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The book is comprised of three components. The first component analyses the creative contribution to the theory of imperatives and norms provided by 20th-century Polish researchers. The second component summarizes their reflections and considerations. The third component is an anthology of the classic writings of Polish authors of the time; it constitutes an illustration of the first part and indicates that their research covered practically the whole scope of this theory. Author Jacek Jadacki (born 1946) is professor at Warsaw University. His scholarly production includes approximately hundre

Translator's Introduction: Maksakovsky's The Capitalist Cycle -- Pavel V. Maksakovsky -- The Capitalist Cycle: An Essay on the Marxist Theory of the Cycle -- Foreword by A.S. Mendel'son -- Introduction -- 1. Methodological Foundations of the Theory of the Conjuncture -- 2. The General Theory of the Cycle -- 3. The Role of Credit in the Conjuncture -- 4. The Problem of Crises in the Works of Marx -- 5. In Place of a Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

Published Article ; Considering the frictions and tensions about the socio-cultural and economic development of Africa and the existence of some of tendencies and actions that are not in favour of the continent's advancement, the main aim of this article is to argue for the deliberate reinstatement and retrieval of African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). The purpose this argument which in the main is a political position of an African cultural activist is to motivate for the use of IKS as a tool for socio-cultural change and economic development strategies that are vital in the era of globalisation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). This is not new in that as demonstrated by situations of Japan and other Asian countries, IKS has all the potential to enable the African continent to meet the challenges of globalisation and chart its future. In addition, the article argues that the deliberate re-centering of IKS has a potential of complementing the 4IR initiatives with sciences that are embedded in life and work of communities that are majority in the world and are still depended on the natural resources that are under threat of diminishing.

The use of fuzzy set theory to adjust the educational resource allocation model is the optimal path to achieve the allocation of educational resources. The optimal path realized by fuzzy set theory promotes the healthy development of education and addresses the current important and urgent tasks in the field of higher education in China. This study utilizes the basic theory of fuzzy sets and analyzes dynamic fuzzy set theory, fuzzy relations and fuzzy matrices. The indexes of optimal allocation are selected according to the classification of higher education resources, the fuzzy set multi-objective planning model is designed, and finally, the combination of factors of education production in colleges and universities is optimized. The experiment proves that: the average allocation efficiency of excellent colleges and universities is 0.186, and the average improvement is 35.41% after optimization. The average allocation efficiency of ordinary colleges and universities is 0.174, which is improved by 22.12% on average after optimization. It can be found that the resource allocation efficiency of excellent colleges and universities is generally higher than that of ordinary colleges and universities, and the role of excellent colleges and universities with more abundant resources themselves is greater after the optimization of college resource allocation. It indicates that by adjusting the quantity and structure of educational resources according to the optimization path, the optimization of educational resource allocation can be achieved. This verifies that: the emergence of optimal paths for solving resource allocation realized by fuzzy set theory has greatly expanded the application of fuzzy methods in the field of higher education and provided a new theoretical tool for solving resource allocation.

The political history of U.S. commercial remote sensing began in 1984 when the U.S. government first attempted to commercialize its civil earth observation satellite system " Landsat. Since then, the high technology of earth imaging satellite systems has generated intense debates and policy conflicts, primarily centered on U.S. government concerns over the national security and foreign policy implications of high-resolution commercial satellite systems. Conversely, proponents of commercial observation satellites have urged U.S. policymakers to recognize the scientific and socio-economic utility of commercial remote sensing and thus craft and implement regulatory regimes that allow for a greater degree of information openness and transparency in using earth observation satellite imagery. This dissertation traces and analyzes that tumultuous political history and examines the policy issues and social construction of commercial remote sensing to determine the role of knowledge in the effective crafting and execution of commercial remote sensing laws and policies. Although individual and organizational perspectives, interests, missions, and cultures play a significant role in the social construction of commercial observation satellite systems and programs, the problem of insufficient knowledge of the myriad dimensions and complex nature of commercial remote sensing is a little studied but important component of this social construction process. Knowledge gaps concerning commercial remote sensing extend to various dimensions of the subject matter, such as the global, economic, technical, and legal/policy aspects. Numerous examples of knowledge voids are examined to suggest a connection between deficient knowledge and divergent policy perceptions as they relate to commercial remote sensing. Relevant knowledge voids are then structurally categorized to demonstrate the vastness and complexity of commercial remote sensing policy issues and to offer recommendations on how to fill such knowledge gaps to effect increased collaboration between the US government and the U.S. commercial remote sensing industry. Finally, the dissertation offers suggestions for future STS studies on policy issues, particularly those that focus on the global dimensions of commercial remote sensing or on applying the knowledge gap concept advanced by this dissertation to other areas of science and technology policymaking. ; Ph. D.

This paper seeks to draw out commonalities between the organizational/practitioners' and academic agenda and to explore the idea that academe may not only reflect the times but also help to create them. In so doing, it examines the extent to which In Search of Excellence, a significant and timely exemplar of the organizational agenda, in effect operationalized The Social Psychology of Organizing. If, it concludes, sensemaking is retrospective, then how can it help us to think about current issues that require action and shape our conversations and sensemaking about time future? To this end, much of academic management treats much of management practice as beyond the pale and, for that reason, what matters in this paper is not just a consideration of how to break out of Hambrick's closed loop, but also how others can be encouraged to break in. We see this as part of an ongoing conversation that matters.

INTRODUCTION: Every year millions of people in developing countries suffer from snakebite, causing a large number of deaths and long term complications. Prevention and appropriate first aid could reduce the incidence and improve the health outcomes for those who suffer bites. However, many communities where snakebite is a major issue suffer from a lack of information about prevention and first aid measures that a family or community member could take to prevent severe envenoming, complications and poor outcomes. Myanmar suffers from a high burden of snakebites with a large number of deaths. As part of a health services and community development program, a community survey was conducted to identify communities' knowledge about snakebite and their sequelae, and knowledge and practice about first aid and health services use. METHOD: 4,276 rural residents of Kyaukse and Madaya townships in the Mandalay region were recruited by cluster sampling, involving random selection of 144 villages and random sampling of 30 households from each village. One adult member of each household was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence of snakebite was 116/100,000 people. Respondents reported 15 different types of snakes in the area, with Russell's Viper, Cobra and Green snakes as the most common. 88% of the people informed that working in the fields and forests was when most of the bites occur. A majority knew about snakebite prevention methods such as wearing long boots. However, only a few people knew about the specific symptoms caused by snakebites. Only 39% knew about the correct methods of first aid. More than 60% mentioned tourniquet as a first aid method, though this may cause significant complications such as ischaemia of the limb. 88% said that they would take a snakebite victim to a government hospital, and 58% mentioned availability of antivenom as the reason for doing this. At the same time, the majority mentioned that traditional methods existed for first aid and treatment and 25% mentioned ...

COVID-19 has profoundly impacted global livelihoods and disrupted the food supply chain, including the aquaculture and fisheries industries. Little is known about the response to COVID-19 and the impact it has on incomes, livelihoods and knowledge and practice in the coastal artisanal fishers communities of Bangladesh. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographics of selected coastal fishers, their knowledge about COVID-19 and the preventive practice taken to reduce it. The impact on their fishing habits and income was also examined to determine potential policy areas. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire from 250 respondents from three coastal districts, Cox's Bazar, Patuakhali and Barguna, Bangladesh during April–June 2020. The research shows that the fishers' knowledge about COVID-19 and measures taken to reduce it were significantly higher in Patuakhali and Barguna than in Cox's Bazar. The pandemic caused lower consumer demand, reduced fish prices and created fish transportation issues due to movement restrictions enforced during the lockdown. Irrespective of geographical location, fishing trips were reduced by frequency and duration compared with the pre-COVID-19 period, consequently lowering the income of fishers. Fishers have received little or no support from private, non-governmental or governmental sources. Considering the evidence in this paper of economic hardship, this paper recommends artisanal fishers in Bangladesh should be provided with support to improve their health education, access to professional health facilities and financial services. This will contribute to improved food security and sustainable livelihoods that can better withstand local and/or global crises.

Purpose
This study aims to explore a new restaurant category's development from birth to maturity, thereby explaining the rationale for category innovation strategies.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a qualitative case study analysis of the New Chinese-style Fusion Restaurant category's development from birth to maturity. Thematic analysis was conducted on data collected from semi-structured interviews and textual information.


Findings
A new restaurant category's maturation is determined by the formation of society's shared knowledge about the category's crucial attributes, which is an outcome of market participants' category-related social practices. The authors develop a novel, four-stage framework for the socialized construction of this shared knowledge: a knowledge creation (KC), knowledge diffusion (KD), knowledge integration (KI) and knowledge structuralization (KS). This knowledge evolution along this KC–KD–KI–KS sequence can holistically describe the category maturation process. This framework can help understand the rationale for a restaurant category's maturation by analyzing the interrelationships among market participants' social practices, knowledge-related activities and market development.


Research limitations/implications
This study explains how market participants' knowledge-related activities facilitate a new restaurant category's maturation. This can help restaurant managers cope with increasingly homogeneous competition by applying a category-innovation strategy.


Originality/value
This study extends product categorization research on restaurants by articulating a product category's maturation process from a knowledge perspective.

Scientific problem lies within the interdisciplinary domain of cognitive development of a person in education; is focused on the search for psychological foundations of educational technologies aimed at embracing values of cognitive development and negotiating diverse educational values and attitudes of students and teachers.
The main thesis of the research is based upon the assumption that phenomenon of cognitive development can be positioned as an educational trend adequate to tendencies of development of psychological knowledge and socio-cultural practices in the process of knowledge society emergence.
Strategic task of elaborating educational technologies advancing values of cognitive development in higher education is of growing relevance for Russian educational psychology as internationalization, new educational standards and trends of socio-cultural development pose diverse challenges for educational theory and practice, for students, teachers and researchers.
Research is focused on developing practice of Russian education and the problem of value-laden self-determination of its participants. Necessity to include the epistemological dimension in the content of cognitive development as complex and multidimensional construct is substantiated. The study demonstrates the ways of employing qualitative research methods, reveals ontological and epistemological attitudes of students and teachers, discusses students' subjective representations of educational process and main epistemological categories, and argues that research on educational practice might at the same time be an embodiment of its transformation.
Research methodology includes a methodological reflection of Russian and international trends in the development of psychological knowledge (system anthropological psychology and anthroepistemology).
Main conclusions suggest that: psychological construct of cognitive development acquires multiple dimensions as contextualized in education; constructive negotiation of educational values and attitudes in pedagogical practice is crucial for further development of pedagogical practice itself and its participants; promoting the values of cognitive development in higher education requires specific technologies and forms of educational interaction.
Key words: cognitive development, pedagogical practice, system anthropological psychology, epistemological dimension.

The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of the quality of board of the council knowledge about budget and the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD) with leadership types, accountability, participation and public policy transparency as the moderating variables that strengthen or weaken the relationship. Independent variable of this research is quality of board of the council knowledge about budget and the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD) as a dependent variable. The analysis of this research was a member of the board council at Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Papua Province, Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Jayapura Regency and Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Jayapura Municipality for the period of 2009 to 2014. The number of respondent of this research was 111 respondents. The data was obtained by direct surveys and the hypothesis was tested with multiple regressions analysis. The result showed that board of the council's knowledge about budget influenced the control board on Regional Budget (APBD). Besides, this research also documented that interaction between leadership type with knowledge about budget and interaction between public participation with knowledge about budget influenced the control from board on the Regional Budget (APBD). On the other hand, both interaction between accountability and public policy transparency did not influence the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD). Keywords : Leadership type, Accountability, Public participation, Transparency in Public Policy, Budgeting knowledge, Control board on Regional Budget (APBD).

The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of the quality of board of the council knowledge about budget and the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD) with leadership types, accountability, participation and public policy transparency as the moderating variables that strengthen or weaken the relationship. Independent variable of this research is quality of board of the council knowledge about budget and the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD) as a dependent variable. The analysis of this research was a member of the board council at Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Papua Province, Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Jayapura Regency and Regional Representative Council (DPRD) of Jayapura Municipality for the period of 2009 to 2014. The number of respondent of this research was 111 respondents. The data was obtained by direct surveys and the hypothesis was tested with multiple regressions analysis. The result showed that board of the council's knowledge about budget influenced the control board on Regional Budget (APBD). Besides, this research also documented that interaction between leadership type with knowledge about budget and interaction between public participation with knowledge about budget influenced the control from board on the Regional Budget (APBD). On the other hand, both interaction between accountability and public policy transparency did not influence the control board of the council on Regional Budget (APBD). Keywords : Leadership type, Accountability, Public participation, Transparency in Public Policy, Budgeting knowledge, Control board on Regional Budget (APBD).

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a disease of public health importance affecting many women and contributing to avoidably high levels of cancer deaths in Nigeria. In spite of the relative ease of prevention, the incidence is on the increase. This study aimed to determine the effect of health education on the awareness, knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and screening among women in rural Nigerian communities. Methods The study design was quasi-experimental. The study was carried out among adult women in Odogbolu (intervention) and Ikenne (control) local government areas (LGA) of Ogun state. Three hundred and fifty (350) women were selected per group by multistage random sampling technique. Data was collected by semi structured interviews with the aid of questionnaire. The intervention consisted of structured health education based on a movie. Result The intervention raised the level of awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 100% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of women with very good knowledge of cervical cancer and screening rose from 2% to 70.5% ( χ 2 = 503.7, p < 0.0001) while the proportion of those with good perception rose from 5.1% to 95.1% (p < 0.0001). The mean knowledge and mean perception scores were also increased (p < 0.0001). There was increase in the proportion of women who had undertaken cervical screening from 4.3% to 8.3% (p = 0.038). The major reason stated by the women for not having had cervical screening done was lack of awareness about cervical cancer and screening. There was statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups concerning their knowledge attitude and practice towards cervical and screening (p < 0.05) after the intervention. Conclusion Multiple media health education based on a movie is effective in creating awareness for and improving the knowledge and perception of adult women about cervical cancer and screening. It also improves the uptake of cervical cancer screening. The creation of awareness is very crucial to the success of a cervical cancer prevention programme.