Suchergebnisse

The goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture's services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen supranational institutions (be it at the European or at the global level). It also allowed to test newly created instruments in their practical functioning. From this prospective, the beef-hormones conflict management reveals the different actors' internationalrelations perceptions and their evolution during the studied period. Finally, as the beef-hormones conflict has constituted a pattern to the establishment of negotiation strategies, it became a cultural reference structuring an international community. It is therefore a socializing factor.My inquiry also enables a better understanding of private actors' expectations about international regulation. Veterinary drug industries are actively involved in the institutional discussions surrounding the beef-hormones case, requesting for binding international food trade standards. They are more particularly interested in the activity of standard-setting bodies like Codex. This attitude indicates that those actors use global regulation instruments to advocate for their preferred collective action principles ; L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le conflit entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe sur l'utilisation d'hormones de croissance en élevage a participé à l'histoire institutionnelle de la régulation du commerce mondial de denrées alimentaires. Entre 1980 et la période contemporaine (2016), plusieurs épisodes critiques ont mis en évidence la perspective atypique de l'Union européenne à l'égard de l'emploi de ces médicaments vétérinaires ainsi que la contestation suscitée par cette réglementation spécifique dans le cadre de la mondialisation commerciale. Ce conflit se joue sur plusieurs scènes : au sein de la Communauté européenne qui, pendant la décennie 1980, peine à trouver un accord interinstitutionnel quant à une législation commune sur les hormones de croissance ; dans le cadre du General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) puis del'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) ; et enfin au sein du Codex Alimentarius, l'organisation internationale chargée d'élaborer des normes alimentaires. Dans chacune de ces instances, la gestion du conflit coïncide avec une phase importante du point de vue institutionnel : création d'organes spécifiques, nouveaux principes et procédures de travail. Dès lors, notre travail visait à détailler l'impact éventuel du conflit sur les hormones de croissance sur chacune de ces institutions ainsi quesur la façon dont, globalement, elles participent à la régulation du commerce international dans le domaine agroalimentaire.Notre travail s'est appuyé sur une enquête socio-historique utilisant un matériau riche et varié permettant de couvrir l'ensemble des institutions identifiées sur la période 1980-2016 : un corpus documentaire a été constitué grâce aux archives des différentes institutions, une trentaine d'entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés. Enfin, plusieurs centaines d'heures d'observationethnographique ont pu être réalisées, la plupart grâce à notre statut de fonctionnaire française du ministère de l'agriculture. Il met en évidence l'évolutivité des fonctions remplies par le conflit sur les hormones de croissance : celui-ci a en premier lieu permis de fédérer l'ensemble des acteurs concernés de la nécessité de renforcer les institutions supranationales, que ce soit à l'échelon européen ou international. Il a ensuite participé à l'élaboration concrète des institutions en permettant d'en tester les instruments au fur et à mesure de leur création, et ainsi, de permettre de réaliser les ajustements jugés nécessaires. De ce point de vue, la gestion du conflit sur les hormones révèle la perception des relations internationales des différents acteurs et sa variabilité temporelle. Enfin, constituant un paramètre pérenne que les acteurs intègrent à leur stratégie de négociationinternationale, le conflit sur les hormones est devenu un point d'ancrage autour duquel s'est structurée une communauté. Il doit ainsi être considéré pour son potentiel socialisateur.Notre enquête apporte également des informations concernant les attentes d'un certain nombre d'acteurs privés en termes de régulation internationale. Le cas des hormones mobilise l'attention des grandes firmes pharmaceutiques qui poussent à l'établissement de normes internationales contraignantes pour le commerce de produits agricoles et concentrent plus particulièrement leur action sur les instances productrices de normes (comme le Codex Alimentarius). Ce comportement semble indiquer que ces acteurs utilisent les instruments de régulation mondiale pour la diffusion de principes d'action publique.

The goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture's services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen supranational institutions (be it at the European or at the global level). It also allowed to test newly created instruments in their practical functioning. From this prospective, the beef-hormones conflict management reveals the different actors' internationalrelations perceptions and their evolution during the studied period. Finally, as the beef-hormones conflict has constituted a pattern to the establishment of negotiation strategies, it became a cultural reference structuring an international community. It is therefore a socializing factor.My inquiry also enables a better understanding of private actors' expectations about international regulation. Veterinary drug industries are actively involved in the institutional discussions surrounding the beef-hormones case, requesting for binding international food trade standards. They are more particularly interested in the activity of standard-setting bodies like Codex. This attitude indicates that those actors use global regulation instruments to advocate for their preferred collective action principles ; L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le conflit entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe sur l'utilisation d'hormones de croissance en élevage a participé à l'histoire institutionnelle de la régulation du commerce mondial de denrées alimentaires. Entre 1980 et la période contemporaine (2016), plusieurs épisodes critiques ont mis en évidence la perspective atypique de l'Union européenne à l'égard de l'emploi de ces médicaments vétérinaires ainsi que la contestation suscitée par cette réglementation spécifique dans le cadre de la mondialisation commerciale. Ce conflit se joue sur plusieurs scènes : au sein de la Communauté européenne qui, pendant la décennie 1980, peine à trouver un accord interinstitutionnel quant à une législation commune sur les hormones de croissance ; dans le cadre du General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) puis del'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) ; et enfin au sein du Codex Alimentarius, l'organisation internationale chargée d'élaborer des normes alimentaires. Dans chacune de ces instances, la gestion du conflit coïncide avec une phase importante du point de vue institutionnel : création d'organes spécifiques, nouveaux principes et procédures de travail. Dès lors, notre travail visait à détailler l'impact éventuel du conflit sur les hormones de croissance sur chacune de ces institutions ainsi quesur la façon dont, globalement, elles participent à la régulation du commerce international dans le domaine agroalimentaire.Notre travail s'est appuyé sur une enquête socio-historique utilisant un matériau riche et varié permettant de couvrir l'ensemble des institutions identifiées sur la période 1980-2016 : un corpus documentaire a été constitué grâce aux archives des différentes institutions, une trentaine d'entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés. Enfin, plusieurs centaines d'heures d'observationethnographique ont pu être réalisées, la plupart grâce à notre statut de fonctionnaire française du ministère de l'agriculture. Il met en évidence l'évolutivité des fonctions remplies par le conflit sur les hormones de croissance : celui-ci a en premier lieu permis de fédérer l'ensemble des acteurs concernés de la nécessité de renforcer les institutions supranationales, que ce soit à l'échelon européen ou international. Il a ensuite participé à l'élaboration concrète des institutions en permettant d'en tester les instruments au fur et à mesure de leur création, et ainsi, de permettre de réaliser les ajustements jugés nécessaires. De ce point de vue, la gestion du conflit sur les hormones révèle la perception des relations internationales des différents acteurs et sa variabilité temporelle. Enfin, constituant un paramètre pérenne que les acteurs intègrent à leur stratégie de négociationinternationale, le conflit sur les hormones est devenu un point d'ancrage autour duquel s'est structurée une communauté. Il doit ainsi être considéré pour son potentiel socialisateur.Notre enquête apporte également des informations concernant les attentes d'un certain nombre d'acteurs privés en termes de régulation internationale. Le cas des hormones mobilise l'attention des grandes firmes pharmaceutiques qui poussent à l'établissement de normes internationales contraignantes pour le commerce de produits agricoles et concentrent plus particulièrement leur action sur les instances productrices de normes (comme le Codex Alimentarius). Ce comportement semble indiquer que ces acteurs utilisent les instruments de régulation mondiale pour la diffusion de principes d'action publique.

The goal of this work is to understand how deep the commercial war between North America and Europe regarding the use of growth hormones in food-producing animals impacted institutional history of global food trade regulation. Between 1980 and the contemporary period (2016), several crises revealed the atypical nature of the European Union ban. As a result, the European Union views legitimacy was contested in the globalization context. The conflict takes places in several arenas. First of all, it constitutes an issue for Europe, which strived to find an interinstitutional agreement on how to legislate on growth hormones at the European level during the 80ies. Then, it has been one of the most talked about disagreements of the General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and the World trade organization (WTO) negotiations from 1987 onwards. Finally, it involves the CodexAlimentarius Commission, the international organization in charge of setting food standards. In each of these institutions, the beef-hormones conflict management goes with important institutional changes: new specific units, working principles and procedures were created. Thus, my work aimed to precisely describe what consequences the beef-hormones conflict might have had on any of these institutions. As a result, I show how this specific case contributed to the instauration of internationalfood trade regulation.My work relies on a socio-historical inquiry based on diverse and rich empirical data, in order to cover the three aforesaid institutions between 1980 and 2016. I constituted a documentary corpus from institutional archives, and I performed about thirty sociological interviews. I spent several hundreds of hours realizing ethnographing observation, most of which being facilitated by my belonging to the ministry of agriculture's services. Analysis of this data emphasizes the transforming role of the beef-hormones conflict at an international scale. The conflict first convinced all the stakeholders that it was crucial to strengthen supranational institutions (be it at the European or at the global level). It also allowed to test newly created instruments in their practical functioning. From this prospective, the beef-hormones conflict management reveals the different actors' internationalrelations perceptions and their evolution during the studied period. Finally, as the beef-hormones conflict has constituted a pattern to the establishment of negotiation strategies, it became a cultural reference structuring an international community. It is therefore a socializing factor.My inquiry also enables a better understanding of private actors' expectations about international regulation. Veterinary drug industries are actively involved in the institutional discussions surrounding the beef-hormones case, requesting for binding international food trade standards. They are more particularly interested in the activity of standard-setting bodies like Codex. This attitude indicates that those actors use global regulation instruments to advocate for their preferred collective action principles ; L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le conflit entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe sur l'utilisation d'hormones de croissance en élevage a participé à l'histoire institutionnelle de la régulation du commerce mondial de denrées alimentaires. Entre 1980 et la période contemporaine (2016), plusieurs épisodes critiques ont mis en évidence la perspective atypique de l'Union européenne à l'égard de l'emploi de ces médicaments vétérinaires ainsi que la contestation suscitée par cette réglementation spécifique dans le cadre de la mondialisation commerciale. Ce conflit se joue sur plusieurs scènes : au sein de la Communauté européenne qui, pendant la décennie 1980, peine à trouver un accord interinstitutionnel quant à une législation commune sur les hormones de croissance ; dans le cadre du General agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) puis del'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) ; et enfin au sein du Codex Alimentarius, l'organisation internationale chargée d'élaborer des normes alimentaires. Dans chacune de ces instances, la gestion du conflit coïncide avec une phase importante du point de vue institutionnel : création d'organes spécifiques, nouveaux principes et procédures de travail. Dès lors, notre travail visait à détailler l'impact éventuel du conflit sur les hormones de croissance sur chacune de ces institutions ainsi quesur la façon dont, globalement, elles participent à la régulation du commerce international dans le domaine agroalimentaire.Notre travail s'est appuyé sur une enquête socio-historique utilisant un matériau riche et varié permettant de couvrir l'ensemble des institutions identifiées sur la période 1980-2016 : un corpus documentaire a été constitué grâce aux archives des différentes institutions, une trentaine d'entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés. Enfin, plusieurs centaines d'heures d'observationethnographique ont pu être réalisées, la plupart grâce à notre statut de fonctionnaire française du ministère de l'agriculture. Il met en évidence l'évolutivité des fonctions remplies par le conflit sur les hormones de croissance : celui-ci a en premier lieu permis de fédérer l'ensemble des acteurs concernés de la nécessité de renforcer les institutions supranationales, que ce soit à l'échelon européen ou international. Il a ensuite participé à l'élaboration concrète des institutions en permettant d'en tester les instruments au fur et à mesure de leur création, et ainsi, de permettre de réaliser les ajustements jugés nécessaires. De ce point de vue, la gestion du conflit sur les hormones révèle la perception des relations internationales des différents acteurs et sa variabilité temporelle. Enfin, constituant un paramètre pérenne que les acteurs intègrent à leur stratégie de négociationinternationale, le conflit sur les hormones est devenu un point d'ancrage autour duquel s'est structurée une communauté. Il doit ainsi être considéré pour son potentiel socialisateur.Notre enquête apporte également des informations concernant les attentes d'un certain nombre d'acteurs privés en termes de régulation internationale. Le cas des hormones mobilise l'attention des grandes firmes pharmaceutiques qui poussent à l'établissement de normes internationales contraignantes pour le commerce de produits agricoles et concentrent plus particulièrement leur action sur les instances productrices de normes (comme le Codex Alimentarius). Ce comportement semble indiquer que ces acteurs utilisent les instruments de régulation mondiale pour la diffusion de principes d'action publique.

[spa] Luis Buñuel es uno de los directores más admirados de la historia del cine. Su carrera hacia al éxito fue larga; aunque era conocido en los círculos artísticos gracias a las obras surrealistas que realizó en París a finales de la década de 1920, no se dio a conocer ante el gran público hasta que empezó a dirigir largometrajes en México. Un país que abrió sus puertas a miles de refugiados republicanos. En la industria cinematográfica mexicana, el director aragonés empezó a dirigir películas por encargo para ganarse la vida; fue en 1950 cuando realizó: Los Olvidados, una obra que trata sobre la vida de un grupo de jóvenes marginales en una barriada de Ciudad de México. Era una época en la que el país tenía un gran crecimiento y desarrollo, ya que estaba en pleno proceso de industrialización; a pesar de ello, las fuertes desigualdades sociales persistían. Cada vez, más gente abandonaba el campo en busca de una vida mejor en las grandes urbes del país y muchas veces sus expectativas de prosperidad y de mejorar su nivel de vida no se cumplían. Por mostrar estos problemas, la película no fue bien recibida por el gobierno y por buena parte de los intelectuales y la prensa; acusándola de mostrar una imagen negativa del país. No gustó, que mostrase de una manera tan cruda la miseria y la delincuencia juvenil que había en algunos de los arrabales de la capital. 30 años después del fin de la Revolución, se seguía intentando consolidar definitivamente, los logros por los que se había luchado: justicia social, progreso para todos los mexicanos, modernización del país, etc… Es por eso, que desde diferentes ámbitos de la sociedad, se mostraba un país perfecto, sin apenas problemas. Los Olvidados solo estuvo cuatro días en la cartelera. Pero después de una pequeña gira por Europa, en la que recibió el apoyo de destacados artistas e intelectuales, incluido el diplomático y poeta Octavio Paz, la película llegó a ser seleccionada para concursar en el Festival de Cannes de 1951. Ganó el Premio al Mejor Director y tuvo un segundo estreno en México muy exitoso, estando más de dos meses en cartelera y ganando once Premios Ariel. Es importante resaltar, que Los Olvidados es una de las pocas películas que forman parte del Programa Memoria del Mundo de la UNESCO. Los Olvidados influenció en el Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, un movimiento renovador cuyos realizadores tenían el objetivo de realizar un cine que reflejase de manera realista y objetiva los problemas que vivían sus países, como: Brasil, Argentina o Cuba. En México, dicha renovación costó mucho más. Esta tesis tiene el objetivo de determinar la influencia de la película de Buñuel en algunas de las obras mexicanas del propio director aragonés y en las de algunos realizadores mexicanos que surgieron en los años 60 y 70, como: Luis Alcoriza, Alberto Isaac, Paul Leduc y Arturo Ripstein. Igual que el director español, estos directores tenían la intención de realizar obras criticas con el sistema político que había en México –durante 72 años fue regido por el Partido Revolucionario Institucional- y no dudaron en mostrar una actitud crítica en sus obras con los problemas que vivía la sociedad en aquellos años. Otro objetivo de la tesis es determinar cómo era México cuando se estrenaron dichas películas. En este trabajo, se dedica un apartado a la biografía de Buñuel antes de su llegada a México, también otro a la realización de Los Olvidados y su posterior recepción. ; [eng] Luis Buñuel is one of the most admirer filmmakers of the cinema history. His career was consolidated in México, the country that opened its doors to thousands of Spanish Republican refugees. Although Buñuel was a well-known person in the artistic environments, he was an unknown person to the big audiences. In the Mexican film industry, the director from Aragon began directing films on request, but in 1950 he directed the movie: Los Olvidados, a work that explained the life of a group of young boys in a very poor district of Mexico City. The film was not well received by the authorities and by some of the press and intellectuals and accused the film of showing a negative image of México. Los Olvidados was only four days in theatres; but after small tour in Europe and with the help of some artists, including a young poet and diplomatic Octavio Paz, the movie competed at the Cannes Film Festival of 1951 and won the prize to Best Director. The movie returned to the Mexican cinemas and it was two months in theatres. Los Olvidados influenced in the New Latin American Cinema, a renovating movement whose objective was to make a cinema closer to the reality and problematic of its country. But in Mexico, the renovation of his cinema arrived more lately. It is important to note that Los Olvidados is part of the UNESCO: Memory of the World Programme. In this PhD, it explains the influence of the movie of Buñuel in some of his most important Mexican movies of Buñuel and in some movies of a group of the most well- known Mexican directors of the 60's and 70's, like: Luis Alcoriza, Alberto Isaac, Paul Leduc and Arturo Ripstein; and how was Mexico when these movies premiered. Like the Spanish director, these filmmakers had the intention to make critical films with the political system that talked about the problems of the society of his time; and also like Buñuel they fought against various obstacles. Also in this PhD, it explains the making off, the release of Los Olvidados, the critical reception and the success in Cannes.

In Colombia, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, there was a rise of kidnapping testimonial literature whose authors were politicians, members of the Armed Forces and foreigners involved in the fight against drug trafficking. Theyconstituted a group commonly known as "the exchangeables" since their captivity responded to a strategy of the guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) established during the Caguan peace negotiations (1998-2002) to kidnap publicfigures, soldiers and police in order to press for a humanitarian exchange. The article aims to outline the conditions of production of a boom in kidnapping testimonial literature by these "exchangeables" in the political and media context of Colombia between 2002 and 2010, and the close relationship of the global publishing industry with the publication of testimony, widely disseminated internationally. The main analytical assumptionof this work is that the testimonial texts are cultural constructions framed in a specific social and cultural context of production and respond to the way society is symbolically organized. Along with this, it is necessary to understand how the rise of memory induces cultural products turned towards the past that reveal traumaticevents in the history of the armed conflict in Colombia. The methodology consisted of a review of written primary and secondary sources and interviews with journalists and experts of the publishing world to establish a production context of testimonial booksconsidered cultural objects. One of the main findings was that the rise of kidnapping testimonial literature by the "exchangeables" was a response to the ideological climate of the country under PresidentAlvaro Uribe, a period in which the farc became the enemy of the nation; therefore, the testimony denouncing their crimes echoed massively in privately owned media and in general in Colombian public opinion. ; En Colombia, a finales de la primera década del siglo xxi, se produjo un auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro, cuyos autores eran políticos, miembros de la Fuerza Pública y extranjeros vinculados a la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Ellos constituyeron un grupo nombrado comúnmente como los "canjeables", puesto que su cautiverio respondió a una estrategia de la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (farc), establecida durante las negociaciones de paz del Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistía en secuestrar durante largo tiempo a personajes públicos, militares y policías, con el fin de presionar un intercambio humanitario. El artículo se orienta a delinear las condiciones de producción del auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables", en el contexto político y mediático de Colombia, entre el 2002 y el 2010, así como la estrecha relación de la industria editorial globalizada con la publicación de testimonios, difundidos ampliamente en el ámbito internacional. De modo que la principal presunción analítica de este trabajo es que los textos testimoniales son construcciones culturales enmarcadas en un contexto social y cultural específico de producción, y que responden a la manera como se organiza simbólicamente la sociedad. Junto a esto, fue necesario entender cómo el auge de la memoria induce a que se creen productos culturales volcados hacia el pasado y que revelan eventos traumáticos de la historia del conflicto armado en Colombia. La metodología consistió en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias escritas y la realización de entrevistas a periodistas y a conocedores del mundo editorial, con la finalidad de establecer un contexto de producción de los libros testimoniales considerados objetos culturales.Uno de los principales hallazgos fue que el auge de la literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables" respondió al clima ideológico del país durante la presidencia de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, periodo en el que las farc llegaron a ser el enemigo interno de la nación, por lo cual, los testimonios que denunciaron sus crímenes tuvieron un eco masivo en los medios informativos de carácter privado y, en general, en la opinión pública colombiana ; Na Colômbia, no final da primeira década do século xxi, produziu-se um auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro, cujos autores eram políticos, membros da Força Pública e estrangeiros vinculados à luta contra o narcotráfico. Eles constituíram um grupo nomeado comumente de "los canjeables" ("os intercambiáveis"), visto que seu cativeiro respondeu a uma estratégia da guerrilha das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC), estabelecida durante as negociações de paz do Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistia em sequestrar, durante longo tempo, personagens públicos, militares e policiais, a fim pressionar um intercâmbio humanitário. Este artigo se orienta a delinear as condições de produção do auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" no contexto político e mediático da Colômbia, entre 2002 e 2010, bem como a estreitarelação da indústria editorial globalizada com a publicação de testemunhos, difundidos amplamente no âmbito internacional. Assim, a principal pretensão analítica deste trabalho é demonstrar que os textos testemunhais são construções culturais delimitadas num contexto social e cultural específico de produção, e que respondem à maneira como a sociedade se organiza simbolicamente. Para isso, foi necessário entender como o augeda memória induz a que sejam criados produtos culturais direcionados ao passado e que revelam eventos traumáticos da história do conflito armado na Colômbia. A metodologiaconsistiu na revisão de fontes primárias e secundárias escritas e a realização de entrevistas a jornalistas e a conhecedores do mundo editorial, com o objetivo de estabelecer um contexto de produção dos livros testemunhais considerados objetos culturais. Um dos principais achados foi que o auge da literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" respondeu ao clima ideológico do país durante a presidência de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, período no qual as farc chegaram a ser o inimigo interno da nação, razão pela qual os depoimentos que denunciaram seus crimes tiveram um eco massivonos meios informativos de caráter privado e, em geral, na opinião pública colombiana.

En Colombia, a finales de la primera década del siglo xxi, se produjo un auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro, cuyos autores eran políticos, miembros de la Fuerza Pública y extranjeros vinculados a la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Ellos constituyeron un grupo nombrado comúnmente como los "canjeables", puesto que su cautiverio respondió a una estrategia de la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (farc), establecida durante las negociaciones de paz del Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistía en secuestrar durante largo tiempo a personajes públicos, militares y policías, con el fin de presionar un intercambio humanitario. El artículo se orienta a delinear las condiciones de producción del auge de literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables", en el contexto político y mediático de Colombia, entre el 2002 y el 2010, así como la estrecha relación de la industria editorial globalizada con la publicación de testimonios, difundidos ampliamente en el ámbito internacional. De modo que la principal presunción analítica de este trabajo es que los textos testimoniales son construcciones culturales enmarcadas en un contexto social y cultural específico de producción, y que responden a la manera como se organiza simbólicamente la sociedad. Junto a esto, fue necesario entender cómo el auge de la memoria induce a que se creen productos culturales volcados hacia el pasado y que revelan eventos traumáticos de la historia del conflicto armado en Colombia. La metodología consistió en la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias escritas y la realización de entrevistas a periodistas y a conocedores del mundo editorial, con la finalidad de establecer un contexto de producción de los libros testimoniales considerados objetos culturales.Uno de los principales hallazgos fue que el auge de la literatura testimonial del secuestro de los "canjeables" respondió al clima ideológico del país durante la presidencia de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, periodo en el que las farc llegaron a ser el enemigo interno de la nación, por lo cual, los testimonios que denunciaron sus crímenes tuvieron un eco masivo en los medios informativos de carácter privado y, en general, en la opinión pública colombiana ; In Colombia, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, there was a rise of kidnapping testimonial literature whose authors were politicians, members of the Armed Forces and foreigners involved in the fight against drug trafficking. Theyconstituted a group commonly known as "the exchangeables" since their captivity responded to a strategy of the guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) established during the Caguan peace negotiations (1998-2002) to kidnap publicfigures, soldiers and police in order to press for a humanitarian exchange. The article aims to outline the conditions of production of a boom in kidnapping testimonial literature by these "exchangeables" in the political and media context of Colombia between 2002 and 2010, and the close relationship of the global publishing industry with the publication of testimony, widely disseminated internationally. The main analytical assumptionof this work is that the testimonial texts are cultural constructions framed in a specific social and cultural context of production and respond to the way society is symbolically organized. Along with this, it is necessary to understand how the rise of memory induces cultural products turned towards the past that reveal traumaticevents in the history of the armed conflict in Colombia. The methodology consisted of a review of written primary and secondary sources and interviews with journalists and experts of the publishing world to establish a production context of testimonial booksconsidered cultural objects. One of the main findings was that the rise of kidnapping testimonial literature by the "exchangeables" was a response to the ideological climate of the country under PresidentAlvaro Uribe, a period in which the farc became the enemy of the nation; therefore, the testimony denouncing their crimes echoed massively in privately owned media and in general in Colombian public opinion. ; Na Colômbia, no final da primeira década do século xxi, produziu-se um auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro, cujos autores eram políticos, membros da Força Pública e estrangeiros vinculados à luta contra o narcotráfico. Eles constituíram um grupo nomeado comumente de "los canjeables" ("os intercambiáveis"), visto que seu cativeiro respondeu a uma estratégia da guerrilha das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC), estabelecida durante as negociações de paz do Caguán (1998-2002); esta consistia em sequestrar, durante longo tempo, personagens públicos, militares e policiais, a fim pressionar um intercâmbio humanitário. Este artigo se orienta a delinear as condições de produção do auge de literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" no contexto político e mediático da Colômbia, entre 2002 e 2010, bem como a estreitarelação da indústria editorial globalizada com a publicação de testemunhos, difundidos amplamente no âmbito internacional. Assim, a principal pretensão analítica deste trabalho é demonstrar que os textos testemunhais são construções culturais delimitadas num contexto social e cultural específico de produção, e que respondem à maneira como a sociedade se organiza simbolicamente. Para isso, foi necessário entender como o augeda memória induz a que sejam criados produtos culturais direcionados ao passado e que revelam eventos traumáticos da história do conflito armado na Colômbia. A metodologiaconsistiu na revisão de fontes primárias e secundárias escritas e a realização de entrevistas a jornalistas e a conhecedores do mundo editorial, com o objetivo de estabelecer um contexto de produção dos livros testemunhais considerados objetos culturais. Um dos principais achados foi que o auge da literatura testemunhal do sequestro dos "intercambiáveis" respondeu ao clima ideológico do país durante a presidência de Álvaro Uribe Vélez, período no qual as farc chegaram a ser o inimigo interno da nação, razão pela qual os depoimentos que denunciaram seus crimes tiveram um eco massivonos meios informativos de caráter privado e, em geral, na opinião pública colombiana.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in the meaning of success in life personality during the adjustment period, as well as mechanisms framing minds of citizens.The analysis suggests that the results of the reforms undertaken during the adjustment period, had a rather controversial, but at the same time can not underestimate them. First, it was destroyed by the totalitarian state, develop multi transparency and democracy. Foreign policy is now based on the concept of «new thinking», under which recognized the need deideologization international relations and increasing renunciation of military-industrial complex as a means of resolving existing contradictions. In the middle of restructuring the country's output has provided society with totalitarianism, ending the monopoly of one party and ideology. Proclaimed such alien to Soviet political rights and freedoms, such as freedom of assembly, rallies and demonstrations, freedom of conscience, pluralism in politics.Secondly, ended a long period of general economic and personal rights depending on the state, there was the possibility of independent economic activity. Changes in ownership of the means of production caused the formation of new classes and social groups, new values, morals, everyday people practices and criteria for success. But unfortunately, the desire to accelerate the development of the socialist economy as reforms have a clear plan supported by implementation of this policy. Innovative initiatives have not brought to an end, and some courageous and correct decision is not implemented by applying old approaches to solving problems and therefore did not bring the expected results.Third, the uniqueness of this period was that actually the first time in Ukrainian and Russian history framing consciousness deliberately not engaged in any social structure and therefore a unique opportunity arose self-development and personal fulfillment.But at the same time, there was also a large number of problems which have both social and personal character. Due to the fact that most people do not understand the changes taking place, they were not prepared for life in the new social reality.Difficulty people adapt to a market economy, not least was and that brought decades of Soviet ideology citizens frames, largely based on negative attitude towards entrepreneurs and owners of capital goods, which are only as exploiters, no one called. But under Gorbachev's perestroika was suddenly announced that private property can and have, on the contrary – employment business, making money was encouraged. People were confused, because all their life was a struggle against world imperialism, and now it turned out that the «working man» – this is just a loser who works hard for a penny. Therefore, in the frame adjustment works on Hoffmann: old, clear, ordinary Soviet frames and algorithms social practices people «fly» under the new social realities. As a result, people in the Soviet sense, randomly composed bipolar model of success in life, which along with the Soviet era frames are frames of the western way of life. This indicates that the core of Ukrainian culture eroded during the adjustment period, because there was a clear focus on individualistic or collectivist values. For the first time there is a situation where the models of success, both in terms of value and in terms of social groups, did not exist. But at the same time, has already started the process of reorientation to achieve not collective and individual, more material success in life of man.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; Осуществлен анализ механизма формирования успеха личности в период перестройки. Показано, что в это время происходит слом всех предыдущих ценностей, фреймов жизнедеятельности и повседневных практик людей. В условиях отсутствия единого субъекта фреймирования хаотично функционируют биполярные, непонятные фреймы социального взаимодействия. Фрейм успеха становится нечетким, «размытым», однако все еще остается коллективистским. Доказано, что в этих условиях фреймирование происходит по Гофману: старые советские фреймы и алгоритмы социальных практик люди «подгоняют» под новые социальные ситуации, чтобы объяснить самим себе, «что здесь происходит».// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; Здійснюється аналіз механізму формування успіху особистості в період перебудови. Показано, що в цей час відбувається злам усіх попередніх цінностей, фреймів життєдіяльності та повсякденних практик людей. В умовах відсутності єдиного суб'єкта фреймування хаотично функціонують біполярні, незрозумілі фрейми соціальної взаємодії. Фрейм успіху стає нечітким, «розмитим», однак все ще залишається колективістським. Доведено, що за даних умов фреймування відбувається по Гофману: старі радянські фрейми і алгоритми соціальних практик люди «підганяють» під нові соціальні ситуації, щоб пояснити самим собі, «що тут відбувається»// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes in the meaning of success in life personality during the adjustment period, as well as mechanisms framing minds of citizens.The analysis suggests that the results of the reforms undertaken during the adjustment period, had a rather controversial, but at the same time can not underestimate them. First, it was destroyed by the totalitarian state, develop multi transparency and democracy. Foreign policy is now based on the concept of «new thinking», under which recognized the need deideologization international relations and increasing renunciation of military-industrial complex as a means of resolving existing contradictions. In the middle of restructuring the country's output has provided society with totalitarianism, ending the monopoly of one party and ideology. Proclaimed such alien to Soviet political rights and freedoms, such as freedom of assembly, rallies and demonstrations, freedom of conscience, pluralism in politics.Secondly, ended a long period of general economic and personal rights depending on the state, there was the possibility of independent economic activity. Changes in ownership of the means of production caused the formation of new classes and social groups, new values, morals, everyday people practices and criteria for success. But unfortunately, the desire to accelerate the development of the socialist economy as reforms have a clear plan supported by implementation of this policy. Innovative initiatives have not brought to an end, and some courageous and correct decision is not implemented by applying old approaches to solving problems and therefore did not bring the expected results.Third, the uniqueness of this period was that actually the first time in Ukrainian and Russian history framing consciousness deliberately not engaged in any social structure and therefore a unique opportunity arose self-development and personal fulfillment.But at the same time, there was also a large number of problems which have both social and personal character. Due to the fact that most people do not understand the changes taking place, they were not prepared for life in the new social reality.Difficulty people adapt to a market economy, not least was and that brought decades of Soviet ideology citizens frames, largely based on negative attitude towards entrepreneurs and owners of capital goods, which are only as exploiters, no one called. But under Gorbachev's perestroika was suddenly announced that private property can and have, on the contrary – employment business, making money was encouraged. People were confused, because all their life was a struggle against world imperialism, and now it turned out that the «working man» – this is just a loser who works hard for a penny. Therefore, in the frame adjustment works on Hoffmann: old, clear, ordinary Soviet frames and algorithms social practices people «fly» under the new social realities. As a result, people in the Soviet sense, randomly composed bipolar model of success in life, which along with the Soviet era frames are frames of the western way of life. This indicates that the core of Ukrainian culture eroded during the adjustment period, because there was a clear focus on individualistic or collectivist values. For the first time there is a situation where the models of success, both in terms of value and in terms of social groups, did not exist. But at the same time, has already started the process of reorientation to achieve not collective and individual, more material success in life of man.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; Осуществлен анализ механизма формирования успеха личности в период перестройки. Показано, что в это время происходит слом всех предыдущих ценностей, фреймов жизнедеятельности и повседневных практик людей. В условиях отсутствия единого субъекта фреймирования хаотично функционируют биполярные, непонятные фреймы социального взаимодействия. Фрейм успеха становится нечетким, «размытым», однако все еще остается коллективистским. Доказано, что в этих условиях фреймирование происходит по Гофману: старые советские фреймы и алгоритмы социальных практик люди «подгоняют» под новые социальные ситуации, чтобы объяснить самим себе, «что здесь происходит».// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; Здійснюється аналіз механізму формування успіху особистості в період перебудови. Показано, що в цей час відбувається злам усіх попередніх цінностей, фреймів життєдіяльності та повсякденних практик людей. В умовах відсутності єдиного суб'єкта фреймування хаотично функціонують біполярні, незрозумілі фрейми соціальної взаємодії. Фрейм успіху стає нечітким, «розмитим», однак все ще залишається колективістським. Доведено, що за даних умов фреймування відбувається по Гофману: старі радянські фрейми і алгоритми соціальних практик люди «підганяють» під нові соціальні ситуації, щоб пояснити самим собі, «що тут відбувається»// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Since the year 1950 until the dawn of this 21rst century in Cameroon, discussions on Catholic Education generally focused on showing the Catholic Church at the crossroads. In other words, the attention had mainly been on a Church facing the challenge of choosing either to continue integrating the Catholic School within her evangelizing mission, or to hand over her schools to the State, due to the various commitments they entail, as well as the misunderstandings which their management brings about within educational communities. Yet, in the light of the Bishops' pastoral letter on Catholic Education in Cameroon (1989), followed by the John Paul II's Post-synodal apostolic Exhortation, Ecclesia in Africa (1995), and also, considering the various opportunities which the Framework-agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Cameroon, in 2014 could generate, it is obvious that the Church has henceforth made the choice of pursuing her evangelizing mission through the catholic School. This study analyzes the challenges of the Church with regard to her renewed commitment in the field of education. In fact, the continuation of catholic education in Cameroon engages the Catholic Church to guarantee the specific caracter of her schools, by virtue of canon law, on the one hand, and to see to it that those schools comply with the standards laid down by the Cameroonian legislation, on the other hand. On the basis of this State legislation, measures are laid down toward private schools in order to sanction institutions falling below the standards required. Among those measures, there is the closure of private schools by public authorities. Certainly, these measures compel ecclesiastical authorities to guarantee the viability of catholic schools in view of providing the youths with quality education. yet, is the implementation of such measures not liable to challenge the canonical legitimacy of the Church as far as establishing and directing schools are concerned (can. 800 § 1, CIC 1983)? The history of Catholic Education in Cameroon, as well as the new challenges of the world today, invites the Church to re-think the catholic School. Considered as being at the core of the Church's evangelizing mission, the catholic School should strive to form by renewing itself. Concretly, Catholic schools are to be, more than ever before, "places of evangelization, well-rounded education, inculturation and initiation to dialogue of life among Young people of different religious and social backgrounds" (John Paul II, Ecclesia in Africa, n. 102). This, therefore, requires a re-definition of the areas of competence of ecclesiastical authorities in Catholic School matters, as well as proven professionalism in administrative, pedagogical, financial and pastoral affairs. Moreover, the same renewal should involve an effort in value the lay staff contribution through a co-responsible synergy within living educational communities. Finally, a quest for quality in education requires a reliable partnership between the Catholic Church and the Cameroonian State in the field of Education, and this, thanks to the bilateral advantages which the dispositions of the above mentioned Framework-agreement could bring about in the future. ; Depuis la fin des années 1950 jusqu'à l'aube de ce 21ème siècle au Cameroun, le débat sur l'Enseignement catholique a généralement présenté l'Eglise catholique à la croisée des chemins. Il s'est agi d'une Eglise confrontée au défi de choisir soit de continuer à placer l'Ecole catholique au cœur de sa mission d'évangélisation, soit de transférer à l'Etat ses œuvres scolaires, compte tenu des charges et des tensions que leur gestion provoque au sein des communautés éducatives. A la lumière de la lettre pastorale des Evêques de 1989 sur l'Enseignement catholique au Cameroun, de l'Exhortation apostolique post-synodale "Ecclesia in Africa" de Jean-Paul II (1995), ainsi que de l'Accord-cadre de 2014 entre le Saint-Siège et la République du Cameroun, il y a lieu de considérer que l'Eglise a désormais fait le choix de la continuité. Cette étude présente une Eglise catholique face à ses responsabilités. En effet, la poursuite de l'œuvre catholique d'enseignement au Cameroun engage cette Eglise à garantir la catholicité de ses écoles selon les normes du droit canonique, d'une part, et à veiller à ce que celles-ci se conforment à l'exigence de qualité posée par la législation camerounaise, d'autre part. En vertu de cette législation, des mesures disciplinaires sont prévues pour sanctionner les établissements privés qui seraient en situation de carence structurelle. Parmi ces mesures figure la fermeture d'établissements d'enseignement par les pouvoirs publics. Certes, ces mesures obligent les autorités ecclésiastiques à assurer la viabilité des œuvres scolaires catholiques en vue d'offrir une éducation de qualité aux jeunes. Cependant, l'application de telles mesures n'est-elle pas susceptible de remettre en question la légitimité canonique de l'Eglise en matière de création et de direction des écoles, une légitimité soulignée au canon 800 § 1er du CIC 1983? L'histoire de l'Enseignement catholique au Cameroun, ainsi que les défis du monde actuel invitent à repenser l'Ecole catholique. Mise au cœur de la mission de l'Eglise, l'Ecole catholique devrait former en se réformant. Les œuvres scolaires ou de formation catholiques sont davantage appelées à être des "lieux d'évangélisation, d'éducation intégrale, d'inculturation et d'apprentissage du dialogue de vie entre jeunes de religions et de milieux sociaux différents" (J.-Paul II, Ecclesia in Africa, n. 102). Une telle réforme passe par une redéfinition des compétences dévolues aux autorités ecclésiastiques, un professionnalisme avéré de la part des membres du personnel en matière de gestion des structures administratives, pédagogiques, financières et pastorales des œuvres scolaires catholiques. En outre, la même réforme suppose une valorisation de l'apport du personnel laïc dans une synergie de coresponsabilité au sein des communautés éducatives vivantes. Enfin, la recherche de la qualité en éducation engage l'Eglise dans un partenariat fiable avec l'Etat camerounais, et ce, par la faveur des avantages bilatéraux que pourraient générer les dispositions de l'Accord-cadre de 2014.

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; En el periodo de la Transición, se desarrolla una serie de películas en las que la crítica cinematográfica identifica una serie de rasgos comunes y relaciona bajo el término "comedia madrileña" o "nueva comedia madrileña". A pesar del interés que el fenómeno despierta en aquel momento tanto en dicha crítica como en el público, una primera aproximación a la bibliografía académica desvela que no existe un discurso consensuado acerca de las características que lo definen, el marco temporal que abarca o los títulos que componen su corpus. A su vez, el fenómeno tiene un carácter efímero, ya que pocos años después de su aparición, los elementos en virtud de los cuales se había establecido el vínculo, comienzan a diluirse y el modelo desaparece. La presente investigación parte de los nuevos enfoques teóricos procedentes tanto de los campos del análisis histórico y de la historia social del cine como del marco que ofrecen las disciplinas de la sociología y del pensamiento social. De esta manera, el trabajo aborda este conjunto de películas como una suerte de subgénero para ponerlo en relación con los cambios políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales que se dieron en la Transición y sin los cuales, como señala Manuel Palacio, habría sido imposible que ésta culminara con éxito. En este marco, el objeto de estudio se concreta en analizar cómo la que se dio en llamar "comedia madrileña", que en el trabajo se redefine como "nueva comedia sentimental", hace circular una serie de valores y visiones del mundo que hablan de los cambios que operan en España en el tiempo de la transición a la democracia. En una primera fase, se realiza una necesaria investigación en torno a la propia génesis y naturaleza del fenómeno a través del contexto en que aparecen los filmes, tanto a nivel legislativo como en cuestiones relacionadas con la producción o el consumo cinematográfico. Los resultados obtenidos permiten avanzar en la identificación de las principales características que definen el subgénero. La combinación rigurosa de estas vías de aproximación delimita el corpus exclusivo de la "nueva comedia sentimental", así como el marco temporal en que se desarrolla. La segunda etapa de la investigación, a través de un análisis fílmico de las películas que conforman el subgénero, identifica los elementos y códigos de representación que aparecen en las películas. Finalmente, esta tesis doctoral estudia de qué manera este nuevo modelo de comedia representa y legitima los cambios sociales y culturales que operan en el periodo transicional. ; During the Transition period, a series of films were made which according to the film critics possessed several features in common; these movies were consequently grouped together under the terms "Madrid comedy" or "new Madrid comedy". Despite the interest which this phenomenon aroused at the time, both among the reviewers concerned and the public, an initial examination of the academic literature reveals that there is no consensus in the discourse as to which characteristics define it, the time frame involved or the actual films making up the body of works. Furthermore, this phenomenon was very short-lived: a few years after its appearance the factors which had given rise to the connection became less influential, and the type disappeared. This research is based on new theoretical approaches drawn from both the fields of historical analysis and the social history of cinema, as well as from the frameworks offered by the disciplines of sociology and social thought. Consequently, this study addresses the collection of films as a species of sub-genre in order to place it in relation to the political, economic, social and cultural changes which occurred during the Transition and without which, as Manuel Palacio has observed, it would have been impossible for the process to conclude successfully. Within this framework, the subject of our research was established: to analyze how what was then called "Madrid comedy" and which we have renamed "new romantic comedy" disseminated a series of values and world-views which examined the changes underway in Spain at the time of the transition to democracy. In the first phase, vital preliminary research was performed into the origins and nature of the phenomenon by studying the context in which the films appeared, both on a legislative level and in terms of film production and consumption. The results obtained enabled us to proceed with the identification of the main characteristics defining the sub-genre. The strict combination of these indicators delimits the exact corpus of the "new romantic comedy" as well as the time-frame it occupies. The second stage of the research, through a cinematographic analysis of the films making up the sub-genre, identifies the representational elements and codes which appear in the films. Finally, this doctoral thesis studies the way in which the new model of comedy represents and legitimises the social and cultural changes in progress during the Transition era. ; Esta investigación se ha llevado a cabo bajo el programa de becas de doctorado para el Personal Investigador en Formación de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Al mismo tiempo, se enmarca dentro del Proyecto de Investigación I+D+i "El cine y la televisión en la España de la post‐Transición (1979‐1992)" dirigido por Manuel Palacio [Ref. CSO2012‐31895, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España]. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Investigación en Medios de Comunicación ; Presidente: José Manuel Palacio Arranz.- Secretario: Marina Díaz López.- Vocal: Duncan Wheeler

The phenomenon of creativity of the artist Ludmila Semikina is a bright page in the artistic culture of Ukraine in the second half of XX – beginning of XXІ century. One of the most characteristic features of her art can be called a variety of areas of creative activities: painting, drawing, fashion design, working in film. The work of L. Semykina appear before modern art enthusiasts in a wide range of their species, stylistic. One of the necessary conditions to create a holistic picture of the creative ways the artist is the study of those relationships, which reflect the dynamic interaction of all components development of talаnt.Ludmila Semykina was born in Odessa – a city of distinct cultural traditions. Not far from the historic center childhood of the future artist. Her father was from intellectual families where all children received higher education. Her mother came from a pour, the family of fishermen. Memories of childhood open the most important page to understand the conditions under which formed the character of the future artist. Her mind from the outset provided a powerful spiritual impulse to self-search in her own way. L. Semykina was 9 years old when his father, realizing tyranny of Bolshevik government in 1933 took to the District Committee of the Bolshevik your ticket. The father was a drama of the whole family, especially his mother, who could not grasp the end of what was happening. The first step for a future profession to become L. Semykina art studio Palace of Pioneers, situated in a beautiful house in the historical and cultural center of the city – the palace of Prince Vorontsov.Two years before the Second World War, in 1939 L. Semykina entered the Odessa art school. After the war, continued education (years of training 1939-1941; 1944-1947). During stay in school she studied sculpture bases, engaged in ceramics, mastered the basics of painting. At that time in school taught by leading figures of the Odessa school of painting – L. Muchnyk, M. Zhuk, T. Frayerman, E. Bukovetsky.Importantly, E. Bukovetsky, K. Kostandi student, was one of the founders of the "Society of South artists". A brilliant painter, he after studying in Paris in the Academy R. Julien, and later – at the Academy of Art taught his students the basics of painting, focusing on European cultural tradition. Culture and respect for educators, the consistent and deep familiarity with the basics of the profession of painter, lectures on art history – all this precious treasure remained in the soul, and the nature of L. Semykina.Theophilus Frayerman included in the main body of the college professors, had a European art education. He was from the Munich School A. Ashbe, the Paris Academy of Arts. Since 1935 Frayerman became a professor of the Odessa Art College, where trains high-level artists, including Otroshchenko S., P. Sinhayivskyy, V. Stryelnikov and others. For beginners such as L. Semykina, it was extremely fruitful when formed creative personality of the future artist.In 1947 L. Semykina graduated from the Odessa Art College. At that time her palette called "pearl." The years of life spent in Odessa, remained as one of the most expensive memories. Later, when last year the institute will become a future artist before choosing thesis topic she chooses a theme related to the native city. From 1947 to 1953, the artist studied at the Kyiv Art Institute in the department of painting and drawing. She went to college as a formed painter, with his own understanding of color. With great difficulty she managed to get into the studio best colorist of the then faculty of Kyiv Art Institute A. Shovkunenko. This was the main motive for a young artist in choosing a teacher, because she so fervently sought to learn the secrets of skill. A role played in this choice is the fact that the Kyiv Institute of Art O. Shovkunenko taught at the Odessa Art School.During training Semykina L. was one of the best in the workshop A. Shovkunenko. In her work, especially portraits, staged felt his school portrait, a deep sense of colorful paintings foundations.Her students' work, such as "Portrait of old", "Portrait of Baroyantsa" (both 1953), suggest the technique brilliantly figure, a good sense of form, powerful rich palette that was "hallmark" L. Semykina throughout studies at the Kiev Art Institute.As already noted, L. Semykina graduated from university not only a professional painter, but also a man with a well-established social position. However dominant in the formation of the creative person was training at the Odessa Art School, and later – Alexei Alekseevich art school Shovkunenko also graduate schools. Art at each new stage of development is enriched with new values, but constant constant spiritual and creative forces of society can be considered a deep cultural tradition that is passed from teachers to pupils and descendants. ; Феномен творчества художницы Людмилы Семыкиной является яркой страницей художественной культуры Украины второй половины ХХ – начала ХХІ века. Одной из самих характерных черт ее искусства можно назвать многообразие направлений творческой деятельности: живопись, графика, дизайн одежды, работа в кино. Работы Л. Семыкиной предстают перед современными ценителями искусства в широком спектре своих видовых, стилистических и жанрових проявлений. Одним из необходимых условий создания целостной картины творческого пути художницы является исследование тех взаимосвязей, в которых отразилось динамичное взаимодействие всех составляющих становлення и развития таланта мастера. ; Феномен творчості художниці Людмили Семикіної є яскравою сторінкою художньої культури України другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ століття. Одна з найхарактерніших рис її мистецтва – це розмаїття напрямків творчості: живопис, графіка, дизайн одягу, робота в кіно. Художні твори Л. Семикіної представлені сучасним цінителям мистецтва в широкому розмаїтті своїх видових, стильових і жанрових проявів. Однією з необхідних умов створення цілісної картини творчого шляху художниці на сьогодні видається дослідження багатоманітних зв'язків, в яких відобразилася динамічна взаємодія всіх складових становлення і розвитку таланту майстрині.

Na década de 1940, arquitectos como Louis I. Kahn, juntamente com outros autores seus contemporâneos, introduziram no Movimento Moderno o tema da "monumentalidade" - expressão divergente da do modernismo funcionalista então estabelecido, o qual havia relegado a arquitectura doméstica para planos secundários. A partir do final da 2.a Guerra Mundial, no âmbito de um outro contexto sociopolítico, fica evidente que as bases do Movimento Moderno de pendor funcionalista eram insuficientes enquanto resposta e expressão da sociedade então emergente. O arquitecto Louis I. Kahn (que até então havia focado o seu empenho profissional predominantemente centrado no desenvolvimento de arquitectura residencial funcional) entende que este enquadramento conceptual e de vocabulário arquitectónico não permitia já a cabal expressão de ideias não apenas vinculadas à racionalidade, mas também ao empirismo e ao pragmatismo, que começavam a marcar o contexto teórico de revisionamento do Movimento Moderno. O reconhecimento destas novas circunstâncias fez com Kahn redireccionasse os seus esforços no sentido do desenvolvimento de projectos monumentais e institucionais - obras que acabariam por definir a trajectória projectual deste arquitecto, estabelecendo-o enquanto figura-chave para a História da Arquitectura Moderna. A valorização outorgada à sua carreira centra-se ainda, principalmente, sobre as obras de carácter institucional, educativo, governamental, religioso ou cultural, sendo dado particular protagonismo a edifícios que reúnam aspectos de "lugar de encontro" ou de cariz "monumental". Esta atenção para com projectos de maior escala não implicou, por parte de Kahn, a cessação do desenvolvimento de projectos domésticos - continuou a desenhar esta arquitectura ao mesmo tempo que consolidava uma linguagem própria para as suas obras monumentais. A perspectiva, quase exclusiva, que se centra na consubstanciação dos projectos de grande escala de Kahn, como se verifica comummente até à actualidade por parte da teoria e da crítica da arquitectura, tem limitado percepções mais amplas e plurais do trajecto profissional deste arquitecto, revelando antes uma evolução com múltiplos "saltos" de linguagem e sensibilidade - promovendo-se assim uma percepção fragmentada do percurso trilhado por Kahn ao longo da sua produção teórica e prática. Esta tese propõe estudar a Arquitectura Doméstica de Louis I. Kahn (1951-1974), a partir dos tempos que passou na "American Academy" em Roma, até à sua morte. O estudo põe a questão se se pode considerar os seus projectos domésticos como precursores da linguagem dos seus projectos de maior escala (monumentais e institucionais). A partir deste objectivo central, a dissertação explora as obras domésticas que "preenchem" os vazios da produção teórica e tectónica do arquitecto, com a intenção de se estabelecer um vínculo directo e precursor entre os projectos de menor escala e os de maior escala. Dá-se, assim, resposta à problemática transversal à dissertação, para além de se incrementar o reconhecimento da Arquitectura Doméstica deste autor através da análise crítica dos casos-de-estudo - revalorizando a arquitectura de pendor doméstico de Kahn como chaves para compreender o seu pensamento e percurso projectual. ; Abstract: In the decade of the 1940's, architects like Louis I. Kahn, along with other contemporaries, initiated the Modern Movement based on "monumentality", a divergent movement form the established functionalist modernism, that relegates residential architecture (that had achieved it maximum impetus during the prewar period) to occupy a second rank. Towards the end of World War II, confronted with a new social-political context, it became evident that the basis of the modern functionalist movement did not lend answers to the necessities of expression of the emerging society. Kahn, who had up to this time dedicated his career predominantly to the development of functional residential architecture, came to realize that this vocabulary was unable to express the transcendent ideas that the new context demanded. This realization caused Kahn to redirect his efforts towards monumental and institutional projects, projects that undoubtedly define his professional career as well as establish his importance as a key figure in the history of modern architecture. In this manner, the main focus, and consequently the value given to Kahn's works, centers upon projects of institutional, educational, governmental, religious or cultural character; giving particular relevance to projects that include aspects of "place of gathering" or are of "monumental" character. This focus towards large scale projects did not however imply the cease in the designing of domestic projects for the architect, whom continued to develop this architecture while formalizing the vocabulary used for his monumental works. The focus that has centered, almost exclusively, upon the developments of Kahn's large scale projects, as has been done up until now, limits a perception of his work as an evolution with multiple jumps in language and sensibilities, a fragmented perception of the evolution of this architect. In this context, this thesis proposes a study of the Domestic Architecture of Louis I. Kahn (1951-1974), encompassing Kahn's domestic projects from the beginning of his mature career, after his fellowship at the American Academy in Rome, until his death. The study proposes to explore if the domestic, smaller scale, projects of the architect can be considered precursors in the language of his large scale, monumental and institutional projects. With this objective, the study will distinguish the domestic projects that fill the voids of the theoretical and tectonic evolution of the architect, with the intent of establishing a direct and precursory link between these works and those of larger scale, and, in so doing, incrementing their visibility and recognition through the critical analysis of each project of this study, revaluing these works as key projects in the comprehension of the architect's evolution.

The Discrimination Act has played an essential role in protecting the right to equality in the ACT but has not been substantially reviewed since its enactment in 1991 . The HRC requested this report to aid that review process. The report considers the need to include an equality duty in the Discrimination Act and formulates a duty based on examples in proposed and existing discrimination legislation. Part 1: Why the ACT Discrimination Act needs a positive duty All existing Australian discrimination law prohibits discrimination on listed grounds. Those laws are 'negative' because they create a duty not to discriminate. 'Positive' duties require duty-bearers to act, an equality duty might for example, require duty-bearers to promote equality. The Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination rather than imposing positive duties. Aside from the HRC's own-motion inquiry power, the Act is a 'complaintsled' model that only applies once a complaint has been received. Legislation that depends on complaints is only as powerful as the people who rely on it. Victims of discrimination often come from the most vulnerable groups in society, while those responsible for discrimination can be well-financed, experienced litigants. Positive duties shift the responsibility to implement discrimination law to duty-bearers, reducing the burden on victims. Prohibitions are reactive and while they have successfully eliminated many of the most overt forms of discrimination, 'negative' duties a re ill-suited to more complex sources of inequality like indirect discrimination and entrenched disadvantage. Indirect discrimination occurs where a condition of employment or access to services applies to all people in the same way, but is harder for certain people to comply with for reasons related to a an attribute protected under discrimination law. Indirect discrimination is prohibited under the Discrimination Act but is hard to identify and has become increasingly difficult to prove. Past discrimination can result in entrenched disadvantage so great that those people most in need of protection fall outside the ambit of discrimination law. 'Mainstreaming' equality overcomes many of the flaws associated with the reactive, complaints-led model by placing equality considerations at the centre of all policies and decision-making by duty-bearers. An equality duty based on a mainstreaming model is recommended for the ACT. Part 2: Positive duties throughout Australia and the world A number of jurisdictions have already included or propose to include positive duties in their discrimination legislation. Almost all of the provisions considered create a two-part duty requiring the elimination of discrimination and promotion of equality. Most adopt a similar mainstreaming framework, requiring duty-bearers to develop, implement, report on and commit to ongoing revision of compulsory equality plans or voluntary a~tion plans. Those plans are typically based on consultation with protected groups and analysis of the equality impacts of existing policies. The plans set objectives and establish standards against which progress can be tested. Patterns in enforcement measures have also emerged, revealing a degree of consensus as to how positive duties should be framed, what they should involve and how they should be enforced. Many duties only apply in an employment context but more recent legislation extends further. Slight differences in duties allow the ACT to choose the most successful elements from each: The Canadian and NT Acts expand the requirement to 'accommodate' needs, traditionally used in disability discrimination legislation, to create a more general positive duty. WA imposes a positive duty through policy rather than legislation. Northern Ireland imposes an obligation to promote 'good relations' between particular groups. Welsh legislation imposes a duty on its National Assembly and creates a right to judicial review. South Africa's PEPUDA imposes duties on all its citizens. The UK's GED, OED and RED create separate obligations but a recent review has recommended that they be combined to 'declutter' the law. As the only other jurisdiction in Australia with a bill of rights, Vic toria's proposed Equality Act provides a useful example for the ACT. Part 3: A positive duty for the ACT Discrimination Act The final stage of the report recommends a range of options and a preferred model for a positive duty in the ACT. To be effective and minimise potential administrative burdens, any positive duty added to the Discrimination Act must be suited to the needs, existing institutions and policies of the Territory. Recent amendments to the HRA make it unlawful for public authorities to act 'in a way that is incompatible with human rights '. Public authorities are also required to submit annual reports on measures taken in relation to the HRA, multiculturalism, women, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. These obligations are similar to those that might be imposed by a positive duty and could be modified and. expanded to cover private entities and form the basis for a duty under the Discrimination Act. Recommendations for the form that duty might take are listed on the following page. Conclusion As the first jurisdiction in Australia to adopt a bill of rights, the ACT has a proud history at the forefront of human rights in this country. Although equality duties are a relatively recent development in discrimination law, their enactment in an increasing number of jurisdictions demonstrates a clear momentum toward the establishment of positive duties as a standard element of discrimination legislation. The ACT is ready to take this next step toward achieving substantive equality within our community; without a positive duty, we risk being left behind and unable to provide the protections necessary to overcome entrenched disadvantage and guarantee equality for all.

This report examines the topic of tobacco control through the use of plain packaging. Predominantly it focuses on its implementation within Australia and as such deals exclusively with Australian law and legislation, international examples are touched upon in areas of economics and history. The idea of plain packaging began with a Canadian doctor in the late 1980s and has since been considered by several countries (Canada , New Zealand and the United Kingdom) but never successfully legislated. It is recommended as part of the World Health Organisation 's Framework for the Convention of Tobacco Control which is the leading guideline to the curbing of the international tobacco epidemic. In Australia there already exist certain guidelines which specify the design of cigarette packets such as packets must contain graphic health warnings which cover 30% of the front and 90% of the back of cigarette packs (Australian National Preventative Health Agency 2008). In addition to the this Australian law also prohibits terms such as 'light' and 'mild ' being used to describe cigarettes (Cancer Council 2005) after it was found by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) that around 55% of Australian smokers (falsely) believed that light cigarettes (meaning in this instance both those advertised as such as well as low in tar) were in some way healthier than regular cigarettes (Bo rland 2004). Advertising restrictions known as 'Out of Sight' legislation now prohibits tobacco products being displayed at the point of sale in several Australian states and whilst some contend that this eliminates the need for plain packaging , significant evidence exists to suggest that tobacco packaging continues to act as an advertisement long after the initial purchase. Irrefutable scientific evidence has shown us to know that smokers face significantly increased risks of "death and or illness from numerous cancers, heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, emphysema and other respiratory diseases. Smoking also causes blindness, dental problems, erectile dysfunction, reduced fertility in women, sudden infant death syndrome, contributes to osteoporosis and increases the risks of pregnancy complications including premature birth , low birth weight, still birth and infant mortality (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2004)". Half of all lifetime smokers will die from tobacco related illnesses, which in global terms amounts to approximately 650 million people (Eriksen & Mackay 2002). Smoking presents health concerns not just to smokers but also those around them, exposure to second-hand smoke (known as passive smoking) also causes disease and death. Recent studies have suggested that the danger of smoking also lingers after the visible tobacco smoke is gone, this danger which is present in the form of carcinogens created by the residue of nicotine interacting with air sticks to surfaces such as carpet and clothing. At particular risk are infants and toddlers. Several groups are more vulnerable than other members of the general public to the dangers of cigarettes and these include pregnant women and people from a low socio-economic background. This entirely preventable health risk (especially to those who have not made the active choice to smoke) is the primary motivator for Government action against tobacco. One of the more unfortunate side effects of tobacco control (specifically increased taxation) is that it creates an incentive for a black market to arise. It is estimated that around 12% of all tobacco consumed within Australia is illicit (that is no tax has been paid on the product) . One of the more troubling forms illegal tobacco takes is "chopchop" bulk, amateurishly grown/processed tobacco which is often cut with vegetable matter to increase its net weight. Incorrectly cured tobacco contains all the health risks of regular tobacco as well as several others due to various moulds, fungi and pesticides . This "Chop-Chop" usage is something that needs to be addressed within Australia for reasons of both health and finance. Given the lack of precedence, several legal issues surround the introduction of plain packaging; some of these such as Constitutional law are unique to Australia and others such as the TRIPS agreement and WIPO are more internationally applicable. The legal opinions collected by this report suggest that there are no legal barriers to the implementation of plain packaging legislation however this is highly contested not just by Tobacco companies and their various lobby groups , but also by professionals within the legal field . Numerous countries, industries and organisations are looking to Australia to determine the validity of this particular kind of tobacco control. The economics surrounding tobacco consumption are complex and difficult to measure and whilst initially it may appear that tobacco through its high level of taxation is beneficial to a community, its true cost (including the burden on health care, loss of productivity, years of ill health etc) can be very difficult to calculate. The findings of this report suggest that although the tobacco industry contributes substantial amount of revenue to the Australian Government the overall cost (both tangible and intangible) to Australia is significantly higher. The long term nature of tobacco related illness means that even after a reduction in tobacco smoking the cost to the Government of their health treatment is ongoing. Furthermore there is significant intelligence both from Australia and internationally that suggests organised crime and terrorism may be funded from the sale of illicit tobacco. Due to the large profit margins, low risk of detection and comparatively minor sentences for those caught, the illicit tobacco trade which annually costs the globe around $40 billion US dollars is a growing and troubling industry. Given the wide scope of this report several recommendations are made which can be viewed on page 56 (entitled Recommendations).

This publication reports findings from the first empirical study on public opinion on the death penalty in Ghana. The research was inspired by the work of the Constitutional Review Commission, which recommended in its final report to Government the abolition of the death penalty. The Commission advanced four main arguments for its recommendation: the current de facto abolition position does not adequately punish death penalty convicts; the lack of justification for the state arrogating to itself the right to take life; current international trends towards abolition; and belief in utilitarian principles which emphasise reformation as the fundamental aim of the justice system. As can be seen, none of these reasons makes reference to public sentiments about the death penalty. The Commission's work involved a 'public' consultation, but opinion leaders and key stakeholders such as professional bodies and local advocacy groups dominated the process. For various reasons – for example, the structure of the process, lack of awareness of the consultative meetings, and the structure of people's routine activities – a large section of Ghanaians was unable to participate in the Commission's work. Yet, a wider public engagement would seem important given the peculiar history of the death penalty in Ghana and concerns about backlash effects in the form of vigilante violence. Moreover, Articles 3(3) and 13(1), which concern the death penalty, are entrenched provisions in the Ghanaian constitution. Therefore, notwithstanding Government's acceptance of the Commission's recommendations, a referendum is required to decide whether or not the death penalty should be abolished. Research evidence on the nature of public opinion on the death penalty will contribute to debate preceding the referendum. The research began following a presentation by the authors at the invitation of the European Union Delegation in Ghana and the French Embassy on the 11th World viii Day Against the Death Penalty in 2013. The research was funded by the Smuts Memorial Fund and the Cambridge-Africa Alborada Research Fund, University of Cambridge. The Centre of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Ghana) carried out the study based on a face-to-face survey of 2460 people randomly selected from four communities in Accra. The selected communities reflect the varying socio-economic and ethnic compositions of the capital city and country. The fieldwork was conducted in April and May 2014, and covered a broad range of issues in relation to the death penalty. The results showed that views about the death penalty do not appear to be polarized. The majority of Ghanaian respondents (48.3%) expressed strong opposition to the death penalty. Only 8.6% indicated strong endorsement of this form of punishment. Almost 6 out of every 10 respondents supported abolition of the death penalty in cases of murder. Among those opposed to abolition, 7 in 10 would support a discretionary death penalty in place of the current mandatory death penalty. The most preferred replacement for the death penalty was life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Approximately, 71% of people interviewed chose life imprisonment without the possibility of parole as the alternative to the death penalty. This is consistent with the recommendations of the Constitutional Review Commission. Popular commentary on the death penalty suggests that Ghanaians support retention of the death penalty for reasons of deterrence. The evidence from this study revealed a tripod of reasons: deterrence; retribution; and justice for victims' families. Among proponents of abolition, sanctity of life and the possibility of executing innocent people were the two prominent reasons. The data show very little evidence of potential backlash in the form of support for vigilante violence or lynching; 26% said they would take the law into their own hands if the death penalty was abolished. The ix findings from a detailed analysis showed that traditional religious beliefs about supernatural punishments were a powerful force shaping attitudes to the death penalty. People who believed in these punishments were more likely to endorse the death penalty and to resist abolition for murder. This is novel finding in the academic literature on the death penalty. However, more research is required to establish more fully the mechanisms that link these beliefs to anti-abolition attitudes. There is evidence of hotspots of death penalty views from this study. Residents of high-class neighbourhoods were likely to oppose the death penalty and to support its abolition for murder. Support for the death penalty was concentrated in low-class migrant areas. An interesting finding emerged that low-class indigenous areas were more opposed to the death penalty than middle-class areas. Finally, a key issue in death penalty research concerns the role of scientific evidence, especially evidence on deterrence effects and wrongful conviction. The findings show that evidence has both transformative and reinforcement effects. While scientific evidence does not lead to a complete rejection of the death penalty, the findings showed that some anti-abolitionists are open to a reasoned debate, and will reconsider their views in the face of scientific evidence. Taken together, the findings from this public opinion survey show a weak public support for the death penalty in Ghana. On the issue of abolishing the death penalty and possible backlash effect, the evidence suggests this is unlikely to be the case. Importantly, the survey reveals the complexity of public opinion on the death penalty and the need for evidence-based approach to understanding the roots of public concerns in order to prevent any possible backlash effects that might lead to pressure to reinstate the death penalty.