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In Marx and Social Justice, George E. McCarthy presents a detailed and comprehensive overview of the ethical, political, and economic foundations of Marx's theory of social justice in his early and later writings. What is distinctive about Marx's theory is that he rejects the views of justice in liberalism and reform socialism based on legal rights and fair distribution by balancing ancient Greek philosophy with nineteenth-century political economy. Relying on Aristotle's definition of social justice grounded in ethics and politics, virtue and democracy, Marx applies it to a broader range of issues, including workers' control and creativity, producer associations, human rights and human needs, fairness and reciprocity in exchange, wealth distribution, political emancipation, economic and ecological crises, and economic democracy. Each chapter in the book represents a different aspect of social justice. Unlike Locke and Hegel, Marx is able to integrate natural law and natural rights, as he constructs a classical vision of self-government 'of the people, by the people'.

In Marx and Social Justice , George E. McCarthy presents a detailed and comprehensive overview of the ethical, political, and economic foundations of Marx's theory of social justice in his early and later writings. What is distinctive about Marx's theory is that he rejects the views of justice in liberalism and reform socialism based on legal rights and fair distribution by balancing ancient Greek philosophy with nineteenth-century political economy. Relying on Aristotle's definition of social justice grounded in ethics and politics, virtue and democracy, Marx applies it to a broader range of issues, including workers' control and creativity, producer associations, human rights and human needs, fairness and reciprocity in exchange, wealth distribution, political emancipation, economic and ecological crises, and economic democracy. Each chapter in the book represents a different aspect of social justice. Unlike Locke and Hegel, Marx is able to integrate natural law and natural rights, as he constructs a classical vision of self-government 'of the people, by the people'.

689Diplomatic relations — Immunity from jurisdiction — Criminal jurisdiction — Whether former Head of State entitled to immunity — Immunity for members of Special Missions — Customary international law — Convention on Special Missions, 1969, Article 31State immunity — Head of State immunity — Criminal proceedings — Whether former Head of State entitled to immunity — Allegations of conduct amounting to torture — Criminal Justice Act 1988, Section 134 — Whether elements of offence alleged made out by conduct alleged — State immunity ratione materiae — Duty of States to notify other interested States of intention to claim immunityRelationship of international law and municipal law — Exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction — Required nexus for private prosecution — Criminal responsibility for acts of torture — Criminal Justice Act 1988 — The law of England

AbstractOur article presents an empirical investigation of the relationship between the export performance of Italian provinces and the quality of their local institutions, specifically the rule of law, over the period 2004–2016. According to the results obtained by different econometric approaches (OLS, FE, SYS-GMM), in general a secure and well-defined legal framework – by reducing transaction costs and uncertainty, facilitating capital accumulation and an increase in the firms' scale of production – is associated with better export performance. Interestingly, when the analysis is replicated at the level of the Italian macro-areas (North, Centre and South), the results indicate that the rule of law has a statistically significant and positive association with export performance only in northern provinces, thus suggesting that the effectiveness of this institutional dimension might depend on the level of development of the socioeconomic and institutional features at the local level, i.e. only when a set of suitable economic incentive mechanisms are already in place.

статья посвящена вопросам, связанным с классификацией преступных деяний по уголовным кодексам трех государств романо-германской правовой семьи Германии, Австрии и Швейцарии. Автор анализирует уголовное законодательство и уголовно-процессуальное законодательство названных стран, обращая внимание на значение деления преступных деяний на преступления и проступки для уголовного и уголовно-процессуального права рассматриваемых стран. ; the article is devoted to the questions connected with classification of criminal actions on criminal codes of three states of Romano the German legal family Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The author analyzes the criminal legislation and the criminal and procedural legislation of the called countries, paying attention to value of division of criminal actions on crimes and offenses for criminal and a criminal procedural law of the considered countrie.

After voluntarily entering into a political union with the United States, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ("CNMI") administered its own immigration system and allowed thousands of guest workers to enter and remain indefinitely. Guest workers contributed to the exponential growth of the CNMI economy during the 1980s and 1990s. However, labor and human rights abuses under this system led to public outrage in the mainland United States, prompting numerous attempts to bring the CNMI within the jurisdiction of federal immigration law. Federalization occurred after Congress passed the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 ("CNRA"). Although well intentioned, the existing federalization program places thousands of legal guest workers in an extremely precarious situation. This comment argues that Congress should pass additional legislation granting permanent resident status to long-term CNMI guest workers.

This contribution will draw on the literature that has accumulated on how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has responded to the European Banking Union, which was established in similar crisis circumstances that now face the European Union (EU) in the age of COVID-19, to illustrate the legal issues on which the CJEU's input will be particularly important in the shaping of any future European Health Union. This contribution will highlight three legal issues in particular: the interpretation of EU Treaty provisions in the health field; the scope of EU competence; and the powers of EU institutions and agencies. This contribution will argue that the CJEU case law to date on health issues is encouraging with respect to competence and agencies, but more cautious with respect to the Treaty's health provisions.

While the development of the Baltic corporate bond market is based on the uncovered bond segment, the elaboration of the legislative base has a devoted emphasis on the covered bonds. The shift from a country-focused to the pan-Baltic-focused capital market has been publicly acknowledged by the governments (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Latvia, 2018) and is in line with the ongoing Capital Markets Union initiative of the European Commission (The High Level Forum on the Capital Markets, 2020). Moreover, a pan-Baltic covered bond legal and regulatory framework has been initiated (Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania, 2019). The strong demand for the corporate bond segment in the Baltics (the average number of issues listed in the period 2009-2019 reached 44) where no covered bonds are traded on Nasdaq Baltic (Nasdaq Baltic, 2020) creates the need for a unification of the uncovered corporate bond legislation. The existing academic research is relatively modest on analysing legal frameworks of corporate bond issuance. The studies examine the division between domestic and international (typically Eurobonds) legal issuance frameworks with more focus on the legislative frameworks as related to the terms of issuance. Few articles consider a new supranational bond issuance framework, while the interpretation of the issue is radically diverse. There is no existing academic research on the legal framework of the uncovered corporate bond issuance in the Baltics. The aim of this research is to reveal the feasibility of the development of a pan-Baltic uncovered corporate bond issuance framework by analysing the existing legal and regulatory documentation of the corporate bond issuance in the Baltic states. The research provides a limitation for the corporate bond issuance process legislation in the form of information disclosure requirements and the prospective situation of a default of an issuer. The research presents the primary data analysis of the in-depth interviews with pan-Baltic legal professionals ...

The background of this research is the existence of a "bettonan" contract that occurs among the Indonesian farming community. This contract is carried out with a distribution of 80%:20% of agricultural products; 80% for land owners and 20% for tenant farmers. This contract is a legacy from a long time ago that until now has not been touched by the government, resulting in the absence of regulations. This article tries to explore the legal nature of the "bettonan" contract and whether the distribution is in accordance with justice by considering the obligations of both parties to the contract (land owner and tenant farmers). The results of the study indicate that the "bettonan" contract transaction is in accordance with the concept of Islamic law and is included in the category of musyarakah muzaraah contract, and the distribution of results is in accordance with the principle of justice because the risk of tenant farmers is very small. In the end, this "bettonan" contract really needs to get a touch from the government law because it is very helpful in poverty alleviation efforts.

A massive indigenous protest in the Peruvian Amazon and its aftermaths triggered a social consensus in Peru about the necessity of intercultural policies and the enactment of a Consultation Law, a norm based on the ILO Convention 169 to consult indigenous peoples before approving any norm that can affect indigenous collective rights. Nonetheless, the paper argues that, like previous legal reforms related to the recognition of indigenous rights, the Consultation Law remains conceiving indigenous peoples as minorities with proprietary entitlements instead of conceiving them as nations with territorial rights. The Law is a form of liberal legality still embedded in coloniality. Consequently, indigenous peoples maintain a tense and ambiguous relation with liberal legality: they use the Consultation Law for territorial defence, but at the same time they criticise the limitations of this legislation to fully take into account indigenous cosmologies.

Organised (international) crime is essentially perceived as a social reality in which legal and criminal structures are integral parts of the same corrupt social, political and economic system operating in two or more states, regardless of the type of actions promoted or the types of organisations of those supporting this system.
The various criteria of the multidimensional concept can be distinguished using a classification on four levels of complexity:
Perpetrators defined by individual characteristics, who participate in the commission of the specific acts of organised crime.
The elements of the structures (groups) linking these individuals.
Power structures subordinate to this structural entity.
The relationship between these illegal structures and the legal structures of society.
The contemporary concept of organised crime (in reality a form of cross-border crime) is heterogeneous and contradictory. If we focus on the general perception of this concept, we can state: organised crime is equal to a formal, homogeneous, multifunctional, criminal organisation that aims to undermine and dominate legal institutions of society, its members acting in two or more states to achieve their criminal purpose.
Organised crime can essentially be defined as that international criminal segment to which relate illegal activities, capable of seriously affecting certain sectors of economic, social and political life in two or more countries, carried out by various methods and means, in a constant, planned and conspiratorial manner, by associations of individuals, with a well-defined internal hierarchy, specialised structures and self-defence mechanisms, in order to obtain illicit profits at particularly high levels. Two main characteristics of the concept of organised crime emerge from the definition:

The degree of social danger of the illegal activities carried out by this criminal segment can seriously affect certain sectors of economic, social and business life.
The constant, organised, planned and well-conspired conduct of these criminal activities carried out in several States.)

Nhan studies the policing of cybercrime in California. First-hand data is drawn from front-line "cybercops" (California's network of high-tech crimes task forces), the MPAA and motion picture studios, and high-tech companies, to explore structural, cultural, and various criminal justice issues in policing cyberspace. This research applies a nodal governance theoretical framework to map and assess social networks using the different actors involved in fighting cybercrime. Initial findings suggest collaborative security efforts are marred by inter-organizational frictions. Moreover, this securit.

This article examines an overlooked dimension of adaptation among international migrants: how they use the host society's legal system to seek redress for grievances that arise during the resettlement process. The article terms this process legal adaptation and focuses on foreign-born plaintiffs in civil litigation. A sample (N=137) of state and federal civil cases with at least one Vietnamese litigant is used to analyze the temporal patterns in legal adaptation among Vietnamese refugees from 1975 to 1994. Several aspects of Vietnamese litigation match their macro-level resettlement process, such as civil rights and intraethnic litigation occurring later than other types of cases. But civil suits with a Vietnamese plaintiff and a native defendant tended to occur earlier than civil suits with a native plaintiff and a Vietnamese defendant. The article identifies the role of legal organizations and international grievances as the sources of Vietnamese refugees' rapid legal adaptation. The best aspects of the American legal system are the appeals process, access to the courts, and especially the court of equity. This concept of equity never existed in Vietnam. We had the Napoleonic Code where everything is written, and if it is not written, it basically does not exist. You know, too, that under the Code you are guilty until proven innocent…I think the biggest problem is with translators. You know, at its worst, justice translated can be justice denied. So much can be lost in the translation, even by a very good translator. So many American legal concepts do not exist in Vietnamese law.