Suchergebnisse

Education is a key component for "successful" entry into the labor market. This is especially true for young people who spend their childhood and adolescent years in care before leaving the system at the age of 18. The purpose of this article is to closely exam­ine this group's educational situation within Spain's various Autonomous Communities. It will also determine if there are differences linked to such variables as sex, age, nationality, time spent in care, and the residential and academic settings of members of this group. With these aims in mind, we asked each participant to complete one of two questionnaires: EVAP4-J1 or EVAP4-J2 (TABA). The first is for young people who have left care and are in transitional housing (N=100); the second is for those not living in transitional housing (N=284). We then performed descriptive analyses and comparison of means. Results reveal statistically signifi­cant differences in education with regard to sex; men account for a larger percentage of the young people who study after leaving care, whereas women pursue their education for longer periods of time. Additional and statistically significant differences were detected for national­ity, age, and time spent in care; younger participants, those not born in Spain, and those living in transitional housing were more likely to continue studying. Our results highlight both the educational difficulties faced by this group and the challenges faced by government agencies. ; La educación es una pieza clave para una inserción sociolaboral "exitosa", más aún para colectivos vulnerables como el formado por jóvenes que egresan del sistema de protección social a la infancia y la adolescencia a los 18 años de edad. El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar en el conocimiento del ámbito educativo de este colectivo en distintas Comunidades Autónomas del Estado Español, así como observar si existen diferencias en relación a distintas variables como el sexo, la edad, la procedencia, el tiempo de estancia bajo la medida de protección o la vivienda y el ámbito formativo de este colectivo. Para ello, se han administrado dos cuestionarios a jóvenes -EVAP4-J1 Y EVAP4-J2 (TABA), uno dirigido a jóvenes egresados que viven en pisos de inserción (N=100) y otros que no están en estos pisos (N=284). Se han realizado análisis descriptivos y de comparación de medias. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a la formación en función del sexo, siendo los chicos quienes estudian mayoritariamente tras egresar del sistema de protección, pero siendo las chicas quienes realizan itinerarios más largos. Asimis­mo, existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a la nacionalidad, la edad, el tiempo de estancia y a la vivienda, siendo los no nacidos en España, los de menor edad y los que viven en un recurso de emancipación o inserción quienes continúan con su itinerario educativo. Los resultados dejan constancia de los desafíos educativos de este colectivo y del reto de las Administraciones. ; A educação é um elemento fundamental para uma inserção socioprofissional "bem-sucedida", ainda mais para grupos vulneráveis como para o grupo formado por jovens que saíram do sistema de proteção social à infância e adolescência aos 18 anos de idade. O objetivo deste artigo é aprofundar no conhecimento do âmbito da formação deste grupo nas diferentes Comunidades Autónomas do Estado espanhol. Além disso, este artigo visa obser­var se existem diferenças em relação a diferentes variáveis como sexo, idade, procedência, tempo de ficar ao abrigo da medida de proteção ou habitação e a área da formação deste grupo. Para isso, foram aplicados dois questionários a jovens -EVAP4-J1 e EVAP4-J2 (TABA), um destinado a jovens que atualmente moram em pisos de inserção social (N = 100) e outro a jovens que saíram dos olhares de abrigo e atualmente não moram num piso de inserção social (N = 284). Se fizeram análises descritivas e de comparação de médias. Os resultados mostram que há diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à área da formação por sexo, sendo os homes os que mais estudam após sair do sistema de proteção, mas as mulheres são as que realizam os estudos superiores e universitários. Da mesma forma, existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação à nacionalidade, idade, tempo de permanência no sistema de proteção social, sendo os nascidos em outros países, os mais jovens e os que vivem em um piso de inserção social os que continuam com sua formação após a saída do sistema de proteção social. Os resultados mostram os desafios educativos deste grupo e do trabalho que têm que realizar as Administrações.

AbstrakPemerintah Desa sebagai penyelenggara pemerintahan di desa melaksanakan funginya diberikan kewangan untuk mengatur pemerintahan sendiri yang termuat dalam Undang-Undung Nomer 34 Tahun 2004 Tentang pemerintahan daerah. Namun dalam pelaksanaan terdapat kesenjangan yang berarti diantaranya adalah berobahnya sekretaris desa yang menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah mengakibatkan posisi otonomi desa tidak independent lagi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kewenangan yang menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah desa dalam kenangka otonomi desa, untuk mengotalui pelaksanaan tugas pemerintah desa yang dijalankan di kabupaten Kudus, dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pertanggungjawaban atas kewenangan pemerintah desa kepada bupati dalam kerangka otonomi desa di kabupaten Kudus. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis empiris. Spesifikasi penelitian bersifat deskriptif analisis. Jenis data berbentuk data primer dan data sekunder Sedangkan teknik analisis delam penelitian ini terdiri dari tehnik analisis deskriptif dan analisis interaksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kewenangan pemerintah desa dalam hal ini adalah hak untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan maayarakat setempat sesual dengan asal usul, adat istiadat yang berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. Dalam pelaksanan otonomi desa di Kabupaten Kudus, belum ada upaya maksimal di setiap desa dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsi pokok secara baik. Diantara permasalahan belum maksimal adalah karena terjadinya status sekretaris desa menjadi PNS yang membuat kesenjangan yang berarti. Pertanggung jawaban kewenangan desa kepada bupati dipahami sebagai pertanggung jawaban keuangan sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 15 ayat (1) huruf I PP No. 72 Tahun 2003 tentang Desa. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh bahwa konsep otonomi desa memberikan kewenangan kepada pemerintah desa untuk mengatur serta mengelola pemerintahannya sendiri sedikit dikebiri dengan keberadaan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dimana pemerintah hanya ditempatkan sebagai bawahan dari pemerintah kabupaten/kota, pemerintah desa yang tordiri dari Kepala Desa dan Perangkat Desa muncul permasalahan yaitu Sekretaris Desa yang harus di isi oleh PNS sehingga memunculkan perangkat desa yang lan. Berangkat dari hasil penelitian teraebut maka pemerintah diharapkan dapat melakukan beberapa penguatan terhadap pelaksanaan otonomi di desa dengan jalan melakukan perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tabun 2004. Bahwa perkembangan sosial kemasyarakatan yang sangat pesat menuntut pemerintah desa turut berkembang dan semakin terbuka guna terciptanya pelayanan terhadap publik yang maksimal.AbstractThe Village Government as the administrator of the village administration in carrying out its functions is given the authority to regulate self-government as contained in Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning regional government. However, in the implementation there are significant gaps, including the change of the village secretary who became a Civil Servant which has resulted in the position of village autonomy being no longer independent. The purpose of this study was to determine the authority that is the responsibility of the village government in regard to village autonomy, to coordinate the implementation of village government tasks carried out in Kudus district, and to find out how to account for the village government's authority to the regent within the framework of village autonomy in Kudus district. The approach method used in this study is an empirical juridical approach. The research specification is descriptive analysis. The type of data is in the form of primary data and secondary data. Meanwhile, the analytical techniques in this study consist of descriptive analysis techniques and interaction analysis. The results of the study indicate that the authority of the village government in this case is the right to regulate and manage the interests of the local community in accordance with their origins, prevailing customs and not contrary to statutory regulations. In implementing village autonomy in Kudus Regency, there has not been a maximum effort in each village in carrying out its main duties and functions properly. Among the problems that have not been maximized is the occurrence of the status of the village secretary to become a civil servant which creates a significant gap. The accountability of village authority to the regent is understood as financial responsibility as regulated in Article 15 paragraph (1) letter I PP No. 72 of 2003 concerning Villages. The conclusion is that the concept of village autonomy gives the village government the authority to regulate and manage its own government, which is slightly neutered by the existence of Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government where the government is only placed as a subordinate of the district/city government, the village government which is independent from the Head Village and Village Apparatus problems arise, namely the Village Secretary which must be filled in by PNS so that other village officials appear. Departing from the results of this research, the government is expected to be able to carry out some strengthening of the implementation of autonomy in the village by making changes to Law Number 32 Tabun 2004. That very rapid social development requires the village government to develop and be more open in order to create services to the public that are maximum.

Recent advancements in intelligent technologies and sensor-based data collections pave the way for autonomous driving and facilitate a radical transformation of today's mobility. Based on auspicious market projections, traditional automotive manufacturers and technology companies invest heavily in the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In addition to the profits that the industry expects from self-driving vehicles, this new type of mobility should also solve societal issues like reducing traffic accidents and fatalities by eliminating human driving errors. More efficient autonomous driving is expected to bring improvements in terms of fewer congestions and less fuel consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse emissions. Besides, AVs pledge to entail advantages for their users. Specifically, they increase mobility for the disabled and the older generation. In contrast, younger passengers associate autonomous driving with improved productivity and an enhanced hedonic experience as non-driving activities, such as working or watching a movie, are made possible. Contrary to the above expectations, people also raise concerns regarding self-driving vehicles. They are worried about whether the sensors and systems can correctly interpret complex environmental conditions. Above all, there are doubts whether the technology, even being intelligent, can react appropriately in critical traffic situations made up of humans who sometimes behave unpredictably. In case of unavoidable traffic accidents, ethical questions come into play regarding how the vehicle makes decisions that could result in a person being injured or killed. Finally, the new and sophisticated technology could have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals or allow unauthorized third parties to obtain passenger data. Motivated by the anticipated improvements that AVs entail and the breadth of factors that might influence their adoption, a large body of research investigating relevant adoption factors has accumulated. In order to collect, organize, and combine extant findings, research paper A conducts a structured literature review on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Based on 58 articles, it develops an AV acceptance framework consisting of individual user characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and political/societal elements. The framework indicates for each factor whether available research results identify the effect as either positively or negatively significant. Thereby, the paper also sheds light on diverging construct operationalizations, aiming to support researchers in comparing available findings. Eventually, paper A proposes future research avenues across various themes and methods, which build a foundation for further research pursued in this dissertation's subsequent papers. However, solely balancing significant against non-significant results can come to wrong conclusions since the sample size alone can lead to varying significance levels. Because of this, paper B builds on the literature review and conducts a meta-analysis to include further quantitative analyses. It calculates the mean effect sizes for each AV acceptance factor based on published research results. By doing so, the paper identifies attitude, perceived usefulness, efficiency, trust in AVs, safety, and subjective norms to correlate most strongly with the behavioral intention to use an automated car. A subsequent moderator-analysis shows that almost all acceptance factors are influenced by the study's methodology and location, the AV's level of automation, and the examined ownership model, i.e., private cars, car sharing, or public transport. In doing so, paper B observes that most of the available research is on privately owned AVs and hence lacks to assess public as well as shared automated mobility. To fill this gap, paper C investigates characteristics relevant for automated mobility as a service (AMaaS). Based on 23 exploratory interviews with the general public, the paper derives a set of AMaaS requirements. Mobility experts sort these requirements based on commonalities so that a cluster analysis can conceptualize the expected AMaaS characteristics from a practitioner's view. The paper identifies traffic safety, information privacy, cybersecurity, regulations, flexibility, accessibility, efficiency, and convenience to be relevant service characteristics. It discusses each required characteristic and thereby delineates the constructs' scopes so that subsequent research can build appropriate measurement instruments. Besides, paper C discovers strongly diverging priorities regarding the respective service characteristics when comparing the potential users' conversation shares with the experts' relevance ratings. Paper D builds on the qualitative results of paper C as it develops and validates a hierarchical quality scale for AMaaS. The paper proposes a theoretical model and operationalizes the previously identified service characteristics. Throughout multiple empirical studies with 1,431 participants, the proposed quality scale is refined iteratively until satisfactory psychometric properties are achieved. Nomological validity ensures the scale's predictability. Paper D progresses research from focussing on the mere acceptance of autonomous driving to the user's quality perception, which significantly influences user satisfaction and the success of AMaaS. This, in turn, is necessary to realize the promised benefits of autonomous driving in a sustainable manner.

En Colombia, a través de la ley 1861 de 2017, se reglamenta el servicio de reclutamiento, control de reservas y la movilización, el cual establece en su artículo 4, la definición de servicio militar obligatorio, como aquel deber constitucional dirigido a todos los colombianos de servir a la patria, fundamental en la mayoría de los países, como pilar para la defensa y soberanía de la nación, lo que implica destinar y mantener recursos económicos que satisfagan las principales necesidades incluyendo aquellas necesarias para garantizar los derechos fundamentales, de aquellos hombres que deciden definir su situación militar, prestando el servicio militar obligatorio, y quienes emplean entre doce y dieciocho meses para cumplir con el requisito establecido en mencionada ley. La Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (FAC), como fuerza militar emplea para el cumplimiento de su misión una cantidad de recursos en donde se encuentra inmersos el personal de soldados, jóvenes que transitoriamente hacen parte de la fuerza efectiva de personal y quienes principalmente se desempeñan como soldados regulares o bachilleres en cada una de las distintas Unidades Militares Aéreas (UMA) empleados para realizar diferentes actividades de seguridad y defensa de bases aéreas. En los últimos seis años, esto ha implicado la destinación de aproximadamente doscientos cincuenta mil millones de pesos ($250.000.000.000), para garantizar el sostenimiento de cerca de veinte dos mil seiscientos cuarenta y dos soldados (22642), quienes han cumplido con su servicio militar obligatorio en la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana (FAC), recursos económicos que en la actualidad representan un gasto fundamental sin un retorno de inversión tangible, los cuales mediante la aplicación de un modelo de administración podrían destinarse a optimizar los medios para la seguridad actuales, es decir, medidas activas, medidas pasivas, armamento, comunicaciones, movilidad entre otros, realizando una reducción de la actual planta de soldados existentes en la FAC, con el propósito de potencializar proyectos, en los cuales se transforme el actual esquema de seguridad y defensa de bases, basado en la triada Hombre – Tecnología – Procedimientos, junto a la aplicación de las cinco D definidas en el libro de protección de activos, Disuadir, Denegar, Detectar, Demorar y Destruir. Adicionalmente, teniendo como referente que el conflicto militar en la actualidad, no es soportado en el principio de la masa, y la aparición de tecnologías para la seguridad y el surgimiento de nuevas amenazas, invita a que hoy por hoy, se planteen nuevas estrategias que permitan mantener la sensación de seguridad en las Unidades Militares Aéreas, mediante una optimización de los actuales recursos, logrando con ello, afianzar a la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana en un ambiente acorde a los desarrollos tecnológicos y a las nuevas modalidades o situaciones de riesgo que quieran atentar contra el componente físico del poder aéreo y espacial de la FAC. ; In Colombia, through Law 1861 of 2017, the service of recruitment, reserve control and mobilization is regulated, through which it establishes in its article 4, the definition of compulsory military service, as that constitutional duty directed to all Colombians of Serving the homeland, fundamental in most countries, as a pillar for the defense and sovereignty of the nation, which implies allocating and maintaining economic resources that satisfy the main needs, including those necessary to guarantee the fundamental rights of those men who decide to define their military situation, rendering compulsory military service, and those who employ between 12 and 18 months to comply with the requirement established in the aforementioned law. In the last six years, this has implied the allocation of approximately two hundred and fifty billion pesos ($ 250,000,000,000), to guarantee the support of approximately twenty two thousand six hundred and forty-two soldiers (22642), who have completed their military service mandatory in the Colombian Air Force (FAC), economic resources that currently represent a fundamental expense without a tangible return on investment, which through the application of a management model could be used to optimize the current means for security, that is, , active measures, passive measures, weapons, communications, mobility, among others, by reducing a percentage of the current staff of existing soldiers in the FAC, with the purpose of enhancing projects, in which the current security and safety scheme is transformed. defense of bases, based on the triad Man - Technology - Procedures, together with the application of the five D defined in the asset protection book, Deter, Deny, Detect, Delay and Destroy. Additionally, taking as a reference that the current military conflict is not supported on the principle of the mass, and the appearance of technologies for security and their professionalization, invites that today, new strategies are proposed that allow maintaining the sensation of security in the Military Air Units, through an optimization of current resources, thereby achieving the consolidation of the Colombian Air Force in an environment in accordance with technological developments and new modalities or risk situations that want to attack the physical component of the air and space power of the FAC.

На підставі комплексного аналізу вітчизняних законодавчих положень та широкого кола теоретико-правових підходів до розуміння аморального проступку, не сумісного з продовженням роботи, з'ясовано правовий зміст досліджуваного поняття та сформульовано його визначення. Висвітлено та узагальнено особливості правового регулювання розірвання трудового договору за п. 3 ч. 1 ст. 41 КЗпП України. Наголошено на важливій ролі суду під час вирішення питання про правомірність розірвання трудового договору на вказаній підставі. Це наукове дослідження сприятиме формуванню всебічного та комплексного наукового підходу до розуміння правової сутності аморального проступку як підстави розірвання трудового договору з ініціативи власника або уповноваженого ним органу в світлі сучасних умов реформування національного трудового законодавства. ; The Constitution of Ukraine enshrines and guarantees the right to work as an opportunity to earn a living by work that a person freely chooses or agrees to. One of the guarantees of the inviolability of the right to work is the impossibility of unreasonable and arbitrary termination of the employment contract on the initiative of the owner or authorized body. Such a guarantee follows from the provisions of Art. 40 of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which outlines an exhaustive list of grounds for termination of the employment contract with the employee. Guaranteeing the right to work for certain categories of workers is no exception. Such a guarantee is expressed in the provisions of Art. 41 of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which provides an exhaustive list of additional grounds for termination of the employment contract at the initiative of the owner or authorized body with a certain category of employees under certain conditions. A separate category of employees, whose employment contract may under certain conditions be terminated at the initiative of the owner or authorized body, include employees who perform an educational function. In particular, paragraph 3 of Part 1 of Art. 41 of the Labor Code of Ukraine provides such an additional ground for termination of the employment contract, as the commission of an employee who performs educational functions, an immoral misdemeanor, incompatible with the continuation of this work. However, the legislator, enshrining this additional basis for equalization of the employment contract, does not specify the legal content of immoral misconduct, incompatible with the continuation of work, which creates difficulties in its substantive understanding and therefore significantly weakens the protection of labor rights of workers. Based on a comprehensive analysis of domestic legislation and a wide range of theoretical and legal approaches to understanding immoral misconduct, incompatible with the continuation of work, it is clarified the legal content of the concept and formulated its definition. Emphasis is placed on the inexpediency of outlining at the legislative level an exhaustive list of acts that should be regarded as immoral, given their evaluative nature. Particular attention was paid to the provisions of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine and a comparative analysis of the normative content of paragraph 5 of Part 2 of Art. 92 of the draft LC of Ukraine under paragraph 3 of Part 1 of Art. 41 of the Labor Code of Ukraine. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of the termination of the employment contract under paragraph 3 of Part 1 of 41 Article of the Labor Code of Ukraine are highlighted and generalized, which are as follows: a) immoral misconduct is an evaluative concept that is not specified at the legislative level, and therefore, the establishment of its existence is carried out in each case, taking into account all the circumstances of the case; b) dismissal for committing an immoral misdemeanor is possible if such misdemeanor is incompatible with the continuation of work; c) the subject of dismissal may be an employee who performs the labor function of education; d) termination of the employment contract on the specified grounds is not a measure of disciplinary action and can be carried out only if there are specific facts that confirm the immoral behavior of the employee. ; На основе комплексного анализа отечественных законодательных положений и широкого круга теоретико-правовых подходов к пониманию аморального проступка, не совместимого с продолжением работы, установлено правовое содержание изучаемого понятия и сформулировано его определение. Освещены и обобщены особенности правового регулирования расторжения трудового договора по п. 3 ч. 1 ст. 41 КЗоТ Украины. Отмечена важная роль суда при решении вопроса о правомерности расторжения трудового договора на указанном основании. Данное научное исследование будет способствовать формированию всестороннего и комплексного научного подхода к пониманию правовой сущности безнравственного проступка как основания расторжения трудового договора по инициативе собственника или уполномоченного им органа в свете современных условий реформирования национального трудового законодательства.

The challenges of globalization for the nursing profession are directly related to the complexity of the day-to-day conflicts of its actions and care. This article aims to describe some of the challenges nursing faces in the globalization era from the point of view of human resources training in Angola. The theoretical, synthetic, inductive-deductive analytical methods were used to perform ananalysis that allows the systematization of knowledge in the elaboration of the main reflections. The reality of the academic formation of the nursing professional haschanged radically in the last decades, which leads to a necessary radical position in the defense of quality teaching, universal and the responsibility of governments. Nursing is in a very favorable position to take as a priority the health care of the population. Supported by competence and knowledge conferred to it. The challenges of nursing training are to build a professional, with technical and scientific skills to take part in health services. They are to form a critical, reflective nurse Who can combine theory with practice without compromising scientific principles, but Who is creative and learns to adapt to the singularities and complexity of situations. ; Os desafios da globalização para a profissão do enfermeiro estão diretamente relacionados com à complexidade de conflitos existentes no dia-a-dia do seu agir e cuidar. Neste trabalho tem como objectivo descrever alguns dos desafios que a enfermagem enfrenta na era da globalização do ponto de vista da formação de recursos humanos em Angola. Utilizaram-se os métodos teóricos, analítico sintético, indutivo-dedutivo para realizar uma análise que permite a sistematização do conhecimento na elaboração das principais reflexões. A realidade da formação académica do profissional de enfermagem mudou radicalmente nas últimas décadas, o que leva à uma necessária tomada de posição radical na defesa do ensino de qualidade, universal e da responsabilidade dos governos. A enfermagem encontra-se numa posição muito favorável para assumir como prioridade os cuidados de saúde das populações. Apoiando-se nas competências e saberes que lhe são conferidos. Os desafios na formação em enfermagem estão em construir um profissional, com competências e habilidades técnicas/científicas para intervir nos serviços de saúde. Estão em formar um enfermeiro crítico, reflexivo e que consiga aliar a teoria com a prática sem comprometer os princípios científicos, mas que seja criativo e aprenda a adaptar-se às singularidades e complexidade das situações. ; Os desafios da globalização para a profissão do enfermeiro estão diretamente relacionados com à complexidade de conflitos existentes no dia-a-dia do seu agir e cuidar. Neste trabalho tem como objectivo descrever alguns dos desafios que a enfermagem enfrenta na era da globalização do ponto de vista da formação de recursos humanos em Angola. Utilizaram-se os métodos teóricos, analítico sintético, indutivo-dedutivo para realizar uma análise que permite a sistematização do conhecimento na elaboração das principais reflexões. A realidade da formação académica do profissional de enfermagem mudou radicalmente nas últimas décadas, o que leva à uma necessária tomada de posição radical na defesa do ensino de qualidade, universal e da responsabilidade dos governos. A enfermagem encontra-se numa posição muito favorável para assumir como prioridade os cuidados de saúde das populações. Apoiando-se nas competências e saberes que lhe são conferidos. Os desafios na formação em enfermagem estão em construir um profissional, com competências e habilidades técnicas/científicas para intervir nos serviços de saúde. Estão em formar um enfermeiro crítico, reflexivo e que consiga aliar a teoria com a prática sem comprometer os princípios científicos, mas que seja criativo e aprenda a adaptar-se às singularidades e complexidade das situações. ; Os desafios da globalização para a profissão do enfermeiro estão diretamente relacionados com à complexidade de conflitos existentes no dia-a-dia do seu agir e cuidar. Neste trabalho tem como objectivo descrever alguns dos desafios que a enfermagem enfrenta na era da globalização do ponto de vista da formação de recursos humanos em Angola. Utilizaram-se os métodos teóricos, analítico sintético, indutivo-dedutivo para realizar uma análise que permite a sistematização do conhecimento na elaboração das principais reflexões. A realidade da formação académica do profissional de enfermagem mudou radicalmente nas últimas décadas, o que leva à uma necessária tomada de posição radical na defesa do ensino de qualidade, universal e da responsabilidade dos governos. A enfermagem encontra-se numa posição muito favorável para assumir como prioridade os cuidados de saúde das populações. Apoiando-se nas competências e saberes que lhe são conferidos. Os desafios na formação em enfermagem estão em construir um profissional, com competências e habilidades técnicas/científicas para intervir nos serviços de saúde. Estão em formar um enfermeiro crítico, reflexivo e que consiga aliar a teoria com a prática sem comprometer os princípios científicos, mas que seja criativo e aprenda a adaptar-se às singularidades e complexidade das situações.

The approaches to providing prevention when implementing "The global plan of action for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in the years 2013-2020" and in the framework of the public health system implementation in Ukraine are discussed in the article. Objective: To present content analysis of the strategies and disease prevention strengthening system as a part of the Public Health System. Materials and methods. We used the following methods: a bibliosemantyc, a structural and logical analysis, a systematic approach. The research materials were WHO documents and legislation of Ukraine on the public health potential development and disease prevention. Results and discussion. The World Health Organization provides crucial to disease prevention. The "Global Action Plan for the prevention of noncommunicable diseases and combat them in the years 2013-2020" is the strategic document that defines the development of diseases prevention in the European region, which was adopted at the World Health Assembly 66th Session. The ultimate goal of the Global Action Plan is to reduce the burden of disease, death and disability caused by noncommunicable diseases that can be prevented through intersectoral cooperation and collaboration at national, regional and global levels in order to allow the each age group population to achieve the highest health standards, and that non-communicable diseases are no longer a barrier to prosperity and social and economic development. Conclusions. The diseases prevention and health promotion are not purely medical problem, but the complex nationwide problems, and its solution requires the political will and significant resources. The problem effectively solving is necessary in Public Health System, which is active implementing currently in Ukraine. ; В статье обсуждаются подходы по обеспечению профилактики по выполнению «Глобального плана действий по профилактике неинфекционных заболеваний и борьбе с ними на 2013-2020 годы» и в рамках внедрения в Украине системы общественного здравоохранения. Цель работы: представить анализ стратегий и содержания профилактики заболеваний в системе укрепления и охраны здоровья в рамках общественного здравоохранения. Материалы и методы. При выполнении данной работы использованы следующие методы: библиосемантичний, структурно-логического анализа, системного подхода. Материалами исследования выступили документы ВОЗ и законодательная база Украины по развитию потенциала общественного здоровья и профилактики заболеваний. Результаты и их обсуждение. Всемирная организация здравоохранения оказывает чрезвычайно важное значение профилактике заболеваний. Стратегическим документом, которым определено развитие профилактики в европейском регионе, является «Глобальный план действий по профилактике неинфекционных заболеваний и борьбе с ними на 2013-2020 годы», который принят на 66-й сессии Всемирной ассамблеи здравоохранения. Конечной целью данного глобального плана действий является снижение бремени болезней, смертности и инвалидности, вызванных неинфекционными болезнями, поддающимися профилактике за счет междусекторального сотрудничества и совместной работы на национальном, региональном и глобальном уровнях с тем, чтобы позволить населению достичь самых высоких стандартов здоровья в каждой возрастной группе, и чтобы неинфекционные болезни перестали быть преградой для благополучия и социального и экономического развития. Выводы. Профилактика заболеваний и сохранение здоровья населения является не чисто медицинской, а комплексной общегосударственной задачей, и на ее решение требуется как политическая свобода, так и значительные ресурсы. Эффективно решить данную задачу необходимо в рамках системы здравоохранения общественного здоровья, которая сейчас активно внедряется в Украине. ; У статті обговорюються підходи щодо забезпечення профілактики з виконання «Глобального плану дій з профілактики неінфекційних захворювань і боротьби з ними на 2013-2020 роки» та в рамках впровадження в Україні системи громадського здоров'я. Мета роботи: представити аналіз стратегій та змісту профілактики захворювань у системі зміцнення та охорони здоров'я в рамках охорони громадського здоров'я. Матеріали та методи. При виконанні даної роботи використано наступні методи: бібліосемантичний, структурно-логічного аналізу, системного підходу. Матеріалами дослідження виступили документи ВООЗ та законодавча база України з розвитку потенціалу громадського здоров'я та профілактики захворювань. Результати та їх обговорення. Всесвітня організація охорони здоров'я надає надзвичайно важливе значення профілактиці захворювань. Стратегічним документом, яким визначено розвиток профілактики в європейському регіоні, є «Глобальний план дій з профілактики неінфекційних захворювань і боротьби з ними на 2013-2020 роки», який прийнято на 66-й сесії Всесвітньої асамблеї охорони здоров'я. Кінцевою метою даного глобального плану дій є зниження тягара хвороб, смертності та інвалідності, які викликані неінфекційними хворобами, що піддаються профілактиці за рахунок міжсекторального співробітництва і спільної роботи на національному, регіональному та глобальному рівнях з тим, щоб дозволити населенню досягнути найвищих стандартів здоров'я в кожній віковій групі, і щоб неінфекційні хвороби перестали бути перепоною для благополуччя та соціального і економічного розвитку. Висновки. Профілактика захворювань та збереження здоров'я населення є не суто медичним, а комплексним загальнодержавним завданням, і на його вирішення потрібна як політична воля, так і значні ресурси. Ефективно вирішити зазначене завдання необхідно в рамках системи охорони здоров'я громадського здоров'я, яка наразі активно проваджується в Україні.

The article defines the essence of requisition and the cases when it is allowed. In particular, the author focuses on determining the possibility of requisition in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The grounds for the application of requisition, the procedure for making a decision on requisition, the types of property that can be requisitioned, the features of the assessment of property subject to compulsory alienation are determined. Particular attention is paid to defining the concept of force majeure and answering the question of whether the introduction of quarantine is force majeure. It is determined that the fact of existence of a circumstance (fire, martial law, etc.) is not considered force majeure, it is necessary to prove the impossibility of fulfilling the obligations under the terms of the contract. The peculiarities of quarantine and the admissibility of requisition in the conditions of quarantine in Britain and France are studied. In particular, the peculiarities of the "military type" quarantine, which was introduced in Britain, were determined. In the conditions of the specified quarantine strict restrictive measures which included, among other, compulsory requisition of hotels as medical establishments and requisition of private hospitals as ambulance hospitals were allowed. The French parliament also passed a state of emergency, giving the government special powers during the coronavirus crisis. In particular, the law allowed the government to confiscate any goods or services, including taxis, to transport hospital staff to fight the coronavirus pandemic. It is determined that in the practice of the ECtHR requisition is considered more broadly than in the legislation of Ukraine. It is often understood as various ways of forcible seizure of property from the owner. It is concluded that requisition is an exceptional way to terminate property rights, which is carried out in a special manner specifically established for it, and subject to full reimbursement of the value of requisitioned property for a certain state or other public benefit. The legislation of Ukraine does not provide for the forced confiscation of property from citizens and non-state legal entities into state ownership free of charge (except for the confiscation of propertyas a sanction for an offense). The Constitution of Ukraine explicitly recognizes that the forcible alienation of private property can be used only as an exception for reasons of public necessity, on the basis and in the manner prescribed by law, and subject to prior and full reimbursement of their value, and in military or state of emergency – with subsequent reimbursement of their value. Thus, in Ukraine the constitutional guarantees of inadmissibility of free compulsory confiscation of objects of the right of private property (i.e. free nationalization) are established. ; У статті є визначається сутність реквізиції та випадки, коли допускається можливість її застосування. Зокрема, у центрі уваги автора є визначення можливості застосування реквізиції в умовах пандемії COVID-19. Визначаються підстави застосування реквізиції, процедура прийняття рішення про проведення реквізиції, види майна, які можуть бути реквізовані, особливості оцінки майна, що підлягає примусовому відчуженню. Особлива увага приділяється визначенню поняття форс-мажору та відповіді на питання, чи є впровадження карантину форс-мажором. Визначено, що сам по собі факт існування обставини (виникнення пожежі, впровадження воєнного стану тощо) ще не вважається форс-мажором, необхідним є доведення неможливості виконання через неї передбачених умовами договору зобов'язань. Досліджуються особливості запровадження карантину та допустимості реквізиції в умовах запровадженого карантину у Британії та Франції. Зокрема, визначено особливості карантину «воєнного типу», який запроваджувався у Британії. В умовах зазначеного карантину допускалися суворі обмежувальні заходи, які включали в себе, у тому числі, примусову реквізицію готелів як медичних закладів та реквізицію приватних госпіталів як лікарень швидкої допомоги. Французьким парламентом також було ухвалено закон про надзвичайний стан, що надав уряду особливі повноваження на час кризи, пов'язаної з поширенням коронавірусу. Зокрема, закон дозволив уряду конфісковувати будь-які товари чи послуги, включаючи автомобілі таксі для транспортування персоналу лікарень, для боротьби з пандемією коронавірусу. Визначено, що у практиці ЄСПЛ реквізиція розглядається ширше, аніж в законодавстві України. Часто під нею розуміються різні способи примусового вилучення майна у власника. Зроблено висновок, що реквізиція є виключним способом припинення права власності, який здійснюється в особливому порядку, спеціально встановленому для неї, та за умови повного відшкодування вартості реквізованого майна для певної державної або іншої суспільно корисної мети. Законодавство України не передбачає примусового безоплатного вилучення майна у громадян і недержавних юридичних осіб у державну власність (крім конфіскації майна як санкції за правопорушення). У Конституції України прямо визнано, що примусовевідчуження об'єктів права приватної власності може бути застосовано лише як виняток з мотивів суспільної необхідності, на підставі та в порядку, встановлених законом, та за умови попереднього і повного відшкодування їх вартості, а в умовах воєнного чи надзвичайного стану – з наступним відшкодуванням їх вартості. Таким чином, в Україні встановлено конституційні гарантії неприпустимості безоплатного примусового вилучення об'єктів права приватної власності (тобто безоплатної націоналізації).

El objetivo del presente es analizar las implicaciones de la pandemia covid19 en la dinámica de movilidad y transporte durante la disrupción en Guadalajara, México, así como los efectos de la estrategia de las instituciones públicas. Los eventos pandémicos ocasionan disrupciones en la movilización urbana y transporte de la ciudadanía, que pueden alterar las dinámicas económicas y producir efectos negativos en la percepción de ingreso en los hogares con lo que se agrava el esquema de desigualdad social en una metrópoli que aparentemente goza con un Índice de Desarrollo Humano elevado. Metodológicamente, se recurrió a los enfoques de Estudio de Caso, el análisis estadístico descriptivo, análisis de la acción pública y sociología de la vida y realización de trabajo de campo. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que las restricciones de movilidad en un área metropolitana a través del confinamiento social y el cierre selectivo de actividades productivas y la reducción del servicio de transporte público incrementó el uso de transporte privado; además, la estrategia del confinamiento social metropolitano, en particular el " el botón de emergencia", provocó concentraciones altas de usuarios del transporte público en horarios de servicio reducido por disposición oficial de la estrategia de contención, lo cual, propició el incremento del riesgo de infección aunado al perdida o reducción de ingreso económico necesario para solventar necesidades básicas ; L'objectif de notre article est celui d'analyser les implications de la pandémie de Covid-19 dans la dynamique de la mobilité et des transports lors de la crise, à Guadalajara, au Mexique, ainsi que les effets produits par les stratégies mises en place dans le cadre des institutions publiques. Les événements pandémiques provoquent des perturbations dans la mobilisation urbaine et le transport des citoyens, ce qui peut altérer la dynamique économique et produire des effets négatifs sur la perception des revenus des ménages, aggravant ainsi le schéma d'inégalité sociale, dans une métropole qui jouit apparemment d'un indice de développement humain élevé. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous sommes partis d'études de cas, d'analyse statistique descriptive, d'analyse de politique publique et d'observations directes. Parmi les principaux résultats, il a été constaté que, dans une zone métropolitaine, les restrictions de mobilité en raison du confinement social et de la fermeture sélective des activités productives et la réduction du service de transport public ont augmenté l'utilisation des transports privés. De plus, la stratégie du confinement social métropolitain, en particulier le "bouton d'urgence", a provoqué de fortes concentrations d'usagers dans les transports publics, pendant les heures de service, réduites par disposition officielle, provoquant à la fois une augmentation du risque d'infection et une perte ou réduction des ressources économiques nécessaires aux besoins élémentaires. ; O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as implicações da pandemia de covid-19 em termos de mobilidade e dinâmica de transporte do distúrbio em Guadalajara, México, mesmo que a aprendizagem e os problemas sociais sejam comuns nas instituições públicas. Eventos pandêmicos provocam distúrbios na mobilização urbana e no transporte das cidades, que podem alterar o dinamismo econômico e efeitos negativos na percepção de renda das famílias, agravando o esquema de desigualdade social em uma metrópole e jouit apparemment d'un index of human development elevé. No plano metodológico, os estudos de caso, análise estatística descritiva, análise de políticas públicas e observação direta sobre esses usos. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que as restrições de mobilidade em uma área metropolitana por confinamento social e o crescimento seletivo das atividades produtivas e a redução do serviço de transporte público aumentaram o uso do transporte privado; Além disso, a estratégia de confinamento social metropolitano, em particular o "bouton d'urgence", causado por fortes concentrações de usuários de transporte público pairando sobre os horários de atendimento réduites, que se conjugam com um aumento da infecção. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implications of the covid-19 pandemic on the dynamics of mobility and transportation during the disruption in Guadalajara, Mexico and the main topics to resolve from the institutional action. Pandemic events cause disruptions in the urban mobilization and transportation of citizens, which can unsettle economic dynamics and produce negative effects on the perception of income in households, thus aggravating the pattern of social inequality in a metropolis that enjoys a high Human Development Index, at least in appearance. Methodologically, Case Study approaches, descriptive statistical analysis, public policy analysis and direct observation were useful. Among the main findings, it was found that mobility restrictions in a metropolitan area through social confinement and the selective closure of productive activities and the reduction of public transport service increased the use of private transport; In addition, the strategy of metropolitan social confinement, the "emergency button", caused high concentrations of public transport users during reduced service hours, which increase the risk of infection.

El 2020 fue un año marcado por una pandemia que afectó al mundo en general, y a Colombia, en particular. Estar confinados durante varios meses, los problemas sociales como el desempleo, la violencia intrafamiliar, crisis emocionales y depresión son algunas de las más evidentes situaciones que surgieron en el mundo. Colombia no es ajena a estas cuestiones. Además, debimos enfrentar algunas otras decisiones gubernamentales que, a la larga, no fueron convenientes. Tres días sin IVA (Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido) fueron decretados por el presidente Iván Duque Márquez. Esto contribuyó enormemente a elevar uno de los picos de la pandemia y a nuevas medidas por parte de alcaldes y gobernadores para mitigar las malas decisiones del gobierno nacional. Sin embargo, existe algo más intrigante que esto: el asesinato de líderes sociales durante ese año fue, por decir lo menos, escandaloso. Masacres, camuflados por el presidente como asesinatos colectivos, han sido lo cotidiano en medio del confinamiento. Y eso que se redujeron las muertes violentas en Colombia. El objetivo de este documento es estudiar esas cifras de asesinato de líderes sociales durante el primer año de la pandemia haciendo una comparación con otros años en nuestro pasado. Haré un énfasis particular en los retos que se asumen en este país en una época de pos pandemia. ; L'année 2020 a été marquée par une pandémie qui a affecté le monde en général et la Colombie en particulier. Le confinement pendant plusieurs mois, les problèmes sociaux tels que le chômage, la violence entre membres d'une même famille, les crises émotionnelles et la dépression, sont quelques unes des situations auxquelles le monde a dû faire face. La Colombie n'y a pas échappé, en particulier en raison de certaines décisions gouvernementales qui n'ont pase eu les effets escomptés. Le président Iván Duque Márquez imposa trois journées sans Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (TVA), ce qui contribua à une recrudescence de la pandémie et obligea les maires et les gouverneurs à trouver des solutions autres pour pallier les mauvaises décisions du gouvenement national. Mais, plus que tout, l'assassinat des leaders sociaux au cours de cette année 2020 fut proprement scandaleux. En plein confinement, les massaces, cdéguisés en assassinats collectifs par le Président ont été quotidiens alors que le nombre de morts violentes avait diminué. Notre article a pour objet d'étudier les chiffres des assassinats de leaders sociaux au cours de la première année de la pandémie et de les comparer à ceux des années antérieures. Nous insisterons tout particulièrement sur les défis auxquels notre país est confronté en période post pandémie. ; 2020 foi um ano marcado por uma pandemia que afetou o mundo em geral, e a Colômbia em particular. Estando confinado por vários meses, problemas sociais como desemprego, violência doméstica, crises emocionais e depressão são algumas das situações mais óbvias que surgiram no mundo. A Colômbia não é estranha a essas questões. Além disso, tivemos que enfrentar algumas outras decisões governamentais que, a longo prazo, não foram convenientes. Três dias sem IVA (Imposto sobre Valor Agregado) foram decretados pelo presidente Iván Duque Márquez. Isso contribuiu enormemente para elevar um dos picos da pandemia e para novas medidas de prefeitos e governadores para mitigar as más decisões do governo nacional. No entanto, há algo mais intrigante do que isso: o assassinato de líderes sociais naquele ano foi, no mínimo, escandaloso. Massacres, camuflados pelo presidente como assassinatos coletivos, têm ocorrido diariamente em meio ao confinamento. E que, até certo ponto, as mortes violentas na Colômbia foram reduzidas. Neste documento estudaremos esses números de assassinatos durante o primeiro ano da pandemia, fazendo uma comparação com outros anos do nosso passado. Darei particular ênfase aos desafios que se assumem neste país numa era pós-pandemia. ; 2020 was a year marked for a pandemic. It affected the world in general and Colombia in particular. To be confined for some months, the social troubles like unemployment, domestic violence, emotional crisis, depression are some of the most evident situations that appeared in the world. Colombia isn't unconnected to these questions. In addition, Colombians lived with some governmental decisions that, in the long run, were not convenient. Three without IVA days were decreed for the president Iván Duque Márquez. This action contributed to increasing one of the peaks of pandemic and some news measurements from mayors and governors to mitigate the bad national governmental decisions. However, there is something more boisterous than this: the murder of social leaders during 2020 has been, to say the least, intriguing. Massacres, camouflaged by the president like collective murders, have been the daily thing in the midst of confinement. And that, to a certain extent, violent deaths were reduced in Colombia. In this document I will study those murder figures during of the pandemic.

The purpose of the article – highlight the features of the relationship between the concepts of organization, organization, administration, and justify the need for system-professional administrative influence (coercion, motivation) for the effective functioning of organizations of various legal forms, forms of ownership and activities. Research methods. During the research, the following methods were used: abstract-logical (the analysis of the peculiarities of the relationship between the concepts of organization, organizing, administration, and the interdependence between organizational size, activities and complexity of tasks, competitive market positions); dialectical knowledge of processes and phenomena (substantiated the need to use in practice procedures and tools of direct (indirect) and indirect (indirect) influence, which will meet the criteria and subcriteria of business excellence, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the basic system of administrative management; analysis and synthesis (for the formation of definitions of organization, organizing, administration, administrative procedure, fundamental system of organizational leadership; to establish objects that characterize the main tasks and functions of managerial motivation, composition and content of its main tools, their hierarchy, sequence of development and implementation, as well as measures that require unification of forms of administration, to determine the elements and subsystems of the model of the basic system of administrative management, to generalize and draw conclusions); structural and functional (analysis of the influence of the elements of the basic outline of administrative oversight on the choice and content of individual administration tools and the peculiarities of their practical use); graphic (allowed to clearly reveal the results of research). Research results. The relationship between the concepts of organization, organizing, administration is shown. It is substantiated that for the effective functioning of the organization as an effective system, it is necessary to establish perfect structures and processes of organizing through the use of unified or professionally selected adapted-applied procedures and tools for the administration of direct and mediate influence. It is noted that together they characterize the content of elements and subsystems of the basic system of administrative management, which ensures the effectiveness of use of the general organizational management system. The visualized model of the basic system of administrative management of the organization is demonstrated. Attention is focused on the need to take into account the criteria and sub-criteria of business excellence in the selection and / or formation of administrative resource of prompting to ensure organizational and economic benefits in conditions of global market transformation. Definitions of the concepts of organization, organizing, administration, basic system of administrative management, administrative procedures, business excellence are given. In addition, the composition is presented and the content of the main administration tools is briefly described, as well as the logically substantiated sequence of their development and implementation is visualized. At the same time, conceptually revealed the features of the use of procedures, provisions, organizational structure of management, regimes, bylaws, norms, rules, instructions, orders, prescriptions, guidelines, control mechanism of work in the practical activities of the organization. At the same time, for a full analysis of organizational influence resources, examples of individual documents are given, according to the main directions of the organization's work, the processes of development and signing of which are subject to administrative requirements, as well as examples of procedures for administrative and documentary provision of staff interaction with individual stakeholders. As a result, the main measures are summarized, which, as a rule, require unification of forms of administration. Scientific novelty. For the first time the interrelation between the concepts of organization, organizing, administration is substantiated and the peculiarities of interrelation of organizational sizes, directions of activity and complexity of tasks of organization, basic system of administrative management and general organizational system of management are characterized. Improved scientific approach to defining the concepts of organization, organizing, administration, administration procedure, as well as on establishing a list of reference characteristics of business excellence and assessing their impact on ensuring the competitive advantages of the organization. Gained further development the content of the definition of the concept of basic system of administrative management and the list of elements of its visualized model, as well as the scientific approach to determining the features of the use, in cooperation with stakeholders, documents of administrative support of the organization. Practical significance. The fact that the results of the research are argued, on specific examples, convince the need for objectively-adapted perception of the interdependence of effective organization activity from a professional approach to organizing its operation through the use of administrative procedures and tools that comprehensively reflect the effectiveness of the basic system of administrative management as basis of organizational management system.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar ponderações a respeito da maneira como o racismo evidente e manifesto em falas e comportamentos de indivíduos na sociedade brasileira contribui para a negação da humanidade e o apagamento de sujeitos em função de seu pertencimento étnico-racial, levando-se em consideração o importante papel que a escola deve desempenhar a fim de combater quaisquer formas de preconceito e discriminação, principalmente produzindo ações que se tornem eficazes já nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental. Para se atingir tal objetivo, utilizou-se como metodologia a pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, com delineamento exploratório, a partir do objetivo definido, e de procedimento bibliográfico com coleta de dados em textos já publicados a respeito do tema e dispostos em materiais impressos ou em meios digitais. O resultado a que chega com o escrito aponta para a necessidade do fortalecimento de práticas pedagógicas e de ações de conscientização para o enfrentamento de grave problema persistente na sociedade brasileira, na qual uma parcela ainda tem insistido na via da negação do racismo e na existência de uma democracia racial. Extraindo-se por conclusão a constatação de que a escola precisa abraçar sua missão social e permitir a efetivação de políticas educacionais incisivas e que se tornem eficazes para a formação de indivíduos dispostos ao diálogo e não ao conflito que apenas alimenta o abismo de ignorância caracterizador de uma sociedade que se tem mostrado, ao menos em parte, indisposta a enfrentar e resolver seus dilemas mais agudos.Palavras-chave: Racismo. Escola. Sociedade brasileira.From racism in school to a school against the racism: considerations about the Brazilian sceneABSTRACTThis article has by aim to present comprehensions about the way racism exposed and manifest em speeches and individual behaviors in Brazilian society contributes to the denial of humanity and the obliteration of some persons by their ethnic recognition, in considering the essential role of the school in this matter struggling any kind of prejudice and discrimination, mostly producing actions with substantial effectiveness mainly in the Elementary School. To achieve that objective, it was made use as methodology the research of qualitative type and exploratory basis with bibliographic procedure of data, accessing texts about the subject in books or digital media. The result of the discussion shows that it is needed the strengthening of pedagogic practices and actions of conscientization to face this chronic problem still existent in the Brazilian society, in which some individuals have insisted in the denial of the racism and in the reality of some kind of racial democracy. Considering by conclusion that it is through the school, assuming its social goal, the consolidation of educational and strength policies will be realized in the process of building persons opened to the dialogue but not to the conflict who only feeds the abyss of ignorance that it is a strong attribute of a society that has sadly revealed itself, at least some individuals, unable to face its major dilemmas.Keywords: Racism. Elementary School. Brazilian Society.Del racismo en la escuela a una escuela contra el racismo: reflexiones a respecto del panorama brasileñoRESUMENEste articulo tiene por objetivo presentar algunas consideraciones a respeto de la manera como el racismo claro y manifiesto en hablas y comportamientos de los individuos en la sociedad brasileña ha contribuido para la negación de la humanidad y el apagamiento de los sujetos en razón de su identificación étnico-racial, sabiéndose que la escuela tiene inevitablemente un papel muy importante a desempeñar en el combate a todas las formas de prejuicio y discriminación, principalmente produciendo acciones que sean eficaces ya en los primeros años de la enseñanza elemental. Para llegarse al cumplimiento de lo objetivo descrito se hace aplicación de metodología con investigación cualitativa, de carácter exploratorio, a partir de dicho objetivo, y de revisión bibliográfica acerca del problema con acceso a textos disponibles en línea o libros. El resultado alcanzado con este escrito muestra que es fundamental avanzar en el fortalecimiento de prácticas pedagógicas y de acciones para la tomada de conciencia mirando el enfrentamiento de uno grave problema mucho presente en la sociedad brasileña, en la cual una parte aún se posiciona por la negación del racismo y por la creencia en una democracia racial. Por lo tanto, una de las conclusiones es la constatación de que en Brasil la escuela necesita abrazar su tarea social y permitir la realización de fuertes políticas educacionales que se tornen caminos viables para la formación de individuos dispuestos al dialogo y jamás elijan el conflicto que sólo alimenta el abismo de ignorancia como marca de una sociedad que se tiene hecho ver, en parte, poco lista a enfrentar y solucionar sus dilemas más severos.Palabras clave: Racismo. Enseñanza Elemental. Sociedad Brasileña

A educação equitativa e de qualidade para todos os cidadãos é uma das mais importantes formas de ultrapassagem das desigualdades que ainda se fazem sentir fortemente nas sociedades. A qualidade dos professores é uma dimensão central dos processos educativos, a qual depende em grande parte da qualidade da formação inicial. Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa desenvolvida com o objetivo de explorar as características das identidades de professores formadores e dos climas de formação que formam professores focados na inclusão social e na humanização. Teoricamernte o estudo ancora-se no conceito de identidade profissional. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa segue uma orientação qualitativa que se estrutura através de entrevista em grupo com professoras formadoras de um curso de ensino da educação física em uma universidade portuguesa e de análise documental sobre o ensino superior em Portugal a nível nacional e a nível da instituição das pessoas em estudo. A instituição foi escolhida devido à qualidade reconhecida de seu curso. Para dar conta da identidade dos formadores, a entrevista considerou o percurso profissional dos professores formadores e a sua perspectiva sobre a formação inicial; os documentos incluíram legislação, planos de estudos, ementas de documentos de auto e hétero avaliação do curso. A análise sugere que é possível a academia formar professores para a inclusão e a humanização, nomeadamente em certas condições: (i) existência de identidades duais (de registro acadêmico e profissional) e (ii) existência de verdadeiras comunidades de prática de professores formadores, professores cooperantes e estudantes estagiários.Palavras-chave: Formação de Professor. Percurso Profissional. Ensino da Educação Física.Can the academy train teachers? An experience of training physical education teachers at the universityABSTRACTEquitable and quality education for all citizens is one of the most important ways to overcome the inequalities that are still strongly felt in societies. The quality of teachers is a central dimension of educational processes, which largely depends on the quality of initial training. This article presents a research developed with the objective of exploring the characteristics of the identities of teacher educators and the training climates that form teachers focused on social inclusion and humanization. Theoretically, the study is based on the concept of professional identity. Methodologically, the research follows a qualitative orientation that is structured through a group interview with teachers who teach a physical education teaching course at a Portuguese university and documentary analysis on higher education in Portugal on national level and on studied people institutional level. The institution was chosen due to the recognized quality of its course. To account for the identity of the trainers, the interview considered the professional path of the teacher educators and their perspective on initial training; the documents included legislation, study plans, menus for self and straight course evaluation documents. The analysis suggests that it is possible for the academy to train teachers for inclusion and humanization, namely under certain conditions: (i) existence of dual identities (of academic and professional record) and (ii) existence of true communities of practice for teacher educators, cooperating teachers and student trainees.Keywords: Teacher Training. Professional Path. Physical Education Teaching.¿Puede la academia formar profesores? Una experiencia de formación de profesores de educación física en la universidadRESUMENLa educación equitativa y de calidad para todos los ciudadanos es una de las formas más importantes de superar las desigualdades que aún se sienten con fuerza en las sociedades. La calidad de los docentes es una dimensión central de los procesos educativos, que depende en gran medida de la calidad de la formación inicial. Este artículo presenta una investigación desarrollada con el objetivo de explorar las características de las identidades de los formadores de docentes y los climas de formación que forman los docentes enfocados en la inclusión social y la humanización. Teóricamente, el estudio se basa en el concepto de identidad profesional. Metodológicamente, la investigación sigue una orientación cualitativa que se estructura a través de una entrevista grupal con profesores que imparten un curso de docencia de educación física en una universidad portuguesa y un análisis documental sobre la educación superior en Portugal a nivel nacional y a nivel institucional. La institución fue elegida por la reconocida calidad de su curso. Para dar cuenta de la identidad de los formadores, la entrevista consideró la trayectoria profesional de los formadores de docentes y su perspectiva sobre la formación inicial; los documentos incluían legislación, planes de estudio, menús para autoevaluación y documentos de evaluación del curso. El análisis sugiere que es posible que la academia capacite a los docentes para la inclusión y la humanización, es decir, bajo ciertas condiciones: (i) existencia de identidades duales (de expediente académico y profesional) y (ii) existencia de verdaderas comunidades de práctica para los formadores de docentes, profesores colaboradores y alumnos en formación.Palabras clave: Formación Docente. Carrera. Enseñanza de la Educación Física.

The celebration of the outstanding personalities of academia is always an occasion to exchange ideas, establish the state of art of a scientific area, and highlight the hallmarks and new paradigms. This was the case of the Anniversary Conference "Structural Components of Forest Ecosystems: ecology, conservation and management" held in honour of Prof. Nicolae Doniță, under the generous auspices of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" in Timișoara. The celebrated scientist, Professor Nicolae Doniță (also member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences "Gheorghe-Ionescu Șișești" and, Doctor Honoris Causa of the Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences University of Banat "King Mihai I of Romania" and of the University Ștefan cel Mare of Suceava) marked in that occasion his 90th anniversary, surrounded by his fellow scientists, former students and collaborators. Fifty-three participants in the conference honoured the personality and lifetime achievements of one of the most prominent figures among the Romanian forest ecologists, who reshaped the fundamentals of the Romanian silviculture based on the ecosystemic approach. The most consistent section of the conference was dedicated to the presentation of oral communications and posters circumscribed to the conference's central theme. The systemic, holistic paradigm adopted in forest ecology was brought forward in the opening lecture given by Prof. Doniță: "On the formation of the forest ecosystem". The rest of presentations focused on more specific topics or case studies, of which some are briefly mentioned hereinafter. The old-growth forests in Romania were presented from the perspective of significance for the conservation efforts and various hindrances, with special reference to the integration in the larger European concern raised by climatic change and anthropogenic pressures. The forest dynamics in terms of species composition was employed as a tool for the evaluation of forest naturalness in Bosco Quarto (Gargano, Italy). The overview of tropical monospecific forest plantations brought a close insight into an old and controversial problem related to the balance between economic benefits and biodiversity loss. The study of the complex interactions between herbs and tree saplings in southern Appalachian forests revealed the mediator effects of soil fertility and stand evergreenness. The current status of forest habitats in Romania was summarized by means of the second national report to the European Commission (article 17 in the Habitats Directive). The importance of dead wood preserved in situ was demonstrated by the high diversity of saproxylic beetles within the natural reserve Voievodeasa Forest (North-Eastern Romania). The analysis of data contained in management plans was shown to provide useful information for mitigating the consequences of climatic change by improving the ecological status of forests and enhancing their environmental services. The synthesis on the old-growth and virgin beech forests from Carpathians and other European regions, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, was presented as an important contribution to the forest conservation effort at European level. The role of soil physical and chemical properties, as important determinants for the distinction of forest ecosystem types, was highlighted in the Subsidiary Timiș Forest. The old-growth beech forests included in the nature reserve Izvoarele Nerei (South-Western Romania), famous for its big trees and pristine status, were shown to harbour a high biodiversity encompassing species from different groups. The comparison of two estimation methods of the foliar area index in a beechfir old-growth forest provided interesting insights on the influence of environmental factors. The speakers referred to the scientific stature of Prof. Doniță, but also to his friendly human nature, his talent in gathering people around a common theme, his generous approach to science and scientists, being a leader but not misusing his authority, while always remaining a kind and patient guide. His achievements, spanning across six decades, consist of important international projects, seminal books and a vast array of scientific papers. Several outstanding books he coordinated or co-authored should be mentioned in this context: Forest Ecosystem Types of Romania (1990), Habitats of Romania (2005-2006), Forest Ecology (1978), The Vegetation of Romania (1992), Silviculture on Ecosystemic Bases (1997), The Virgin Forests of Romania (2001), Population, Species, Biocoenosis - An integrating Vision (2019). One of the milestones of Nicolae Doniță's activity was his participation in the project "Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe, Scale 1:2500000, with Explanatory Text", which extended over 20 years of intensive collaboration between experts from across all Europe. Another notable achievement consisted in the elaboration (along with several co-workers) of the Forest Geospatial Database of Romania according to ecosystemic units and the corresponding digital map. In conclusion, the conference gave the rare opportunity of gathering around a hallmark personality of forest ecology and a series of valuable scientific contributions, while celebrating the lifetime achievements of Prof. Doniță in the context of the contemporary forest science. A selection of papers, either presented at the conference or submitted later on, are included in the first section of the current journal issue.

Problem setting. Manipulations are the main thing in «black rhetoric». Nowadays, it is not difficult to influence with the help of words, different techniques can be used, but they all act as a forced verbal influence on the listener. All of them are formulated and sound based on the power of words. However, where the coercion of submission to another's will is disguised and hidden, there is always contempt and speculation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that most experts raise the question of the moral side of the use of black rhetoric. However, it is fair to say that "black rhetoric" does not mean that it is "forbidden rhetoric." Most likely − this is the reverse side of the classic rules of the communicative process. These are two reverse sides of the same coin: on the one hand, argumentation and logic are clearly presented. On the other hand − rhetoric as a method of securing beliefs. It is believed that black rhetoric is constructive under certain conditions.Paper objectiv. An article devoted to the study of the problems of the application of manipulations with «black rhetoric», coverage of the technology of black rhetoric and methods of resistance to the means and technical manipulative influence on consciousness. The aim of the study is to reveal the techniques of «black rhetoric» and find ways to overcome several methods of manipulating consciousness. Paper main body. According to K. Bredemayer, "black rhetoric" is the manipulation of a complex of rhetorical, dialectical, polemical and rabid methods in order to direct the conversation in the desired direction and lead the opponent or the audience to the desired conclusion and result for the manipulator.
"Black rhetoric" and logic are interconnected, they are united not only by a common process of proof, but also by the fact that each of the sciences is based on thinking, in fact, the main type of rhetoric is verbal thinking, and the most important argument is manipulation.
Verbal thinking − thinking that operates with fixed concepts in words, thoughts, conclusions, analyzes and summarizes, builds hypotheses and theory. It takes place in forms that are constant in the language, ie carried out in the processes of internal or ("thinking aloud") external language. Communication through verbal means is nothing more than the use of a living word in the transmission of information. But in addition to language, speech, there are other means of communication. People exchange information through gestures, facial expressions, looks, postures, body movements, which are called non-verbal (non-verbal) means of communication.
Nonverbal communication is a system of nonverbal cues that serve as a means of exchanging information between people. There is no consensus on the composition of non-verbal components of communication, their classification is based on different criteria. Thus, the communicative nonverbal components of communication are praxodic, kinetic, toxic and proxemic means.
"Black rhetoric" uses primarily verbal manipulations. Manipulation is the covert control of people and their behavior. The peculiarity of all manipulative language techniques is that the speaker does not directly state his true purpose. The interlocutor seems to come to the conclusion that the manipulator needs.
Language manipulation can be found in almost all spheres of human life: in advertising, trade, politics, education, psychotherapy, jurisprudence, literature, family communication and more. In addition to language manipulation, there is also psychological manipulation, which has the following characteristics: the attitude of the manipulator to the objects of manipulation as a means to achieve one's own goal; the desire to gain a unilateral advantage; the latent nature of the influence (both the fact of influence and its direction); use of psychological vulnerability of the person.
The analysis of the listed manipulative techniques of "black rhetoric" shows the absence of logical methods of proof and refutation. Psychological factors, emotional influences, suggestive possibilities are emphasized − thinking avoids logical principles of proof and refutation.
Conclusions of the research. Strategies such as: take the initiative in the conversation to prevent manipulation; do not allow a skillful interlocutor-manipulator to disturb the normal course of your thoughts in his favor, because black rhetoric seeks to use linguistic means, the purpose of which is the ability to argue and discuss, emphasize and propagate so that the speaker always wins, despite the erroneous judgments.
To effectively counteract "black rhetoric", psychological influence through critical thinking and reflection should be avoided; emphasize the logical means of discussion; analyze the information by comparing the proposed facts to be verified.
Mastering the logical methods of introducing a discussion allows you to overcome the dangerous effects of "black rhetoric", to resist suggestions. Information security is thus achieved by mastering logical knowledge and skills of logical proof and refutation.