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Executive Summary Uganda has long promoted refugee self-reliance as a sustainable livelihood strategy with progressive land-allocation and free-movement-for-work policies. Framed as a dialogue with related Oxford University Refugee Studies Centre ("the Centre") research on refugee economies, this article explores sustainable solutions that benefit refugees as well as the host populations that receive them. It explores the self-reliance opportunities that depend on the transnational, national, and local markets in which refugees participate. It acknowledges the Centre's substantial work and welcomes its focus on economic outcomes. For Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda, however, the discussion of "refugee economies" may not be complete without problematizing the effects on the host populations living alongside the refugees. Based on qualitative data collected at Nakivale in 2013 (concurrent with the Centre's fieldwork), the article discusses the Centre's market-based approach to refugee economies by emphasizing four essential considerations: Land distribution in Nakivale is not sustainable. Corruption strongly influences the refugee and host populations living in Nakivale. The impact on the local host population is not homogeneous. Among refugees, the Somali–Congolese relationship is exploitative, not amicable. This article discusses how Uganda's refugee policies create economic profit for some but poverty for others. As a result, its welcoming open door is on the verge of collapse. The recommendations address alternative refugee-protection approaches that aim to lower the pressure on land allocation, enable a self-sustainable approach that protects the host population, and provide refugees with some degree of self-reliance. This discussion does not discount the Centre's finding that entrepreneurship is an important part of such solutions. Instead, it addresses the challenges of using entrepreneurship as a durable solution — as long as Uganda's dominant policy is self-reliance based on distribution of food and land and the refugees' limited cultivation of that land. To addresses some of the obstacles for durable solutions in a way that protects both the refugees and the host population, this article makes four recommendations for policy and practice. With assistance from the international community, the Ugandan government should: Prioritize the welfare of its citizens who live in Nakivale in the national land-allocation strategy. Enact clear and consistent legislation regarding autochthonous land ownership and use of eviction policies, and design economic reforms to eliminate systemic corruption. Include non-agricultural income-generating activities in the self-reliance policy, and finance entrepreneurs through governmental or international funding. Allow refugees to move away from the settlement without loss of refugee status or access to assistance.

Nach Formulierung der Problematik und der Ziele der Ausarbeitung, werden die rechtlichen und ökonomischen Grundlagen in Bezug auf Managementvergütung vorgestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Prinzipal-Agenten-Theorie als ökonomische Ursache für die Notwendigkeit von individuellen Vertragsgestaltungen thematisiert. In weiterer Folge werden die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen gleichermaßen wie die Grundlagen und Auswirkungen von Corporate Governance vorgestellt. Anschließend widmet sich diese Ausarbeitung der wertorientierten Unternehmensführung, dem zugrundeliegenden Konzept, nicht monetären Größen sowie den Wertbeitrags- und Rentabilitätskennzahlen in Bezug auf die Messung der Nachhaltigkeit von Jahresergebnissen. Darauf aufbauend werden Vergütungsmodelle vorgestellt und die Grundlagen der variablen Komponente untersucht. Dabei spielen besonders Budgetsysteme und aktienkursorientierte Vergütungskomponenten eine bedeutende Rolle. Diese Untersuchungen erfolgen stets im Zusammenhang mit wertorientierter Unternehmensführung. Als abschließender Punkt werden die Möglichkeiten bilanzpolitischer Maßnahmen thematisiert. Es wird definiert, was unter dem Begriff Bilanzpolitik zu verstehen ist und welche Möglichkeiten sich für den Manager eines Unternehmens ergeben, das Ergebnis einer Wirtschaftsperiode gezielt zu formen, um die Zielerreichung von vereinbarten Vorgaben in etwaigen Entlohnungsverträgen zu treffen.Im Resümee werden die glättenden Wirkungen von Bilanzpolitik betont, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Zielerreichung und Zielformulierung für die Bemessungsgrundlage von Vorstandsbezügen aufgezeigt. Ebenso wird der Zeithorizont der Vertragsparteien als entscheidendes Kriterium für optimale Verträge definiert. ; After formulation of the problem and the objectives of the elaboration in the introduction, the legal and economic basis for management remuneration is presented in the first chapter. In this context, the principle-agent theory is discussed as the economic cause for the necessity of individual contract arrangements. Subsequently, the legal framework as well as the fundamentals and effects of Corporate Governance are discussed. In the following, this elaboration is about the value based management in context of earnings management, the underlying concept, non-monetary variables as well as the value-added and profitability indicators with regard to measuring the sustainability of annual results. Based on this, remuneration models are presented and the fundamentals of the variable component are examined. In particular, budgets and share-oriented compensation components play an important role regarding management compensation. These investigations are always carried out in connection with value-oriented management. Finally, the possibilities for balance sheet policy measures are discussed, related to earnings management. It defines what is meant by the term "balance sheet policy" and what opportunities a manager of a company can make to shape the outcome of an economic period in order to reach the goal of agreed targets in possible pay agreements.In summary, the smoothing effects of balance sheet policy are emphasized, as well as their effects on the achievement of the objectives and the formulation of the target for the basis of assessment of executive board remuneration. Likewise, the time horizon of the contract parties is defined as a decisive criterion for optimal contracts. ; Paul Steininger ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1755840

The article deals with problems of the modern Latin American democracy in the context of various research methods, factors of stability and proneness to conflict, as well as new challenges for democracy set by the developing modern society. The author analyzes the leading experts' opinions in the field – mainly Spanish and Latin American researchers involved in modern social and political problems. Much attention is given to: political development issues in the region; transformation of the political parties' and civil society's role in response to consolidation of Latin American democracies; the youth activity as a new political phenomena; the increase of social protests, and the phenomenon of exaggerated social expectations. The important role of the social policy in stabilization of the political situation in the region, as well as in a successful democratic consolidation process is noted. Almost all countries of the region used the period of economic prosperity and growth (2003–2013) to develop and implement a targeted social policy aimed at the social sphere development, employment growth, and the improvement of education and public health systems. But the majority of successful social projects were devoted mainly to solving the most daunting and morbid problem of the Latin American society – poverty, which has been significantly lowered. Thus, the state targeted social policy played a significant role in shaping a positive attitude towards democracy. However, even over a ten-year period of economic growth, a state was unable to solve all problems accumulated. These challenges have been left unattended. It poses a serious threat to political stability. It is noted that the assessment of the democratic development prospects in the leading countries is closely related to social pessimism, which has been spreading among different classes of the Latin American society in recent years, and is associated not only with the worsening economic situation, but also with the growing disappointment in possibilities of democracy itself. Ineffective public administration, bureaucratization of state agencies and corruption cause irritation and discontent among the population. At the same time, along with criticism and emphasis on the subject of "disappointment" in politics, the commanding view among researchers is that the liberal democracy must be defended despite all its drawbacks and weaknesses, as the challenges for democracy set by the modern developing society, however serious they may be, are merely the tests of its prospects and possibilities, and not the evidence of its inconsistency.

Рассматривается экономическая политика сменявших друг друга на протяжении 1917-1919 гг. «красной» и «белой» властей в одном из крупнейших городов Сибири Красноярске. С приходом Советской власти с декабря 1917 г. в Красноярске, как и в стране в целом, начались коренные преобразования в экономике, которые не дали ожидаемого результата и привели экономику города к упадку. После ухода большевиков из города в июне 1918 г. противоборствующая сторона столкнулась с теми же проблемами в экономической жизни города, «белые» власти также не смогли решить их. ; The aim of the article is to analyze the economic policy of the "red" and "white" authorities in one of the largest Siberian city during 1917-1919. With the advent of Soviet power in Krasnoyarsk, as well as in the country as a whole, began nationalizing industries and corporations. A work control was established all over enterprises. To guide the nationalized enterprises in February 1918 was created Provincial Economic Council, headed by Yakovlev V.N. The problems with food insecurity began from the earliest days of the Soviets. Since February 1918 the price of food increased, besides that there was unemployment. Crowds of people searching for a job besieged commercial and industrial enterprises and factories in the city. All the activities undertaken by the Bolsheviks in food and financial policy were not successful. In June 1918 the SovietBolsheviks regime was ruined in Siberia. But when the Bolsheviks had left the city, their enemies had the same problems. Provisional government of Siberia cancelled all the activities carried out by the Soviet power. During the Civil War economic situation in Krasnoyarsk got worse from month to month. Industrial production declined, traders engaged in speculation, free trade in grain led to complete disruption of the market. The City Council headed by Muzykin A.P. thought that the crisis in the country was a real reason of the difficult situation in the city. In April 1919 Kolchak government restored the system of taxation of population, the main thrust of which was placed on indirect taxes, over time, more increased. Tax policy, lack of food were the main reason of high prices. So, from May 1918 to January 1919, food prices had risen by 754%. In January 1920 the Red Army entered Krasnoyarsk and the Soviet power was established in the city. Nearly half of factories and workshops didn't work in the city and province in 1920. Only 109 companies of 200 were able to restore its activities to the summer of 1920.

В статье обоснуется положение, что бюджет, являясь основным инструментом государства в централизации и перераспределении валового общественного дохода и составляя основу финансовой деятельности государства, исполняет роль координатора экономической жизни, а также то, что он позволяет контролировать поступление доходов в форме налоговых и неналоговых платежей и займов, с одной стороны, и процесс использования бюджетных ресурсов согласно бюджетной росписи с другой. При этом размеры налогов и займов определяются законами воспроизводства и зависят от количественных и качественных параметров совокупного дохода общества. Все это, по мнению авторов, предопределяет тесную взаимосвязь между производством, фискальной и бюджетной политикой государства. Раскрыты основные функции бюджетной политики государства, в том числе фискальная, социальная и функция экономического регулирования. Обосновано, что вне зависимости от природы бюджетного дефицита он должен быть профинансирован и что существуют инфляционный и неинфляционные методы покрытия дефицита в виде внутренних и внешних заимствований, которые могут разнонаправленно воздействовать на экономический рост и стабильность национальной экономики. В статье рассмотрены основные приоритеты и направления бюджетной политики и обоснован вывод, что они отражают всю совокупность принимаемых и осуществляемых органами власти решений, относительно реализации экономической политики государства и дальнейшего развития бюджетных отношений в интересах граждан, общества и государства в целом. ; The article will locate the position that the budget is the main instrument of the state in the centralization and redistribution of the gross public income and that, forming the core of financial activity of the government, and plays the role of the coordinator of economic life. Budget allows control the flow of income in the form of tax and non-tax payments and loans, and the process of utilization of budget resources according to the budget outlay. The sizes of the taxes and borrowings are determined by the laws of reproduction and depending on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the aggregate income of the company. All this, according to the authors, predetermines the close relationship between production, fiscal and budget policy of the state. The main functions of fiscal policy of the state, including fiscal, function of economic regulation and social functions. It is proved that a budget deficit, must be funded, and that there are inflationary or not inflationary methods of covering the deficit in the form of internal and external borrowing. Which have the diversity directional impact on economic growth and stability of the national economy. The article considers the main priorities and directions of the budget policy of the Russia government, and about further development of intergovernmental fiscal relations in the interests of citizens, society and state as a whole.

En este artículo analizaremos el diseño y la implementación de tres medidas que tuvieron diferentes repercusiones en el tiempo: la 'municipalización' (1976-1980); la selección de intendentes en 1981 y el recorte del gasto público hacia 1982. En primer lugar, veremos que la política de municipalización se inscribió en un programa más general de reducción del aparato estatal sostenido por el ministro de Economía, José Martínez de Hoz (1976-1981). Observaremos que, en algunos distritos, dicha municipalización careció del impacto que los propios funcionarios le atribuían. En segundo término, presentaremos las derivaciones que tuvo la política de selección de intendentes en 1981. Clausurados los mecanismos electorales, los gobernadores tenían la autoridad exclusiva para nombrar y remover intendentes. Esta práctica comenzó a ser denunciada públicamente por los grupos que se sentían perjudicados. Sin elecciones ala vista, el gobernador y sus ministros respondieron a los reclamos de distintas maneras, lo que acentuó la arbitrariedad. En algunos casos atendieron a las protestas y en otros las ignoraron abiertamente. En tercer lugar, estudiaremos los efectos de las medidas económicas de ajuste que debieron aplicar los intendentes al final del Proceso. Por un lado, aparecieron movimientos de 'amas de casa' que presionaban para que bajaran los precios; y por el otro, los intendentes en persona admitían que la política económica los estaba afectando directamente. ; In this article we will explore the design and implementation of three measures that had different impacts on the time: the 'decentralization' (1976-1980); the selection of mayors in 1981 and the economic political towards 1982. Firstly, we will see the policy of decentralization is inscribed in a program more general reduction of the State apparatus sustained b the Finance Minister, José Martínez de Hoz (1976-1981). Observe that in some districts, such municipalizador lacked the impact that owns officials attributed you. Secondly, we will present the impact that assumed in 1981, the mayors selection policy. Closed electoral mechanisms, the Govemors had exclusive authority to appoint and remove mayors. Advanced the dictatorship, this practice began to be publicly denounced by the groups that were damaged. Without elections, the Governor and his ministers responded to claims in different ways: in some cases attended to pro-tests and in others ignored them. Thirdly, we will study the effects of economic measures of adjustment had applied the mayors at the end of the dictatorship. One hand, appeared movements called amas de casa; and on the other hand, the mayors in person supported economic policy was them directly affecting. ; Departamento de Sociología

Darbs "Inflācijas samazināšanas ietekme uz Latvijas tautsaimniecību" ir veltīts vienai no esošajām ekonomikas problēmām. Darbā ir izpētīta inflācijas būtība un ietekmējošie faktori, kā arī izanalizētas inflācijas ekonomiskās sekas. Ir izteikts teorētiskais pamatojums tam, ka Latvijas tautsaimniecībā ir sastopama izmaksu inflācija, kā arī ir izpētīta inflācijas dinamika Latvijas tautsaimniecībā pirms un pēc iestāšanas Eiropas Savienībā. Darbā ir veikta analīze pretinflācijas politikas īstenošanā Grieķijā, kas arī ir saskārusies ar augstu inflāciju. Maģistra darbs sastāv no ievada, 3 nodaļām, secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem. Darba pirmajā nodaļā ir apskatītas teorētiskās atziņas par inflāciju un tās būtību, apskatīti tās ietekmējošie faktori un raksturotas ekonomiskās sekas. Otrajā nodaļā ir izpētīta un izanalizēta inflācijas dinamika Latvijas tautsaimniecībā pirms un pēc iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā. Darba trešajā nodaļā ir izpētīta Grieķijas pieredze pretinflācijas politikas īstenošanā. Ir izanalizēti pretinflācijas politikas pamatprincipi un noteikti galvenie virzieni. Ir izpētīta inflācijas attīstība nākotnē, izmantojot dažādu ekspertu veiktos pētījumus un izteikto viedokli. Veicot tehniskos aprēķinus, izmantojot datorprogrammas, ir noteiktas nākotnes vērtības inflācijai. ; The paper "The influence of decreasing inflation on the Latvian national economy" is devoted to one of the existing economic problems. The paper states the essence of inflation and the influencing factors as well as characterises the economic consequences of inflation. Theoretical basis has been expressed to the fact that in the Latvian national economy we come across the inflation of costs, as well as the dynamics of inflation in the Latvian national economy before and after joining the European Union has been studied. The paper also studies the process of implementing the anti-inflation policy in Greece that also experienced a high rate of inflation. The Master's paper consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusions and suggestions. The first chapter of the paper provides theoretical background information on inflation and its essence as well as describes its influencing factors and economic consequences. The second chapter deals with the study and analysis of the dynamics of inflation in the Latvian national economy before and after joining the European Union. The third chapter of the paper provides a study on the Greek experience in implementing the anti-inflation policy. The author has analysed the key principles of the antiinflation policy and determined the main directions. The chapter includes a study on the future development of the inflation based on the studies and expressed views of various experts. By doing technical calculations and using software the future values for the inflation have been determined

Research universities throughout the world are part of a larger effort by nation-states to bolster science and technological innovation and compete economically. The US remains highly competitive as a source of High Tech (HT) innovation because of a number of market positions, many the result of long term investments in institutions such as research universities and in R&D funding, and more broadly influenced by a political culture that has tended to support entrepreneurs and risk taking. In essence, the US was the first mover in pursuing the nexus of science and economic policy. The following essay places universities within this larger political and policy environment by discussing market factors that have influenced knowledge accumulation and HT innovation in the US, their current saliency in the face of globalization, and the growing market position of competitors, such as the EU. The paper also provides observations on major US state-based HT initiatives intended to create or sustain Knowledge Based Economic Areas (KBEA's). Thirteen variables are used to assess the overall comparative ability for creating KBEA's, including the vitality of regional and national research universities, patterns of R&D investment, access to venture capital, intellectual property laws, educational attainment levels of the workforce, access and retention of global labor force, and political interest and forms of government support for promoting science and technology. Among the papers conclusions: There is a large disconnect in US policy related to promoting KBEA's and national competitiveness. Few policymakers, or even the higher education community are aware of stagnant and, in some states, real declines in higher education access and graduation rates relative to economic competitors, that the US is no longer a net importer of high tech goods, or that the US is no longer the number one destination for international students. Combined with global changes in the market for S&T talent, and the significant and increasingly successful effort of competitors to increase the educational attainment of their population, the US's HT advantage is eroding – although there remain a number of strengths, chiefly related to an entrepreneurial culture, more conducive tax advantages for business, a cadre of elite research universities, and the highest concentration of venture capital in the world. But even here, these advantages may wane over the next decade as the world becomes more economically, and educationally, competitive. The US generally lacks a broadly conceived strategy for retaining America's high tech advantage.

Book reviewed in this article: Trente ans d'experience Euratom. La Naissance d'une Europe nucleaire, by Olivier Pirotte, Pascal Girerd, Pierre Marsall and Sylviane Morson The European Payments Union: Financial Diplomacy in the 1950s, by Jacob J. Kaplan and Günther Schleiminger Socialist Parties and European Integration: A Comparative History by Kevin Featherstone Europe without Frontiers: Socialists on the Future of the European Economic Community, edited by P. Dankert and A. Kooyman The European Council 1974–1986: Evaluation and Prospects, edited by Jean‐Marc Hoscheit and Wolfgang Wessels Der nationale Alleingang im EG‐Binnenmarkt, by Kay Hailbronner Introduction to the Law of the European Communities‐After the Coming into Force of the Single European Act, by P. J. G. Kapteyn and P. Verloren van Themaat, Second Edition edited by Laurence W. Gormley Die Architektur Europäischer Sicherheit: Probleme, Kriterien, Perspektiven: Strategien und Optionen für die Zukunft Europas, by Werner Weidenfeld, Walther Stützle, Curt Gasteyger and Josef Janning The European Internal Market: Trade and Competition, edited by A. Jacquemin and A, Sapir Economic Aspects of Regional Trading Arrangements, edited by D. Greenaway, T. Hyclak and R. Thornton Die Europäische Zentralbank: Perspektiven für eine Weiterentwicklung des Europäischen Währungssy stems, by R. H. Hasse et al. Die Vollendung des Europäischen Währungssystems: Ergebnisse einer Fachtung, by J. W. Gaddum et al. 1992 ‐ Planning for Financial Services and the Insurance Sector, by Eurofi plc El Proceso de Integración en América Latina en 1988, by Instituto para la Integración de América Latina The New GATT Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Legal and Economic Problems, edited by Ernst‐Ulrich Petersmann and Meinhard Hilf The Political and Legal Framework of Trade Relations Between the European Community and Eastern Europe, edited by Marc Maresceau Die Europäische Gemeinschaft und der Rat für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe: Multilaterale Diplomatic oder Blockpolitik?, by Ilka Bailey‐Wiebecke Western Europe and South‐East Asia: Co‐operation or Competition?, edited by Giuseppe Schiavone US Grain Policies and the World Market, by Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics The Age of Regulatory Reform edited by Kenneth Button and Dennis Swann EEC Environmental Policy and Britain, by Nigel Haigh Media and Media Policy in West Germany: The Press and Broadcasting since 1945, by Peter J. Humphreys Developments in West German Politics edited by Gordon Smith, William E. Paterson and Peter H. Merkl The Changing Agenda of West German Public Policy, edited by Simon Buhner Unneutral Ireland, by Trevor C. Salmon The Slump in Europe, by Jean‐Paul Fitoussi and Edmund S. Phelps

Objective: To analyze the challenges experienced by nurses in the implementation of the National Policy for Comprehensive Attention to Men's Health. Method: Descriptive, qualitative study, carried out with nurses working in Primary Health Care in a city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Individual interviews were carried out and then analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject, in the light of the guidelines of the National Policy for Comprehensive Attention to Men's Health. Results: A total of 40 nurses participated. The challenges for the implementation of the policy are related to the inoperability of government actions, weaknesses in municipal management, underfunding and discontinuity of actions. Conclusion: Nurses face complex macro-management challenges in the implementation of the National Policy for Comprehensive Attention to Men's Health in Primary Health Care. ; Objetivo: Analizar los desafíos vividos por las enfermeras en la implementación de la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud del Hombre. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y cualitativo realizado con enfermeras que trabajan en la Atención Primaria de Salud en un municipio de Bahía, Brasil. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales y se analizaron con el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo, a la luz de los lineamientos de la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud del Hombre. Resultados: Participaron 40 enfermeras. Los retos para la aplicación de la política se concentran en la inoperancia de las acciones gubernamentales, la debilidad de la gestión municipal, la infrafinanciación y la discontinuidad de las acciones. Conclusión: Las enfermeras se enfrentan a complejos retos de macrogestión para implem ; Objetivo: Analisar os desafios vivenciados por enfermeiras na implementação da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem. Método: Estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado com enfermeiras que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde em um município da Bahia, Brasil. Realizou-se entrevista individual, analisada pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, à luz das diretrizes da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem. Resultados: Participaram 40 enfermeiras. Os desafios para a implementação da política concentram-se na inoperância das ações governamentais, fragilidades da gestão municipal, subfinanciamento e descontinuidade das ações. Conclusão: As enfermeiras enfrentam desafios complexos de macrogestão na implementação da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

6. Fund Disbursements and Timing of Reviews Under the Three-Year Extended Arrangement, 2009-127. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2008-17; ANNEX; I. Relations With the Fund; APPENDIX; I. Letter of Intent; Attachment 1. Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies; Attachment 2. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

"Wide-ranging agreement exists today that a good business climate is central to economic growth and poverty alleviation. But questions remain open about the role of the state in creating a good business climate. This study is intended to answer some of these questions. The Arab Human Development Report 2004 stresses that sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved in the MENA countries without improved governance. One of the core dimensions of good governance is transparency and the control of corruption. The latter in particular is important for a good business climate (World Bank 2005f). Corruption can take different forms, one of them being favouritism which is very widespread in the MENA region. It is usually referred to there as 'wasta', which is Arabic for 'relation' or 'connection', and describes the use of personal relations for preferential treatment. The present study focuses on the economic effects of wasta. It has a twofold aim: first to find out how the use of wasta in state-business relations affects the business climate and investment and, thereby, economic development at large, and, second, to identify starting points for curtailing the use of wasta. All reference is hereby to Jordan, which has been selected for this case study for pragmatic reasons. Chapter 2 presents the conceptual framework of the study: It defines first the key terms and concepts of the study: business climate, state-business relations, favouritism, and wasta. After that, it discusses in general terms why and how favouritism may affect the business climate. Finally, the chapter draws upon theoretical literature to give possible explanations for the prevalence of favouritism in a given country. Chapter 3 is based on the results of Chapter 2 and delineates the hypotheses tested by our empirical research in Jordan. In addition, it gives a detailed account of our research methodology. Chapter 4 outlines the main features of the business climate in Jordan: It identifies the main problems perceived by businesspeople and discusses possible reasons for these weaknesses. The chapter concludes that statebusiness relations are a major area of concern for investors in Jordan. Chapter 5 turns to the role of wasta in Jordan. It shows how the use of wasta permeates all areas of economic and social life and gives an insight into the ambiguous attitudes of Jordanians toward wasta. Chapter 6 is devoted to the effects of wasta on the business climate and on investment. It shows that the prevalence of wasta in Jordan makes statebusiness relations unfair and inefficient. In addition, wasta establishes incentives for investment in social relations rather than in productive capital,thus lowering the rate of capital formation in Jordan. Chapter 7 concludes with policy recommendations." (excerpt)

This book looks at Bangladesh at and beyond its fifty years since its formation in 1971. A comprehensive, holistic narrative is constructed to track key development dynamics at the sectoral, sub-sectoral and macro levels. This much-needed exercise dispels the notion that the 'Bangladesh surprise' can be reduced to singular dimensions such as the trauma of the 1971 war or women's empowerment and micro-credit. The mixture of economic history, political economy and institutional and actor analysis provide fresh insights to the themes addressed. A well-argued case to view emerging Bangladesh as the newest member of the Flying Geese club, The Odds Revisited includes a detailed review of macro and sectoral developments over the last fifty years and provides new material and insights into the rise of Bangladesh's capitalist class; a socio-economic perspective of the role of Dhaka-based urbanization; and the rise of a new middle class.