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International audience ; Background. Ethnic inequalities in health status and health care remain substantial in Europe and addressing them is becoming a priority. However, the best way to respond to such a challenge is, as yet, unclear. The research community is grappling with the contribution of socio-economic discrimination to ethnic inequalities. Methods. We present a new theoretical analysis, based on the landmark work of Charles Tilly on 'Durable Inequality' and we apply it to the public health goal of reducing ethnic health inequalities. Results. Tilly claims that, for organisational reasons, ethnic categories and socio-economic categories are tied together. The theory of Durable Inequality claims that the matching of ethnic categories with socio-economic categories helps to enforce exploitation, leading to durable inequalities. We present the theory, and focus on its main components (categories, exploitation, opportunity hoarding, emulation, adaptation) and discuss the implications for health inequalities by ethnic group. In essence, the theory leads to four recommendations for the study of ethnic health inequalities: (1) to investigate organisational processes creating ethnic health inequalities ; (2) to investigate the role of networks and ties on health behaviours, health care use and their psychological factors; (3) to define ethnicity through flexible, multidimensional binary categories, that should vary according to context; (4) to assess cumulative inequality within a domain, across domains and across generations. Conclusions. Our paper, to our knowledge is the first attempt to analyse Tilly's theory in relation to ethnicity and health, opens a debate to refine the implications of these ideas prior to empirical testing.

This longitudinal study applied general strain theory to elaborate specific stressful events' lagged effects on risk of illicit substance use among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adolescents, and relatedly evaluated the moderating role of race/ethnicity in explaining illicit use. Data were drawn from five waves representing 9 years (2002–2010) of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), totaling 16,868 person-waves, and we engaged temporal ordering and generalized estimating equations (GEE) for panel data in STATA for data analysis. Results showed specific events affected risk of illicit substance use differentially across racial/ethnic groups. Strains commonly encountered in disorganized spaces affected non-Hispanic White's risk. Measured strains did not affect non-Hispanic Black respondents and findings for Hispanic respondents point to the family as a possible strain. Results indicated legal drug use and depression increased risk of illicit use greatly. Race/ethnicity's role in illicit use's associations with several variables illustrates differential implications for racial/ethnic groups in policy and preventive interventions.

ObjectiveIn this project, we develop an informational theory that identifies which prime minister debates are the most meaningful in terms of shifting Spanish public opinion . We argue that debates immediately following the installation of new leaders (because they shine light on leadership traits) and debates occurring in times of crisis (because voters can judge both the leader's ability to remedy the problems and their policy proposals) will have the largest short‐ and long‐term effects.MethodsWe use seemingly unrelated regression to explore the impacts of 15 Spanish State of the Nation debates from 1998 to 2016 on vote intention for Partido Popular (PP) and the Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol (PSOE).ResultDebates following the installation of new party leaders often produce sizable improvements in vote intention, but the most meaningful debates occur during economic crises.ConclusionParliamentary debates are valuable opportunities for party leaders to shift public opinion in their favor, a fact that is not lost to them considering the time and energy devoted to crafting strategies, and the media's fascination with providing extensive coverage of the debates. This study has important implications for the study of dynamic processes (such as vote intention), and the link between parties' strategic communications and voting behavior.

SummaryAmong women in mainland Tanzania, Iringa region in the southern highlands has the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate while Arusha region in the north-east has the lowest prevalence rate. In a 2007/8 survey, Iringa's HIV rate for women was 18.6% versus 0.8% in Arusha. Using data from a survey of women aged 15–49 years conducted in 2009 by the Champion project of EngenderHealth, a comparison was made of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and practice between women in Iringa and Arusha regions. It was found that women in Arusha region had more knowledge of HIV/AIDS than women in Iringa region, and that more than three-quarters of the women in each region were married and 12% of the women in Arusha region had never been married compared with 8% of the women in Iringa region. The majority of women in each region had at least primary school education and there was no significant difference between their educational levels. Women in Arusha region were economically less active than women in Iringa region, a statistically significant association. More women in Arusha region than in Iringa region had never had children (24% versus 12%). Similarly, women in Arusha region had significantly fewer children compared with women in Iringa.

Traditionally, the origins of International Relations as a stand‐alone academic discipline have been traced to the inspiration of a generation of so‐called liberal idealist thinkers. Since the late 1990s, however, a growing revisionist literature has challenged this assumption. Important studies have been conducted to show that prominent early IR scholars, such as Leonard Woolf and David Mitrany, hardly share the characteristics of so‐named IR's idealism. The case of J.A. Hobson has also been part of revisionist efforts. Paradoxically, however, he has been at times placed in alignment with "idealist" values. This article aims to employ Hobson to challenge IR orthodox narratives. Through an analysis of Hobson's writings on imperialism, the article aims to reveal a little acknowledged and yet significant underlying theoretical socialist influence on his international theory.

How to align research and innovation with values, needs and expectations of society? During the past ten years, researchers, policy-makers and funders in Europe have developed and supported the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) approach to address societal aspects of research and innovation early on.
The post Responsible Research and Innovation training appeared first on Ideas on Europe.

AIM: This paper is a report of a study to identify parents' perceptions of postpartum family experiences. BACKGROUND: There is a growing worldwide emphasis on family support. Government policy in the United Kingdom advocates a family-centred approach in which a core universal postbirth service is offered to all families with additional support for parents of children with complex needs. Health visitors provide family postpartum care without an agreed theory directing or standardizing practice. There is a need to identify parental experiences to define family-centred care. METHOD: A qualitative, exploratory approach was undertaken using a purposive sample of 17 postpartum families. Data were collected in one region of Northern Ireland in 2001-2002. Participants' experiences and views were accessed during two focus groups with a total of seven participants, and six in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted. FINDINGS: One core theme, 'thriving and surviving', and three main themes, 'baby nurture', 'life changes', 'coping and adapting resources', were identified to describe how parents developed during the first 8-week postpartum. These were influenced by the physical, the psychosocial and the environmental factors. The identified themes were mapped together to form an Integrated Mid-Range Theory of Postpartum Parent Development. CONCLUSION: As parents need to negotiate successfully both present coping and future development during the postpartum period, there is a need for professionals to offer services that are orientated to holistic short- and long-term well-being. The findings, further to additional research, may be used by health visitors and other professionals to direct universal postpartum care.

Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Contrasting epistemologies of organizational behaviour -- Religion inspired business by Gregory Macleod -- The Tawhidi methodology with implication in Islamic economics as an embedded socio-scientific system : contra-Islamic neoclassical reasoning -- Equitable distribution of wealth and resources in Islam (Ruhul Salim & m. Zakir Hossain) -- Evolutionary learning organization and the social economy -- Shari'ah and the world-system -- Ethics in evolutionary learning models : a critique of comparative perspectives and the alternative applied to the wellbeing of Canadian aboriginals : an extended application -- The nature of business social ethics in heterodox epistemological worldviews -- An organizational theory of human resource development and poverty alleviation -- Critical questions on Islamic financial institutions and their necessary transformation -- The impact of Islamic development financing on poverty alleviation in Indonesia (Masudul Alam Choudhury and Tatik Mariyanti) -- An empirical model of the Islamic poled fund in the light of tawhidi unity of knowledge (Masudul Alam Choudhury and Rifki ismal) -- Simulating the estimated circular causation relations in unity of knowledge relating to poverty alleviation in Indonesia (Masudul Alam Choudhury and M. Shahadat Hossain) -- Conclusion -- Index

Graduate education plays a significant role in the development and the economy of the nation. Therefore, it is significant to evaluate the program it offers as they provide relevant contributions to their graduates' knowledge, skills, and ability in the workplace. This study explored the relevance of curriculum, instruction, and facilities of the Master in Business Administration program (MBA) at the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology (NEUST) to the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the graduates. Guided by Active Learning Theory, the study utilized a qualitative research design to understand the meaning and actual experience of the participants in their natural work settings. The emerging themes and recurring patterns from the interview and field notes are presented, discussed, and supported by the actual data and existing studies. The analysis showed that the curriculum, instruction, and facilities are relevant to their acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities, which are significant to their workplace. Furthermore, the university's approach of providing actual work environment experience coupled with instructors who are experts in the field provides the relevant learning experience for the graduates. The least relevant and the least rating was given to the facilities. For the graduate education to be relevant, it needs to cope with the constantly changing and developing environment. It needs continuous enhancement and it can be done through the evaluation and feedbacks of the graduates. Future researchers might consider a more comprehensive evaluation of the graduates' experience both quantitatively and qualitatively for future study.