Suchergebnisse

The military power in the present international structure is largely concentrated in the advanced industrial First World and the Soviet Union, while the economic power, though a little more diffused after the energy crisis, is still with the First World. The stability of this system rests largely on actual or implied threat of the use of force by those who possess the nuclear and conventional weapons. Thus the NPT, far from being a vehicle for disarmament, legitimizes both the nuclear weapons and the inegalitarian order that rests on it. The emerging new pattern of East-West rivalry is considerably heightened in the setting of the growing North-South tension, as shown in Zaire recently. Obviously, the renunciation of nuclear weapon by its present possessors will be the first step towards creating a new order made explicit in the NIEO declaration.

On June 7, 1961, it was announced that the International Monetary Fund had entered into a stand-by arrangement authorizing the government of Ecuador to draw up to $10 million in currencies held by the Fund during the following twelve months. Then, on July 19 the Fund announced that it had concurred in the establishment of a new par value for Ecuador's currency, accompanied by a simplification of the country's exchange system. The par value as of that date was changed from 15 to 18 sucres per United States dollar, and Ecuador discontinued most of its multiple rate practices. Under the new system at least 90 percent of all trade and trade-connected transactions, including the export of such major products as bananas, coffee and cacao, was to be conducted within one percent either side of parity, while a small free market with a fluctuating rate, mainly for nonessential invisible transactions and unregistered capital transactions, was to continue to operate, chiefly as a means of controlling capital movements. During the period under review the Fund also entered into stand-by agreements wkh other Latin American countries. On July 14, 1961, the Fund announced a one-year stand-by arrangement with the government of El Salvador authorizing drawings in an amount equivalent to $11.25 million. The Fund's assistance was designed to help to support the country's reserve position and ensure the continued convertibility of its currency while measures were being adopted to improve El Salvador's internal situation through appropriate fiscal and monetary policies.

It was announced on May 1, 1961, that the government of Honduras had entered into a stand-by agreement with the International Monetary Fund designed to support the Honduran government in its effort to strengthen its foreign payments position, while maintaining the freedom and flexibility of its foreign exchange system. The agreement authorized drawings equivalent to $7.5 million from the Fund over the following twelve months. On May 17, 1961, the Fund arranged a one-year standby agreement for the government of Brazil for $160 million and rescheduled the payments to be made by that country to the Fund against previous drawings totaling $140 million. The Fund's financial assistance to Brazil was to support a broad financial program of fiscal, credit, trade, and exchange measures designed to combat inflation and to achieve balance of payments equilibrium within the framework of a free and simplified exchange system. The arrangement with the Fund was to be supplemented by additional credits from other sources and by renegotiation of maturities on Brazil's medium-term foreign indebtedness. The Fund also announced that on April 27, 1961, it had agreed to a drawing by the government of Australia of $175 million in currencies held by the Fund. At the same time it entered into a stand-by arrangement with the Australian government authorizing additional drawings up to $100 million over the following twelve months to support the government's efforts to improve its foreign payments position by means of fiscal, monetary, and other measures.

The Administrative Council of 'the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) held its fourteenth session in Geneva from May 19 to June 12, 1959, under the chairmanship of Mr. Alfred F. Langenberger (Switzerland). In preparation for the 1959 conferences, the Council decided to prepare a report for submission to the forthcoming Administrative Radio Conference relating to the implementation of the Atlantic City Table of Frequency Allocations; the report summarized the action taken by the Council with respect to the situation prior to the Extraordinary Administrative Radio Conference, held in Geneva in 1951, and with respect to that arising from the decisions of that Conference. As usual during the session of the Council prior to a Plenipotentiary Conference, the Council also drew up its report to the 1959 Conference on the recent activities of the Union, including questions calling for special attention by the Conference. In its final form, the report was in three parts: Part I related to the activities of the Council and ITU from 1953 to 1959; Part II dealt with the staff and finances of the Union; and Part III covered the various questions to be brought to the attention of the Plenipotentiary Conference. Chief among these matters were the possible assimilation of Union salaries, allowances, and pensions to those of the UN common system, the possible introduction of a consolidated budget and a Working Capital Fund, and problems set by the "ceiling" for the ordinary expenses of the Union.

Report of the Director-GeneralThe annual report of the Director-General (Morse) of the International Labor Organization (ILO) to the 38th session of the ILO Conference had a special theme, that of labor-management relations in thedeveloping industrial society.1 The state of labor-management relations was an important conditioning factor in attaining the broad goals laid down for the ILO in recent years, the Director-General stated; for example, productivity had been widely emphasized during the preceding year, and in the last analysis, the success of efforts to bring about higher productivity depended largely on improved cooperation within industry between management and labor. Labor-management relations were fundamental to the achievement of better manpower utilization in underdeveloped countries, and to the improvement of working and living conditions. In connection with the desire for greater economic security, faulty labor-management relations, creating an obsession with security and an aversion to change on the part of labor, could result in economic stagnation. Research and standard-setting and technical assistance were noted by the Director-General as important contributions being made by the ILO to industrial development, but he stated that these activities, while related to the problems of labor and management, were limited in that they were primarily concerned with setting the goals and establishing the legislative and administrative framework for social policy. It was worth considering, he thought, whether the ILO was not in need of a more positive, active and varied program for improved labormanagement relations.

Forty-four nations were represented at the fifth session on tariff negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade at Torquay, England which convened on September 28, 1950. Of the nations which took part in negotiations, 32 were contracting parties to GATT and seven (Austria, Korea, Peru, the Republic of the Philippines, Turkey, Uruguay and the Federal Republic of Germany) attended the conference with the hope of becoming signatories upon the completion of negotiations. There were five countries (Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Venezuela and Switzerland) which sent observers. L. Dana Wilgress of Canada was the chairman of the meeting. The United States withdrew its request to have Japan restored to full trading equality at the conference because of the indications that other nations were not yet willing to grant most-favored-nation treatment to Japan. The contracting parties negotiated among themselves for newer and broader tariff concessions than those obtained at Geneva in 1947. At the conclusion of the country-with-country bargaining, the results wtere examined by all the participating countries and upon their approval were integrated into the agreement. Other items of importance to international trade discussed were 1) the discrimination against dollar goods as practiced by some countries and 2) the relation of the Schuman Plan to the most-favored-nation clauses in existing agreements. The conference established a tariff negotiations working party of eleven to act as expeditor and policeman if the delegations were slow in initiating negotiations or dragged them on too long.

Intro -- Contents/ Sommaire -- Articles -- Malaya/Singapore/Malaysia: Comments on State Competence, Succession and Continuity -- Some Aspects of the World Bank Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes -- The International Law Commission -- The Charter Travaux Préparatoires and United Nations Powers to Use Armed Force -- Canada in the United Nations Treaty Series: A Global Perspective -- Anti-Dumping Duties in Canada -- Notes and Comments -- Canada's Role in the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam -- The Dominican Crisis: An Inter-American Dilemma -- Liability Rules in the International Carriage of Passengers by Air and the Notice of Denunciation of the Warsaw Convention by the United States of America -- Coexistence, National and International: The First Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Law Association (Canadian Branch) -- Canadian Practice in International Law during 1964 as Reflected in Public Statements -- Canadian Practice in International Law during 1965 as Reflected Mainly in Public Correspondence and Statements of the Department of External Affairs -- Book Reviews / Revue des livres -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y.

Intro -- Contents/Sommaire -- Articles -- The Scottish Tradition in International Law -- Des normes régionales et universelles pour les droits de la personne -- Derogation of Human Rights in Emergency Situations -- Les accords bilatéraux régissant la pêche étrangère dans les eaux canadiennes -- The Status of Agents on Special Mission in Customary International Law -- The Legal Status of Agreements Concluded by Component Units of Federal States with Foreign Entities -- Choice of Law Methods in the Private International Law of Contract -- Notes and Comments -- The Legal Status of the International Joint Commission under International and Municipal Law -- L'accord-cadre entre le Canada et les Communautés européennes: une première juridique -- The Permanent Court of Arbitration and the Election of Members of the International Court of Justice -- Organisation des Etats américains, Comité juridique interaméricain: 5ième Séminaire de Droit international, Rio de Janeiro, 6 août - 1er septembre 1978 -- The Jessup Mooting Competition as a Vehicle for Teaching Public International Law -- The Italian Yearbook of International Law -- Canadian Practice in International Law during 1977 as Reflected Mainly in Public Correspondence and Statements of the Department of External Affairs -- Canadian Practice in International Law during 1977 as Reflected in Resolutions of the House of Commons and in Government Statements in the House of Commons -- Digest of Important Canadian Cases Reported in 1977 in the Fields of Public International Law and Conflict of Laws -- Commentary on Some Treaties Signed by Canada in 1977 -- Book Reviews/Revue des livres -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Intro -- Contents / Sommaire -- Articles -- Maxwell Cohen at Eighty: International Lawyer, Educator, and Judge -- Sommaire -- The Proper Function of International Law in the Determination of Global Behaviour -- Sommaire -- Prohibition of the Use and Threat of Force: Self-Defence and Self-Help in International Law -- Sommaire -- La mutation du régime juridique des espaces en droit international public et le rôle des intrants technologiques -- Summary -- Superior Orders and Command Responsibility -- Summary -- Conscience in Conflict: The Doctor's Dilemma -- Sommaire -- La responsabilité internationale des États-Unis pour les dommages causés par les précipitations acides sur le territoire canadien -- Summary -- The UN Drug Trafficking Convention: An Ambitious Step -- Sommaire -- Notes and Comments / Notes et commentaires -- Canada's New Refugee Determination System -- Sommaire -- Towards an Empirically-Based New International Economic Order -- Contemporary Divergencies in National Attitudes to the International Court of Justice -- Chronique de droit économique International en 1988 / Digest of International Economic Law in 1988 -- Système monétaire international: la dette et le Canada en 1988, préparé par Bernard Colas -- Commerce, préparé par Martin St-Amant -- Investissement, préparé par Pierre Ratelle -- Practice / La pratique -- Canadian Practice in International Law / La pratique canadienne en matière de droit international public -- At the Department of External Affairs in 1988-89 / Au ministère des Affaires extérieures en 1988-89, complied by/ préparé par Edward G.Lee,Q.C. -- Parliamentary Declarations in 1988-89 / Déclarations parlementaires en 1988-89, complied by / préparé par Maureen Irish -- Treaty Action Taken by Canada in 1988 / Mesures prises par le Canada en matière de traités en 1988, complied by / préparé par Françoise Plante.

Intro -- Contents/Sommaire -- Articles -- Is There a Universal International Law Today? -- Sommaire -- The Strait of Georgia Reference -- Sommaire -- Le statut du golfe du Saint-Laurent en droit international public -- Summary -- The Modern Concept of the Off-Lying Archipelago in International Law -- Sommaire -- The Evolution of the Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf, Part II -- Sommaire -- The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1985: Implications for International Criminal Law -- Sommaire -- Notes and Comments/Notes et commentaires -- The Syrian Crisis, 1860-61: A Case Study in Classic Humanitarian Intervention -- Sommaire -- Compelling Disclosure by a Non-Party Litigant in Violation of Foreign Bank Secrecy Laws: Recent Developments in Canada-United States Relations -- Sommaire -- Institutional Aspects of Canada-European Community Relations -- Sommaire -- The Japanese Automotive Voluntary Export Restraint Agreements and International Law -- Sommaire -- The Need for a New General Theory of International Law -- Compte rendu du colloque sur le droit international de la santé -- In Memoriam-Norman Archibald MacRae MacKenzie -- Annuaire canadien de Droit international: Protocole de rédaction des contributions en français -- Practice/La pratique -- Canadian Practice in International Law during 1984/ La pratique canadienne en matière de droit international public en 1984 -- At the Department of External Affairs/Au ministère des Affaires extérieures -- Parliamentary Declarations/Déclarations parlementaires -- Treaty Action Taken by Canada in 1984/Mesures prises par le Canada en matière de traités en 1984 -- Cases/La jurisprudence -- Canadian Cases in International Law in 1984/La jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international en 1984 -- Book Reviews/Recensions de livres -- Analytical Index/Index analytique -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H.

The relationship between political theory, including the history of political thought, and International Relations theory, including the history of international thought, has been, and to some extent remains, complex and troubled. On both sides of the Atlantic, the mid-twentieth century founders of International Relations as an academic discipline drew extensively on the canon of political thought, but approached the subject in an uncritical way, while political philosophers largely disdained the international as a focus. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of the 'justice industry' based on critiques of Rawls' A Theory of Justice and a consequent recovering of the past history of cosmopolitan and communitarian thought. A new discourse emerged in this period – International Political Theory – bridging the gap between political thought and international relations and stimulating a far more creative and scholarly approach to the history of international thought. However, in a social science environment dominated by the methods of economics, that is, formal theory and quantification, the new discourse of International Political Theory occupies a niche rather than existing at the centre of the discipline.