Suchergebnisse

Der Autor hält die seitens der baltischen Staaten angeführten Argumente zur Begründung ihres auf mittlere Sicht beabsichtigten Beitritts zur NATO nicht für stichhaltig und weist demgegenüber darauf hin, daß mit dem Beitritt zur EU für diese Länder eine gewisse Sicherheitsgarantie bereits impliziert sei. Ein NATO- Beitritt der baltischen Staaten würde nach Ansicht des Verfassers die in der Rußland-NATO-Grundakte festgelegten Vereinbarungen grundsätzlich entwerten und das Verhältnis Rußlands zu den baltischen Staaten gravierend beeinträchtigen. Der Autor plädiert demgegenüber für den Abschluß eines regionalen Sicherheits- und Stabilitätspakts unter Einschluß Rußlands und der baltischen Staaten. (BIOst-Mrk)

Eine der drängendsten Fragen des 21. Jahrhunderts ist die Sicherstellung der Ernährung einer wachsenden Weltbevölkerung unter Berücksichtigung zukünftiger klimatischer und umweltpolitischer Aspekte. In dieser Doktorarbeit werden die wichtigsten, für eine höhere Nahrungsmittelproduktion erforderlichen Prozesse, wie Intensivierung, Flächenausdehnung und Handel, sowie deren Interaktionen mit der Umwelt näher untersucht. Diese Prozesse fließen in das globale, ökonomische Landnutzungsmodell MAgPIE ("Model of Agricultural Production and its Impact on the Environment") ein. Das Modell simuliert räumlich expliziten Landnutzungswandel und untersucht damit verbundene Vorgänge und Einflüsse, wie die landwirtschaftliche Produktion, internationaler Handel, Produktionskosten, Emissionen und Wassermangel. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des Wechselspiels zwischen Intensivierung und Flächenausdehnung. Regionen, wie Afrika, der Mittlere Osten, Südasien und China benötigen hohe Investitionen in technischen Fortschritt um der wachsenden Nachfrage standzuhalten. Zunehmende Handelsliberalisierung reduziert das Bedürfnis zur Produktivitätssteigerung mit Ausnahme von Lateinamerika, wo aufgrund komparativer Vorteile der Landwirtschaft höhere Produktivitätssteigerungen und stärkere Flächenausdehnungen beobachtet werden. Bezüglich drohenden Wassermangels hat eine Handelsöffnung in den meisten Fällen positive Auswirkungen, da wasserarme Regionen aufgrund vermehrter Importe Wasser sparen können. Dies trifft jedoch nicht auf Australien, Japan und Teile Zentralasiens zu, die durch erhöhte Exporte ihre knappen Wasserressourcen stärker beanspruchen. Die Einbindung von Regeln zum Waldschutz in einen globalen Emissionshandel könnte weitere Entwaldung verhindern. Gleichermaßen würde ein geringerer Konsum von tierischen Produkten in entwickelten Ländern zu einer geringeren Ausbeutung der Wasserressourcen in wasserknappen Gebieten führen. ; One of the most prevailing questions in the 21st century is how to provide enough food for a growing population under increasing environmental and climatic constraints. In this thesis, I will examine the most important processes behind higher food production, like intensification, cropland expansion, and international trade, and its interaction with the environment. The processes are implemented in the global economic land use model MAgPIE ("Model of Agricultural Production and its Impact on the Environment"), which simulates spatially-explicit land use and land use change. Moreover, it examines procedures related to agricultural production, trade, production costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and water scarcity. Results of the thesis reveal the importance of the interplay between intensification and cropland expansion. Countries in Africa, the Middle East and South and East Asia require high investments in technological change to cope with future demand. Trade liberalisation lowers required yield improvements but leads to additional deforestation, especially in Latin America due to comparative advantages in agriculture. In terms of water scarcity, an opening of trade has foremost positive implications since water-scarce regions can save water through imports. This does not hold for Australia, Japan, and Central Asia, which additionally strain their water resources due to higher exports. Appropriate policies on international level can diminish the impact on environment and climate. The inclusion of avoided deforestation into a global emission trading scheme would be able to prevent deforestation. Similarly, policies reducing the consumption of animal products in developed countries would lower the pressure on water resources in water-scarce regions.

Since the 1990s, the European Union is aspiring global leadership in the area of climate change, which is refl ected in its active participation in the negotiations on the international climate change regime. However, those ambitions have not always turned out to be appropriate or justifi ed. Despite the fact that the European Union was able to achieve certain results during the Kyoto Protocol negotiations and even more signifi cant results in the process of its ratifi cation, for the most part EU negotiation strategy based on normative considerations, had not been successful, it was especially evident during the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. Partly the disappointing results of EU performance during the Copenhagen negotiations are to be blamed on some of the key features of EU functioning logic, for example, the overall tendency to rely on scientifi c evidence in policy-making, which did not allow the EU to assess other parties' interests adequately. As the results of the negotiations of parties to the UNFCCC in December 2015 in Paris have shown, the European Union did manage to work out its previous mistakes and build a broad informal international coalition. Contrary to the pessimistic expectations, the agreement was adopted and it took into account quite a few of the EU proposals. However, the Paris Treaty has a number of fl aws and inaccuracies, so the ability to eliminate them in a timely manner by the international community and the EU in particular, will determine the future of the new international climate change regime. ; Начиная с 1990-х гг. Европейский союз стремится к лидерству в вопросах борьбы с глобальным изменением климата, что выражается в активном участии в переговорах по международному климатическому режиму. Впрочем, не всегда эти амбиции оказывались уместными или оправданными. Невзирая на то, что Европейскому союзу удалось достичь определенных успехов в переговорах по Киотскому протоколу и значительных результатов в процессе его ратификации, по большей части выбранная ЕС стратегия, основанная на соображениях нормативности его позиции, не возымела успеха, особенно это было очевидно во время саммита в Копенгагене. Частично причиной неудач ЕС в переговорном процессе стала особенность логики функционирования Европейского союза, в частности, склонность ориентироваться на научные данные при выработке политики, что не позволило ЕС адекватно оценить интересы других сторон. Как показали результаты переговоров по новому соглашению, прошедших на саммите сторон РКИК в декабре 2015г. в Париже, Европейскому союзу все же удалось провести работу над ошибками и сформировать широкую неформальную международную коалицию: вопреки ожиданиям, договор был подписан и в нем был учтен целый ряд предложений ЕС. Впрочем, Парижский договор не лишен целого ряда недостатков и неточностей и от того, удастся ли международному сообществу и ЕС, в частности, их своевременно устранить, будет зависеть будущее нового международного климатического режима.

This open access book gathers the contributions from the Design! OPEN International Conference, held in Parma, Italy in May 2022. The conference explored the multidisciplinary aspects of design starting from its dimensions: objects (design as focused on the object, on its functional and symbolic dimension, and at the same time on the object as a tool for representing cultures), processes (the designer's self-reflective moment which is focused on the analysis and on the definition of processes in various contexts, spanning innovation, social engagement, reflection on emergencies or forecasting), experiences (design as a theoretical and practical strategy aimed at facilitating experiential interactions among people, people and objects or environments), and narratives (making history, representing through different media, archiving, narrating, and exhibiting design). The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

Doing Digital Migration present a comprehensive entry point to the variety of theoretical debates, methodological interventions, political discussions and ethical debates around migrant forms of belonging as articulated through digital practices.
Digital technologies impact upon everyday migrant lives, while vice versa migrants play a key role in technological developments – be it when negotiating the communicative affordances of platforms and devices, as consumers of particular commercial services such as sending remittances, as platform gig workers or test cases for new advanced surveillance technologies. With its international scope, this anthology invites scholars to pluralize understandings of 'the migrant' and 'the digital'.
The anthology is organized in five different sections: Creative Practices; Digital Diasporas and Placemaking; Affect and Belonging; Visuality and digital media and Datafication, Infrastructuring, and Securitization. These sections are dedicated to emerging key topics and debates in digital migration studies, and sections are each introduced by international experts.

"This book provides a broad geopolitical and legal analysis of the longer-term dispute between the Belarusian regime and the European Union, played out through conflict on the Polish-Belarusian border, which started in 2021. Although Poland finds itself at the center of this conflict, the book covers all countries whose territorial integrity has been affected, revealing a Belarusian regime taking advantage of the refugee crisis as a tool of hybrid warfare for destabilizing the political situation. As such, it also examines the role of Russia and its influence by means of its Belarusian neighbor, exposing the underlying motivations and mechanisms used by the Lukashenko regime towards the European community. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Central and Eastern European politics, EU politics, migration politics/studies, global governance, human rights, crisis management and, more broadly, to international relations, security studies, and international law"--

Doing Digital Migration present a comprehensive entry point to the variety of theoretical debates, methodological interventions, political discussions and ethical debates around migrant forms of belonging as articulated through digital practices. Digital technologies impact upon everyday migrant lives, while vice versa migrants play a key role in technological developments - be it when negotiating the communicative affordances of platforms and devices, as consumers of particular commercial services such as sending remittances, as platform gig workers or test cases for new advanced surveillance technologies. With its international scope, this anthology invites scholars to pluralize understandings of 'the migrant' and 'the digital'. The anthology is organized in five different sections: Creative Practices; Digital Diasporas and Placemaking; Affect and Belonging; Visuality and digital media and Datafication, Infrastructuring, and Securitization. These sections are dedicated to emerging key topics and debates in digital migration studies, and sections are each introduced by international experts