they expect that the facility will assure the physical safety of the residents. However, this does not always occur. Safety concerns persisting in at least some modern American nursing homes involve adverse drug events, injurious falls, pressure ulcers, problems with tube feeding, faulty communications or other breakdowns during transfer to or from hospital, and equipment breakdowns or mix-ups. The adversarial legal, economic, political, and media environment surrounding the US nursing home industry poses serious practical impediments to alleviating these safety concerns more effectively. However, resident safety comprises only one part of the larger quality improvement picture in the nursing home context. While the threat of negative legal repercussions may be necessary to address safety issues, a fuller concern about improving the quality of care and quality of life for nursing home residents will also involve the development and implementation of a combination of positive incentives for facilities to do better.

В статье на основе широкого круга архивных и документальных источников анализируется гендерная идеология и политические решения консервативной и лейбористской партий Великобритании в отношении женщин. Проводится анализ связи внутрипартийных реформ, специфических черт гендерной политики с задачами избирательных кампаний, состоянием общественного мнения. Сопоставлена социальная политика консервативного и лейбористского кабинетов в отношении женщин, включая проблемы насилия в семье, сочетания домашних обязанностей с работой, одиноких родителей, организации системы воспитания детей, социального обеспечения, равной оплаты, здоровья и безопасности женщин. ; Referring to the wide range of archival and documentary sources the author analyses gender ideology and political decisions of the Conservative and Labour parties towards women in Great Britain. The relations of inner-party reforms and electoral campaigns are considered in gender sensitive perspective. Social policies of the Conservative and Labour cabinets towards women are compared, including issues of family violence, combining domestic chores with paid work, single parents, child care system, social welfare, equal pay, health and safety for women.

Modern American society recognizes the crucial role of data and information in evaluating and effectively addressing societal problems. Americans are bombarded with information on the economy, public health, social and psychological attitude trends, and other matters that are considered important. For example, no self-respecting politician would think of launching a political campaign or initiative without some sense of what the public might be worrying about. Addressing pet population issues should be no different. Data are needed in order to define the nature and scope of the dog and cat demographic challenge. Data can help people to understand the impact of "pet homelessness" on companion animals; to identify some of the characteristics of both successful and failed human-animal relationships; and to develop sound, effective, and long-lasting solutions that will strengthen humans' relationships with companion animals and enhance companion animals' welfare. Given the need for reliable data, what is known now about trends concerning the companion animal population and the shelters that help address the "homelessness" problem?

A review of recent scholarship on US-Latin American relations between the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt & Lyndon Johnson challenges the accuracy of the earlier emphasis on US intervention as the sole source of Latin American miseries. It is argued that returning Latin American agency & culture to the equation has provided a richer understanding of inter-American relations. Although very few serious studies claim US policies were intended to promote freedom/democracy in Latin America, new archival findings point out Latin America's significant contribution to the situation. Recent analyses address how ideology & perceptions affected Latin American powerlessness & made those states more susceptible to US power. Other issues discussed include reliance on the dependency model; the link between studies of US-Latin American relations & Latin American history; recognition of the importance of foreign sources; the important contribution of Latin American actors & agency to US hegemony; & the need to understand political history as "integrative" history that combines the material with the cultural. J. Lindroth

The works of African American playwright August Wilson are examined; specific attention is dedicated to highlighting Wilson's engagement with issues that affected the lives of working-class African Americans & the influence of W. E. B. Du Bois on Wilson's works. Rather than support Du Bois's contention that the "Talented Tenth" of the African American population could significantly improve the lives of working-class African Americans, it is noted that none of Wilson's protagonists occupy Du Bois's elite category. The permeation of themes of democracy, the nature of African American everyday life, the Black Arts Movement, & the madness/bliss dichotomy in Wilson's works is then addressed. Moreover, additional themes considered in each of Wilson's works, eg, the effects of the Civil Rights Movement on the lives of working-class African Americans in Two Trains Running (1969) are explored. The study's implications for the present-day black intellectual community & current black political leadership are also pondered. 22 References. J. W. Parker

A discussion of the interface of racism & imperialism focuses on organized education as an agent of Americanization & the dominant-culture bias that is built into standardized test measurements. An overview of the history of educational reform notes the increased use of standardized testing, described as a form of social (re)production that has benefited the political economy, & consistently represented the "normalization of whiteness, richness, & maleness." Issues explored include the SAT test as an instrument of Americanization; education as either a liberating or constraining aspect of civil society; & the neoliberal obsession with standardized testing that reflects the market-oriented priorities of post-civil society. The pedagogical works of Anna Julia Cooper & former slave Jackson Coppin are examined as examples of opposition to the dominant paradigm. Attempts to balance the need for educational rigor & the requirements of justice are discussed, along with the potential for teachers trained in critical pedagogy to divert the logic of capitalism & the cultural construction of race inherent in standardized testing. J. Lindroth

Argues that the Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 (2001) was an ambitious plan for global expansion of the US military & illustrates the racial & gender politics of capitalistic empire-building as presented through the media. The terrorist attacks offered an excuse to intimidate Libya, Sudan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, the People's Republic of China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, & North Korea to obtain an economic & cultural recolonization with the assistance of the dominant classes & antidemocratic elements in those nations. In the US, political & civil rights & democratic movements & alliances for social justice are challenged. From the sending of World Trade Center toxic scrap to developing countries to the animalizing of the Islamic other & the use of women's issues as partial justification for the war in Afghanistan, the harmful policies of the US are apparent. A better direction is illustrated by the Revolutionary Assoc of the Women of Afghanistan & Indian feminists' efforts for nonmilitary solutions to conflicts. 19 References. L. A. Hoffman

Analyzes 738 Spanish environmental protest events as reported in El Pais, 1988-1997. An increasing level of protest is evident over the decade, with large demonstrations numerous although decreasing in number over the decade, indicating a change in the type of protest; local conflicts are seen to be spreading across the country. The most contentious environmental issues are identified as waste facilities, water policy, & nuclear energy & are viewed in the shifting context of diverse policy areas. The degree to which reported protests can be related to broader debates over policy approaches is then considered. Attention turns to describing the political repertoires of protesters & conflict scenarios, noting the moderate nature of Spanish environmental protest & examining the link between protest repertoire & issue categories. The leading & other organizations involved in environmental protest are scrutinized next in terms of their nature, network interactions, & key characteristics. It is concluded that, in light of a lack of ministerial response, the potential for the environment to consolidate as a policy subsystem is low. 9 Tables, 7 Figures. J. Zendejas

Analyzes 738 Spanish environmental protest events as reported in El Pais, 1988-1997. An increasing level of protest is evident over the decade, with large demonstrations numerous although decreasing in number over the decade, indicating a change in the type of protest; local conflicts are seen to be spreading across the country. The most contentious environmental issues are identified as waste facilities, water policy, & nuclear energy & are viewed in the shifting context of diverse policy areas. The degree to which reported protests can be related to broader debates over policy approaches is then considered. Attention turns to describing the political repertoires of protesters & conflict scenarios, noting the moderate nature of Spanish environmental protest & examining the link between protest repertoire & issue categories. The leading & other organizations involved in environmental protest are scrutinized next in terms of their nature, network interactions, & key characteristics. It is concluded that, in light of a lack of ministerial response, the potential for the environment to consolidate as a policy subsystem is low. 9 Tables, 7 Figures. J. Zendejas

In addressing the question of how new technologies can improve the public quality and presence of academic research, this article reports on the current online use of research by policymakers. Interviews with a sample of 25 Canadian policymakers at the federal level were conducted, looking at the specific role that online research has begun to play in their work, and what frustrations they face in using this research. The study found widespread use of online research, increasing the consultation of this source in policy analysis and formation. The principal issues remain those of access, indexing and credibility, with policymakers restricting themselves in large part to open access sources. Still, online research is proving a counterforce to policymakers' reliance on a small number of academic consultants as gatekeepers and sources for research. What is needed, it becomes clear, is investigations into whether innovative well-indexed systems that integrate a range of academic and non-academic resources might increase the political impact of research in the social sciences and education.