Suchergebnisse

The knowledge of social stratification within the peasantry is a decisive precondition of sustainable economic and political measures for an effective support of agricultural production in least developed countries. This is one of the reasons why also in Nigeria social scientist focus on the problem of rural social structures recently. Up to now it was considered uncontested truth that, although there is considerable social and economic differentiation between the so-called small peasants, there is no class formation within the West African peasantry. However, these conclusions may rather reflect misinterpretations of the class concept than the actual situation of the peasants. A critical review of common misinterpretations of the historic-materialist class concept lays the base for the proposition of a new methodology for an analysis of the Nupe peasantry and rural social spaces in Northern Nigeria. Applied to the results an empirical investigation of four Nupe villages in Northern Nigeria in 1976, the proposed model reveals the early stages of a rural capitalist development, notably among rice producing marsh farmers of Cis-Kaduna, despite barriers of the semi-feudal land tenure system still in vigour in Nupeland. Widespread assumptions on the predominance of social mobility as great social equalizer in Northern Nigeria are not backed by the available data. ; Author's Version ; La différenciation des classes rurales au Nigeria: Théorie et pratique - une approche quantitative dans le cas du pays Nupe: La connaissance des couches sociales à l'intérieur de la paysannerie est une condition préalable décisive lorsqu'il s'agit d'appliquer à grande échelle des mesures de politique économique encourageant efficacement la production agraire des pays du tiers monde. C'est pourquoi que des sociologues se penchent depuis peu sur le problème de la structure sociale de la paysannerie au Nigeria également. Jusqu'ici on en venait toujours à la conclusion qu'il existe bien des profondes inégalités sociales et économiques entre les paysans, mais qu'on ne peut cependant parler d'une différentiation de classes. Cette conclusion reflète probablement moins la situation effective des paysans que plutôt une interprétation erronée du concept de classes. Un survol critique de fausses interprétations du concept de classes pose les fondements pour un nouveau approche d'analyse de l'espace rural au Nigeria. Appliqué à une enquête socio-économique de quatre villages du pays Nupe dans le Nigeria du Nord en 1976, ce modèle montre les premiers stades d'un développement capitaliste rural, en particulier chez les paysans du Cis-Kaduna - producteurs de riz — un développement qui acompte en dépit des obstacles du système semi-féodal actuel de la propriété foncière. Les hypothèses largement répandues concernant l'importance de la mobilité sociale en tant que moyen de compensation sociale ne sont pas appuyées par les données disponibles.

In this article, the authors mainly investigate the dynamic performance of VMI-APIOBPCS (Vendor Manage Inventory-Automatic Pipeline Inventory and Order Based Production Control System) in the apparel industry. With the increasing importance of supply chain system integration, VMI-APIOBPCS can integrate various kinds of elements in the real operation, which is proved to be very effective in solving complex problems. Apparel supply chains have relatively more complicated dynamic behaviors because of the factors like volatile demand, the strong seasonality of sales and the large number of items with short life cycle or lacking historical data. In order to clear these behaviors, and come up with new ideas to solve present difficulties, the authors apply classic control theory to build up the model of VMI-APIOBPCS in apparel supply chain. They then analyze the dynamic performance of apparel supply chain and use Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion to analyze the stability on the expectation that the outcomes of our research can be useful in the practical occasions.

AbstractAffection exchange theory predicts that both excessive affection and affection deprivation are associated with poorer health, compared with receiving the level of affectionate communication that one desires. A similar yet‐untested prediction is that affection deprivation is more aversive than excessive affection. This preregistered study tested both hypotheses on a battery of mental and physical health outcomes, including depression, loneliness, stress, physical pain, frequency of nightmares, and sleep quality, using a Census‐matched sample of U.S. American adults (N = 827). As hypothesized, receiving the right amount of affection was associated with more health‐supportive scores on all outcomes than either excessive or deficient affection. Similarly, excessive affection was associated with lower depression, loneliness, stress, and pain, and higher sleep quality, than affection deprivation.

AbstractWe have developed a self‐enforcing contract model to show that better economic fundamentals can help an area or a region under a weak rule of law – but with order – to attract foreign direct investments (FDIs), whereas lowering taxes does not necessarily help. Using a cross‐region Chinese dataset, we find evidence consistent with our theoretical analysis. Regional variations in tax rates and the perceived quality of formal contracting institutions are not correlated with regional FDI inflows, but leadership characteristics are. Most conventional economic factors have the predicted effects on FDIs. The finding that FDI is lower in locations where domestic private firms have better access to finance and where the air quality is poor is also new to the literature.

Im Zeitalter der Globalisierung ist ein Wettstreit um Wissenskompetenzen entstanden, der das Verhältnis, das der Mensch zum Wissen einnimmt, auf entscheidende Weise verändert hat - nicht allein als Träger, sondern mehr noch als Ressource des Wissens gilt er im posthumanistischen Zeitalter.Dieser Band möchte den Konfigurationen des Wissens den Begriff der Ignoranz als Herausforderung gegenüberstellen. Der Grund dafür ist einfach: Ignoranz ist fundamentaler als Wissen, der Bereich des Nichtwissens immer größer als der des Wissens. Den Blick auf die dunkle Seite des Nichtwissens zu wagen, ist eine der zentralen Aufgaben, der sich die Geisteswissenschaften heute zu stellen haben.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword / Rowan Williams -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part One. The Programming of Origins: Sacred Violence and Its Legacy -- A Covenant among Beasts: Human and Chimpanzee Violence in Evolutionary Perspective / Paul Dumouchel -- Liminal Crises: The Origins of Cultural Order, the Default Mechanisms of Survival, and the Pedagogy of the Sacrificial Victim / Pierpaolo Antonello -- Victims, Sacred Violence, and Reconciliation: A Darwinian-Girardian Reading of Human Peril and Human Possibility / Harald Wydra -- Empire of Sacrifice: Violence and the Sacred in American Culture / Jon Pahl and James Wellman -- Part Two. Rebooting Evolutionary Survival: Is Christianity Crucial? -- From Closed Societies to the Open Society: Parochial Altruism and Christian Universalism / Wolfgang Palaver -- Girard, the Gospels, and the Symmetrical Inversion of the Founding Murder / Paul Gifford -- Survival and Salvation: A Girardian Reading of Christian Hope in Evolutionary Perspective / Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly -- Part Three. Violent Reciprocities and Peace-Making in the Contemporary World -- Northern Ireland: Breaking the Inheritance of Conflict and Violence / Duncan Morrow -- Communities of Contrast: Modeling Reconciliation in Northern Ireland / Derick Wilson -- Responses to Morrow and Wilson -- Girardian Reflections on Israel and Palestine / Mel Konner -- South Africa: Positive Mimesis and the Turn toward Peace / Leon Marincowitz -- Peace-Making in Practice and Theory: An Encounter with René Girard / Scott Atran -- Part Four. Between Progress and Abyss: Our Modernity -- Nuclear Apocalypse: The Balance of Terror and Girardian "Misrecognition" / Jean-Pierre Dupuy -- Responses to Jean-Pierre Dupuy -- The "Intermediary" Case / Margo Boenig-Liptsin -- Misrecognition of "Misrecognition" / Paul Dumouchel.

This study sought to test the underlying assumption of the face-negotiation theory that face is an explanatory mechanism for culture's influence on conflict behavior. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in 4 national cultures (China, Germany, Japan, and the United States) asking them to describe interpersonal conflict. The major findings of this study are as follows: (a) cultural individualism-collectivism had direct and indirect effects on conflict styles, (b) independent self-construal related positively with self-face and interdependent self-construal related positively with other-face, (c) self-face related positively with dominating conflict styles and other-face related positively with avoiding and integrating styles, and (d) face accounted for all of the total variance explained (100% of 19% total explained) in dominating, most of the total variance explained in integrating (70% of 20% total explained), and some of the total variance explained in avoiding (38% of 21% total explained) when considering face concerns, cultural individualismcollectivism, and self-construals.

AbstractOriginally developed to explain cultural variation in moral judgments, moral foundations theory (MFT) has become widely adopted as a theory of political ideology. MFT posits that political attitudes are rooted in instinctual evaluations generated by innate psychological modules evolved to solve social dilemmas. If this is correct, moral foundations must be relatively stable dispositional traits, changes in moral foundations should systematically predict consequent changes in political orientations, and, at least in part, moral foundations must be heritable. We test these hypotheses and find substantial variability in individual‐level moral foundations across time, and little evidence that these changes account for changes in political attitudes. We also find little evidence that moral foundations are heritable. These findings raise questions about the future of MFT as a theory of ideology.

This study outlines and empirically tests a field-theoretic view of consciousness and positive social change based on the ancient Vedic tradition of knowledge from India (Veda means "knowledge" in Sanskrit) as brought to light by the Vedic scholar and scientist of consciousness, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. In contrast to most contemporary theories of mind and consciousness originating in the West, Maharishi's Vedic science of consciousness posits the existence of an interpersonal, nonlocalized dimension of consciousness that underlies both individual consciousness and the "collective consciousness" of society, or "national consciousness." We review previous empirical tests in Cambodia, India, the Philippines (and other countries) of hypotheses derived from this field-theoretic view of consciousness. We then present new empirical results, which together with prior research, provide evidence for an interpersonal dimension to consciousness. Segmented-trend regression analysis of data from a prospective, 15-year U.S. national social experiment found support for the hypothesis that "field effects of consciousness" created by group practice of Transcendental Meditation® and its advanced technique, the TM-Sidhi® program, by a theoretically predicted number of participants contributed to a reduction in social stress in national consciousness as indicated by improved monthly homicide trends during the study's experimental period 2007-2011 (p < .0001). These results are consistent with significant reductions in crime and violence associated with group practice of the TM® and TM-Sidhi® program as reported in previous peer-reviewed research. This reduction was followed by a predicted subsequent increase in homicide trends 2012-2016 (p < .0001) after the group fell below the required size (approximately the √1% of the U.S. population).

Abstract: This study aims to analyze technological knowledge and information flows intra and extra-cluster, as well as the cognitive roles the firms play. It was decided to investigate such flows among firms and institutions that compose the wine cluster of Vale dos Vinhedos, mountain region of Rio Grande do Sul, responsible for approximately 90% of the national wine production. The social network method was used for this article. As main results, it is highlighted: the information flow has a distinct dynamic from the technological knowledge flow established among firms; they play different cognitive roles in the identified technological knowledge network; great part of the connections established is with companies from the cluster itself; and the search for knowledge in support institutions in the area is intense, highlighting the importance of geographical proximity in the established relations.

Fortune and Risk are contending conceptions of the role of chance in the universe. From Chance … there issues both "hazard" and "opportunity"… The conception of Fortune is founded on the possibility of exercising some measure of choice over the outcomes one will accept from Chance.Paul A. David, 1974Altruism, insurance, and investment are three potential motives for migrant remittances that have been explored in the literature. The model developed in this paper posits an additional motive – that remittances are necessary for the migrant to participate in the employment networks that are based in the village, and thus are partially a payment for the option to change jobs within this network. The model is tested with data on Mexican migrants to the United States and finds support in that network strength and diversity increase remittances, whereas the insurance motive predicts stronger networks will decrease remittances.

Intentions have been described as a key driver of sustainable entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and eventually activity. As a result of this study, interest may increase in entrepreneurship intentions across numerous entrepreneurial levels and styles, specifically from the point of view of sustainability. However, research to date has not been able to completely determine how the intrinsic complications of instantaneously producing social, environmental, and economic means will have an impact on the intentions of university students. This study sought to inspect the impact of self-transcending and self-enhancing value on the advent of intentions. The theory of planned behavior is an adaptive theory that this study quantitatively analyzed using a structural equation model and survey data from 577 university students in Punjab, Pakistan. The empirical findings show that altruistic, biospheric, hedonic, and egoistic values all have an indirect effect on sustainability-driven entrepreneurial intentions, which is important to understand when assessing attitudes toward sustainable entrepreneurship and perceived behavior control. In essence, attitudes, perceived behavior, and social norms all affect aspirations to become a sustainable entrepreneur. In real-world terms, the findings indicate that by using value activation techniques to increase attitudes and educational interest, practitioners may promote sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. It is also suggested how government services could be improved as part of the strategy.

AbstractThis study investigates the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards the reporting of child abuse in Victoria. A review of the literature suggests that this professional group lacks adequate knowledge of child abuse reporting, legislation and procedures. It is also suggested that numerous factors other than ignorance of the law may influence professionals' cooperation in reporting or trying to deal with a case of child abuse. Finally, it was found that the introduction of compulsory reporting in the State of Victoria would not markedly increase professionals' willingness to report. Seventy-four health professionals were included in the sample for analysis, and the results indicate that negative attitudes to the law and the competence and resources of ancillary services is more of a problem than ignorance of the law.