Suchergebnisse

From its early beginnings as a single idea to its current status as an organisation of 27 member states, the European Union has suffered from the lack of a common cultural identity. This debility has greatly hindered the progress of European consolidation and convergence, which to the present day has been manifested mainly through economic and policy agreements. The European Union has achieved many goals during the last 25 years, including the implementation of a common currency that has led to a real economic union between member states and the transfer of various national competences to European institutions. However, the construction of a real European civil society has proved to be a greater challenge; Europeans still cling to their individual national, regional and local identities and have not developed a greater sense of European citizenship. The Euranet Project—an initiative to create a pan-European radio network—began in December 2007 as a joint proposal put forth by 13 national and regional radio stations operating in 12 European countries. Its stated mission when it went on air on April 1, 2008 was to broadcast European news from a transnational perspective to local communities within the European Union. As an independent radio network comprised of member stations spread out across Europe that generates a steady stream of quality Eurocentric information, Euranet serves the EU as an alternative to an official, centralised institutional radio service managed and broadcast from Brussels. Euranet makes a particularly interesting object of study from a researcher's point of view, as it offers a cross-sectional view of multidisciplinary issues that are central to both European convergence and communications studies. From the perspective of convergence, Euranet constitutes the first successful pan-European radio project to recognise and address the diversity of European member states. It has been specifically designed to adapt to different radio markets and deliver tailor-made messages to local audiences. From a communication perspective, it's an example of how the technology and inherent synergies of Internet can be exploited to promote listener interaction and improve the dissemination of content online. Euranet has embraced web-based technologies such as streaming and podcasting and uses its connection with university radio stations to focus on youth as a key target audience. Euranet also represents a significant shift in European Commission media policy; radio now functions as a key part of the Commission's communication strategy to forge social cohesion in Europe and foster a sense of pan-European citizenship. Euranet currently offers radio programming in 15 languages through a network of 18 radio stations located in 16 EU member states. It annually broadcasts 110,000 minutes (approximately 2,000 hours) of contents devoted to topics related to the European Union. Individual stations have complete freedom to determine the content of their programming. Each station daily produces between 30 and 60 minutes of Eurocentric content that is distributed throughout a variety of news and entertainment programs devoted to sport, travel and European culture. At the present time, it serves an audience of nearly 15 million listeners. This paper presents a critical evaluation of Euranet's first four years of operations and speculates on the future of the network beyond the expiration of the European Commission's current 6 million euro annual funding commitment in 2013. It also offers an evaluation of various aspects of Euranet's operations (programming, web strategy, web 2.0. tools) and the role it has played in the construction of a European identity.

Las investigaciones que analizan las actitudes políticas en España se han caracterizado fundamentalmente por tener un enfoque descriptivo, aunque algunas de ellas han intentado buscar explicaciones al tipo de actitudes en los acontecimientos y en el desarrollo histórico político del país. Los indicadores actitudinales utilizado en este trabajo intentan medir y estructurar las actitudes y percepciones políticas de los españoles. Debido a que no es un análisis longitudinal no se puede hablar en sentido estricto de una estructura dimensional de la cultura política. El uso de cada uno de estos indicadores está justificado, si bien no se establece una clasificación de los mismos en las dimensiones originales señaladas por Almond y Verba, y que la mayoría de los autores han utilizado: cognitivas, afectivas y evaluativas. El objeto de este trabajo es plantear una crítica a dicha clasificación y proponer un modelo para la distribución de tales indicadores actitudinales en dimensiones de acuerdo con los indicadores manejados en cada caso. Para descubrir la estructura dimensional de las orientaciones o actitudes políticas de los españoles se han creado índices de medición que permiten conocer la relación entre los indicadores utilizados en un análisis factorial. Finalmente, se describe cada una de las dimensiones extraídas del análisis y se debate sobre la coherencia de las relaciones entre las actitudes incluidas en cada una de ellas. ; As pesquisas que analisam as atitudes políticas na Espanha se têm caraterizado fundamentalmente por ter um enfoque descritivo, ainda que algumas delas têm tentado buscar explicações ao tipo de atitudes nos acontecimentos e no desenvolvimento histórico político do país. Os indicadores atitudinais utilizados neste trabalho tentam medir e e estruturar as atitudes e percepções políticas dos espanhóis. Devido a que não é uma análise longitudinal não se pode falar em sentido estrito de uma estrutura dimensional da cultura política. O uso de cada um destes indicadores está justificado, se bem não se estabelece uma classificação dos mesmo nas dimensões originais assinaladas por Almond e Verba, e que a maioria dos autores têm utilizado: cognitivas, afetivas e avaliativas. O objeto deste trabalho é apresentar uma crítica a dita classificação e propor um modelo para a distribuição de tais indicadores atitudinais em dimensões de acordo com os indicadores empregados em cada caso. Para descobrir a estrutura dimensional das orientações ou atitudes políticas dos espanhóis se têm criado índices de medição que permitem conhecer a relação entre os indicadores utilizados em uma análise fatorial. Finalmente, se descreve cada uma das dimensões extraídas da análise e se debate sobre a coerência das relações entre as atitudes incluídas em cada uma delas. ; The studies that analyze political attitudes in Spain are characterized to have a descriptive approach, although some of them have tried to find out explanations for the type of attitudes in events and political history of the country. The indicators used in this work try to measure attitudes and political perceptions of the Spaniards. The analysis does not include longitudinal data, for that reason it cannot be spoken of a dimensional structure of the political culture. The use of each one of these indicators does not settle down in the original dimensions indicated by Almond and Yerba (1965): cognitive, affective and evaluative. The object of this work is to criticize this classification and to propose a model for the distribution of such attitudinal indicators in dimensions. In order to discover the dimensional structure of the orientations or political attitudes of the Spaniards some indexes have been created and used in a factor analysis. Finally, there is a description of each dimension and the coherence of the relations between attitudes including in them.

Background: Sexuality and reproduction in mature generalised HIV epidemics pose significant dilemma to both HIV infected and negative people. Sexually active young people and HIV serodiscordant couples are faced with difficult decision-making about procreation and HIV transmission. Insufficient data exists about fertility decision-making and how to handle sexuality and fertility among the HIV-infected youth and mutually disclosed discordant couples. Aim: To explore the influence of HIV on fertility decision-making among young people and people in HIV-discordant relationship in Uganda Methods: The four studies used qualitative (focus group discussions - study I, II, and III) and quantitative methods (semi-structured questionnaire - study III and IV). We explored the views of the youth on reasons for high fertility in Uganda and how decisions are made among the youth in the general population (study I) and among HIV-infected youth (study II). A cross sectional study (study III) assessed fertility decision-making among the discordant couples, and a prospective cohort (study IV) assessed how HIV-infected and negative youth sustain their fertility decisions over a period of one year. Thematic and content analysis were used for qualitative data and uni-variate, bi-variate and multivariate analysis for the quantitative data. Results: Patriarchy, culture and religion contribute to sustaining high fertility in Uganda (paper I). The majority (57%) would like to have children but have to grapple with the dilemma of HIV transmission to partner (paper II and III). Less than a half (44%) among the HIV-infected youth compared to two thirds (61%) among the HIV-negative youth made a consistent fertility decision, OR = 0.52 (0.38, 0.70). In total, 24% among the HIV-negative and 18% among the HIV-infected continued to use contraception throughout the year, OR 0.63 (0.41, 0.98), while 12% and 28% among the HIV-negative and infected respectively did not use contraception, OR 2.80 (1.80, 4.36) (paper IV). Conclusions: Young people in central Uganda are still strongly influenced by the patriarchal, cultural and religious norms with the male gender enjoying a superior position. This compels women to desire many boys for their security and happiness (paper I). Many HIV serodiscordant couples in central Uganda desire to have children and are planning to conceive but the highest desire for children is among the young people (paper III, IV). The desire to have children hinders safe sex practice among HIV sero-discordant couples (paper II). The discordant couples committed to condom use have to risk HIV transmission, or look for a sero-concordant partner to get children. Others seek high-risk concurrent partnerships for children and sexual pleasure (paper II). HIV infected youth are not empowered to practice or sustain consistent contraceptive use or adopt preventive strategies (paper I, IV). The current dialogue with health workers is not increasing contraceptive use, especially among the HIV-infected youth (paper IV). Implications: Uganda s cultural norms still favour high fertility and having HIV infection cannot remove the quest to fulfil patriarchal obligations. If not assisted, PLHIV will continue to practice high-risk sex to reproduce. A multi-sectoral approach uniting cultural, political and public institutions is needed to design programs that may stem the HIV epidemic. Strengthening family planning services should include planning for conception for the PLHIV. Critically, in addition to the need for the cultural re-learning processes to desire less children, we need to introduce low-cost harm reduction techniques for reproduction (timed intercourse, sperm washing) to assist PLHIV who want to have children to do so with minimal HIV transmission.

Islands are integral to the earth's biodiversity, with their distinct environments offering a haven for a variety of threatened species of plants, wildlife and unique human cultures. Worldwide, tourism activity profoundly impacts upon destinations, but the impacts on islands are noticeably more acute due to their fragile environments and isolated communities. Research has found that tourism can impact island communities in a variety of ways, including economically, socially and environmentally. Importantly, social interaction is often central to the visitor experience on islands, yet local resentment of tourism development can dilute the tourism experience and inhibit the use of host-guest interaction as a point of market differentiation. Thus this research explores the process and outcomes of host-guest interactions within the context of island tourism. Previous studies on host-guest interaction have assessed the consequences or impacts tourism has on local communities. Social Exchange Theory (SET) has commonly been used as a tool to frame residents' perceptions of the economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism. SET consists of four key stages: initiation of exchange; exchange formation; transaction evaluation; and, consequences of exchange. Building on SET as a conceptual framework for host-guest interaction, this research sought to: explore locals' perceptions of host-guest interaction; explore visitors' perceptions of host-guest interaction; and, evaluate visitors' perceptions of the impacts of host-guest interactions on local communities. A mixed methods research design is used to explore host-guest interactions on Bruny and Magnetic Islands, two islands located off the east coast of Australia. This included three sequential phases of data collection: Phase One assessed residents' perceptions of host-guest interactions; Phase Two appraised visitors' perceptions of host-guest interactions; and, Phase Three measured visitors' belief and evaluation of the impact of tourism on the local island communities. This research revealed that locals were motivated to interact with visitors for a variety of reasons, ranging from economic needs through to a desire to deliver meaningful experiences. Similarly, visitors' identified three sets of needs they required from interacting with the local island communities: basic or superficial; meaningful; and, latent needs. Host-guest interactions were facilitated by festivals, events and markets; community clubs and groups; and, business exchanges via employees of local business and government agencies. Barriers to host-guest interaction were perceived to include: social resistance by the community; a lack of support infrastructure and resources; and, deficiencies in opportunities, communication and promotion. Often host-guest interactions consisted of a transaction of money for goods and services, or the exchange of knowledge for status. The island communities viewed tourism development as having positive economic impacts, but negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts which detracted from its benefits. This is in contrast to visitors who perceived tourism activity to positively increase the economic and social impacts for island communities, while having negative environmental impacts. Although visitors acknowledged host-guest interaction can cause negative impacts, generally they considered tourism to positively impact island communities. Notably, visitors' considered the impact of their own visit to be more positive and less negative than the overall impact of tourism on each of the islands. Finally, visitors' recognised that host-guest interaction can influence their behaviour on the islands, citing both positive and negative incidences of behavioural change. This research has important implications for island tourism planning and development. It unearths the intricate and important process of host-guest interactions and also highlights the need to understand the perceptions of both visitors and locals in the sustainable tourism development process.

The aim of this working document is to assess the impact of the Bologna Process on Higher Education institutions in Malta by providing an overview of the targets and initiatives within the Higher Education sector. A number of indicators have been taken as points of reference of this research namely: the European Credit Transfer System, the Diploma Supplement, Quality Assurance, mobility of students and staff, research and innovation and industry's opinion on the quality of our graduates. The results evidenced in this document are encouraging and challenging at the same time. This is one sector in which Malta is on track with other countries within the European Union. Of course this does not imply that we have achieved all targets set within the Bologna Process but the initiatives taken and the quality and standards of our learning institutions show that Malta has a solid Higher Education system in which learners are well prepared to meet the challenges of the labour market. If results achieved, particularly within the University of Malta, are encouraging, the same can be said of the Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, the Institute of Tourism Studies and other public and private Higher Education Institutions that are aware of such challenges and are seriously working towards achieving higher standards of quality in their teaching and research sectors. Malta was one of the founding signatories of the Bologna Process. Malta has followed every Bologna Follow Up Group (BFUG) and Bologna Ministerial Meeting with keen interest. Timely and adequate actions have been taken to ensure that innovation and change match tradition and acquire standards through the experience gathered in this sector since the founding of our Alma Mater in 1592. The response from our Higher Education institutions has been encouraging even though a Bologna Culture is still in the making in some of our Higher Education Institutions. Seven Bologna Meetings have been organised during the past few months as part of the 2009-2011 Bologna cycle. The objective of these seminars is to raise more structured awareness on our campuses of the strengths and benefits of the Bologna Process for both students and Faculty members. A significant contribution has been given to the Bologna Process in Malta by the setting up, in June 2007, of the Malta Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning based on the level descriptors as defined by the Dublin descriptors for Higher Education and those of the European Qualifications Framework as adopted by the European Parliament in April 2008. The framework has also been complemented with the publication of the Referencing Report by the Malta Qualifications Council, which further delineates the qualifications' structure and the Higher Education System in Malta. This Framework has helped Malta become more attractive as a destination for Higher Education; it provides the foundation for making Malta a centre of excellence in Higher Education. I would like to thank the European Union Programmes Agency for the sterling support it provided to all the colleagues on the National Team of Bologna Experts (NTBE) for their professional contributions made throughout these past years. I wish to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Suzanne Gatt for preparing of this research paper and Ms. Mary Jane Mifsud and Mr. Karl Mintoff, of the European Union Programmes Agency, for providing the administrative and technical support to the NTBE. A final word of thanks goes to all my colleagues at the Malta Qualifications Council and the National Commission for Higher Education particularly Ms Debbie Lora Dimech who coordinated all events and publications. ; peer-reviewed

A large literature in M&A studies the problem of integration models considering the economical and financial aspects, the value creation, the synergies, the cultural considerations, integration steps and plans to allow firms to make decisions that are optimal for the acquirer. An important result from this literature is that there are integration archetypes to meet the majority of possible integration realities and that there isn't a right or wrong model but rather a need for alignment between acquirer and acquired firm considering the various parts of each firm. Careful considerations of the criteria such as the organizational structure, the policies or the directives to meet the designed strategy are required to achieve the highest value. The author objectives in this paper are to investigate whether or not there is an optimal model to meet the Ericsson case, for acquisitions in the Systems Integration business. The insights of the M&A literature have allowed the developing of a framework to conduct a thorough analysis on what is behind the decisions of managerial choices and the reality which managers have to face while facing decision on how to conduct an integration process. The significance of specificities of business object of the acquired services companies, being value generated by assets of knowledge, skill and abilities raise the implication of the intangible aspects and relationships of behaviors in the organizations. The paper covers the specific case of Ericsson, derives a relationship between culture, strategy, structure and corporate renewal, reviews the options considered and provides a recommendation of for the appropriateness of the integration model to be followed. ; Uma grande parte da literatura disponível sobre fusões e aquisições endereçam o problema da integração com enfoque económico-financeiro, sobre aspectos relacionados com a criação de valor, sinergias, impacto do choque de culturas das organizações, bem como recomendações sobre as etapas necessárias para assegurar que as decisões reflictam estes aspectos. Uma das conclusões dos autores é a de que existem vários modelos possíveis, já identificados, para a maioria dos processos de integração e de que, não existe um modelo errado ou o mais certo para cada cenário. Todavia para qualquer um dos modelos seleccionados deverá existir um processo com actividades e critérios relevantes para que se considerem as importantes considerações e pré requisitos das diversas áreas a integrar entre a empresa adquirente e a adquirida sejam bem sucedidas. Nestes critérios estão considerados a estrutura organizacional, a politica ou as directivas definidas para alcançar a estratégia definida. Os objectivos do autor nesta dissertação são os de investigar se existe ou qual o modelo de integração mais adequado para o caso das aquisições de empresas de serviços da área de integração de sistemas da empresa Ericsson. As perspectivas da literatura revista, permitiram ao autor desenvolver um processo e analisar sobre como são tomadas as decisões e quais as opções e situações com que os gestores se debatem quando envolvidos num processo de integração. A especificidade e significância do objecto de estudo deste caso, sendo as amostras empresas de serviços e cujo valor é gerado por activos de conhecimento e habilidades, aumentam a necessidade de avaliar os impactos das relações, estruturas e comportamentos das organizações. Esta dissertação endereça a realidade do caso Ericsson e deriva uma relação entre cultura, estratégia, rejuvenescimento das organizações e impactos sobre a decisão, revê as opções tomadas e propõe recomendações sobre qual o modelo de integração mais adequado.

Maģistra darbā Palestīnas un Izraēlas konflikts un ar to saistītie jautājumi politiskajā ģeogrāfijā ir pētīti un analizēti laika posmā kopš tā sākuma 1947. gadā līdz mūsdienām, 2007. gadam. Pirms tam dots īss ieskats teritorijas ģeogrāfijā. Galvenie notikumi aprakstīti hronoloģiskā secībā, ebreju izceļošana uz Izraēlu, nesaskaņas starp ebrejiem un palestīniešiem, arī attiecības valstu un teritoriju starpā, kas veidojušās pēc Izraēlas dibināšanas. Aprakstīta un analizēta četru karu izcelšanās starp Izraēlu un tās arābu kaimiņvalstīm, miera procesa gaita un citi būtiski notikumi. Lai veidotu Tuvo Austrumu konflikta saistību ar Latviju, izmantoti dažādi avoti, to skaitā periodiskie preses izdevumi, dažādu autoru grāmatas par politisko konfliktu risināšanu un Tuvo Austrumu politiskajiem, sociālajiem un ekonomiskajiem procesiem, kā arī interneta resursi. Tuvo Austrumu konflikts jeb Palestīnas un Izraēlas konflikts, kā aplūkojamā tēma, ir izraudzīts, jo praktiski visu laiku, kopš tā aktīvas sākšanās 1948. gadā līdz pat 21. gadsimta sākumam tas visu laiku ir aktuāls, un gandrīz katru dienu, īpaši konflikta saasināšanās laikā, tiek pieminēts presē un citos plašsaziņas līdzekļos. Turklāt, atšķirībā no citiem, šis konflikts ir daudz sarežģītāks jo Tuvie Austrumi ir dažādu kultūru, reliģiju, kā arī politisko un ekonomisko interešu krustpunkts, un to par tādu veido bagātīgās naftas atradnes un izdevīgie ģeogrāfiskie apstākļi, īpaši Suecas kanāls. Maģistra darbā pētītā ģeogrāfiskā telpa ir Palestīna, Izraēla un apkārtējās Tuvo Austrumu valstis, pētītais laika periods ir no 19. gadsimta beigām līdz 21. gadsimta sākumam. Darba sākumā veikts ieskats Tuvo Austrumu reģiona politiski ģeogrāfiskajās īpašībās un izvērtēta Tuvo Austrumu konflikta loma politiskajā ģeogrāfijā, kā arī politisko konfliktu risināšana. ; The Palestine and Israel conflict and problems related with this matter are analyzed and researched in the political geography studies since the conflicts beginning in 1947 till now. In the beginning of this research, there is short insight in this territory's overall geography. The main events described in chronological sequence: Hebrew migration to Israel, discordance between Hebrews and Palestinians, and relations between countries and territories, formed since Israel's establishment as state. There is also described and analyzed the Four War outbreak between Israel and its neighboring Arabic countries, and also the course of the peace-process and other relevant events. To disclose The Middle East conflict tie with Latvia, there is different kind of sources used, such as press and other mass media, internet and various authors' written books about political conflict solutions and Middle East political, social, and economic processes as well. The Middle East conflict or also known as The Palestinian-Israel conflict has been selected as the main problem in this Master work. This conflict has been active in the Middle East everyday since its beginning in 1948 and its ongoing urgency into the 21 century. Any time there is outbreak of this conflict, it is immediately mentioned in mass media. Unlike other issues in the global political community, this particular conflict is much more complicated because the Middle East region is an intersection of various cultures and religions. In addition there is a convergence of political and economical interest, like rich oilfields and advantageous geographical location, such as the Suez Canal. Master work research territory is Palestine, Israel and the surrounding Middle East states; study time period is from the end of the 19 century till the beginning of the 21 century. There is a look into political geography features of the Middle East region, and how this conflict impacts the global politics, and possible solutions.

Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Facultad de Historia. Programa Institucional de Maestría en Historia ; The study of Spanish exile in Mexico has awakened, for more than three decades, the interest of historians and researchers. During this time a great number of works dealing with exile from different angles have come to light. Some have stopped to analyze particular professional fields, such as literature, education or medicine, highlighting characters or groups of individuals, while others have focused their study on more general aspects of exile, deepening their cultural and social impact. Among the earliest studies, we can highlight some books that we can now consider classics, such as The Spanish Exile of 1939, in six volumes, directed by José Luis Abellán, which offers a broad explanation of what was the Second Spanish Republic, the causes of Civil war, life in Spain during this period, the diaspora of half a million Spanish citizens to other countries due to the persecutions of the Franco regime and some of the contributions made by exiles in various fields of knowledge, such as science, history And art. The collective work The Spanish exile in Mexico 1939-1982 allows us to get an idea in general terms of what represented the Spanish exile for the Mexican culture. In its pages it describes how this phenomenon developed and the reception that Mexico gave to the Spanish refugees, the political and diplomatic routes related to the transfer of the exiled ones and some of the contributions made in areas like Medicine, Anthropology, Architecture and The Law, among others. In recent years there have also been published works that address specific professional groups of exiles, especially those related to literature, philosophy and science. ; El estudio del exilio español en México ha despertado, desde hace más de tres décadas, el interés de historiadores e investigadores. Durante este tiempo han salido a la luz gran número de trabajos que abordan el exilio desde diferentes ángulos. Algunos se han detenido a analizar ámbitos profesionales particulares, tales como la literatura, la educación o la medicina, resaltando personajes o grupos de individuos, mientras que otros han centrado su estudio en aspectos más generales del exilio, ahondando en su impacto cultural y social. Dentro de los primeros estudios cabe destacar algunos libros que actualmente podemos considerar clásicos, como El exilio español de 1939, en seis volúmenes, dirigido por José Luis Abellán, que ofrece una amplia explicación sobre lo que fue la Segunda República española, las causas de la guerra civil, la vida en España durante este periodo, la diáspora de medio millón de ciudadanos españoles hacia otros países debido a las persecuciones del régimen franquista y algunas de las aportaciones realizadas por los exiliados en diversos ámbitos del conocimiento, como la ciencia, la historia y el arte. La obra colectiva El exilio español en México 1939-1982 nos permite hacernos una idea en términos generales de lo que representó el exilio español para la cultura mexicana. En sus páginas describe cómo se desarrolló este fenómeno y la acogida que México dio a los refugiados españoles, las vías políticas y diplomáticas relacionadas con el traslado de los desterrados y algunas de las aportaciones realizadas en áreas como la Medicina, la Antropología, la Arquitectura y el Derecho, entre otras. En los últimos años se han publicado también trabajos que abordan grupos profesionales concretos de exiliados, en especial los relacionados con la literatura, la filosofía y la ciencia.

Latecomers to high culture, Americans are obsessed with identifying and canonizing indigenous art forms. In recent years, much of this attention has been lavished on jazz. One challenge in the study of both jazz and musical theater is locating the specific historical moment or the precise works in which the genres assume an identity, especially an ''American'' one, distinct from their influences. For musical theater, those sources would include European operetta of the later nineteenth century-specifically the works of Johann Strauss, Offenbach, and Gilbert and Sullivan-as well as vaudeville, burlesque, revue, minstrel shows, variety shows, melodrama, and British musical comedy. In the first few years of the twentieth century, these traditions coalesced in the works of Victor Herbert (notably his Babes in Toyland, 1903) and George M. Cohan (his first big hit, Little Johnny Jones, 1904). Herbert (1859-1924) had been born in Ireland, raised in London, and trained in Germany, but arrived in the United States in 1886 and made his career in this country. Cohan (1878-1942) was a Yankee Doodle Dandy from the start, born, as the world knows, on (or near) July 4 in Rhode Island. The historiography of the American musical also exhibits a special tension, not shared by other art forms, between the whole and the part, between the shows (or movies) and the individual numbers. In general, the highest value has been placed on the "book" musical, one in which the elements are subsumed within an overall musico-dramatic design. Yet for many people, the songs, not the framework, embody the American musical. Indeed, although a musical is the product of many collaborators, we usually (as I have done above) identify it by its composer, or by composer and lyricist. Tin Pan Alley, the popular song industry that flourished in New York from the last decade of the nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth, became intimately connected, but not completely coextensive, with staged shows. Harold Arlen never wrote a hit show (his music was featured in several successful movies), but is rightly acknowledged as one of the greatest composers of American popular music. Another tension in the scholarly treatment of the American musical, as in much writing about other American art forms (including the novel and film), arises between what might be called internalist and contextualist approaches. Internalists tend to look at the works (or individual songs) for their structural and expressive qualities. Contextualists seek to embed the works and their creators within the American social, cultural, and political milieu. Since many musicologists are formalists at heart (we fetishize our objects, as one ethnomusicologist tartly remarked some years ago), the internalist approach has dominated in writing on American musicals. Of course, these perspectives are not mutually exclusive: scholars and commentators will often move back and forth from work to context. The authors of the studies under review here handle these tensions in different ways according to their backgrounds and scholarly temperaments. Mark Grant describes himself as a writer and "composer [of] concert music and theater pieces"; his previous book was a history of classical musical criticism in America (1998). Steve Swayne is a young academic who received his PhD in 1999 and teaches at Dartmouth College; this book is a comprehensively revised version of his dissertation. Raymond Knapp is a senior musicologist at UCLA who has written extensively on late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century European concert music; his book has grown out of an undergraduate course that he teaches.

La crisis de los sistemas sanitarios es algo común en todos los países del mundo. Esta crisis se ve especialmente reflejada en las listas de espera para tratamientos de cirugía, en la medida en que el número de intervenciones aumenta debido a las mejoras de las técnicas quirúrgicas y anestésicas así como al incremento de la demanda de la población. Todo esto conlleva que los gastos en estas materias específicas se disparen. Los sistemas sanitarios vienen buscando alternativas que aceleren las listas y disminuyan los costes. Con este fin, la Unión Europea ha abierto las fronteras al tráfico de pacientes entre países, lo que permite que usuarios de un estado vayan a operarse a otro, en ocasiones con médicos y equipo del propio país de origen. Sin embargo esto plantea ciertos problemas: el país de origen debe garantizar que la asistencia va a ser similar a la que se le prestaría en este, debe elegir el tipo de intervenciones y el tipo de pacientes adecuados y un largo etcétera. El país de destino afronta el reto de cuidar a unos pacientes con una lengua y una cultura diferentes y por lo tanto con unas creencias sobre la salud, la enfermedad y la hospitalización diferentes. La Clínica Vistahermosa ha sido pionera a este campo en el ámbito español y europeo, gracias a los acuerdos firmados entre nuestro país y otros como Portugal, Gran Bretaña u Holanda. De este último venimos recibiendo pacientes desde hace varios años. Tal y como venimos reflejando en diferentes estudios, se esta dando un fenómeno nuevo que denominamos "Turismo de Salud" en la provincia de Alicante, puesto que los pacientes realizan actividades de ocio, y ocupan habitaciones de hotel tras los primeros días de hospitalización. El estado de la cuestión, los retos, problemas y repercusiones de este nuevo fenómeno son abordados en este estudio. ; The present crisis in health system is something common world wide. This crisis can be well detected when watching waiting lists for surgical care treatments, according to the increasing number of operation processes due to the better present surgical and anesthetic techniques. Also due to the more and more demands from the population. This is a process where finance for certain specific processes emphasizes. The health systems are looking for alternative ways to diminish their waiting lists as well as to decrease costs. For that reason, the European Union opens its borders to easy a possible traffic of patients among different countries to allow users of a certain Union Estate to move to another one. In some occasions a full team of professionals: doctors and nurses could move from their own European Estate to a different one. But of course, this type of transfers do present certain problems. The native country must guarantee that the care the patient will get in another country will be similar to its own. The receiving country faces the challenge of caring patients with a different culture, a different language and as a consequence different ways for considering health where illness and hospitalization differ as well. Clinica Vistahermosa – in Alicante – has been pioneer in that sense, in the whole Spain, and within Europe. CV. has agreements and protocols signed with Portugal, U.K. and Holland. As a matter of fact, it has been receiving patients from the later for several years now. As we have been showing in several studies, there is a new phenomenon we may call "Health Tourism" in Alicante, as patients integrate not only for health techniques but for leisure time as well as they book hotel rooms for post-operative sessions. Present situation, challenges and consequences of this new phenomenon are presented in this study.

This thesis foregrounds the application of anthropological documentary methods and ethnographic investigation in examining the world of child immigrants and the cross-cultural dilemmas they encounter upon entering the formal educational system of the 'host' country- in this case, a primary school setting in Dublin and Paris. The specificity of the primary school classroom as an ethnographic site facilitates a sustained audio-visual examination of immigrant children as they work to re-build their identities in a new and unfamiliar environment. Such a richly textured space opens up potential avenues of exploration for the researcher: what, for example, can intercultural pedagogy learn from the child who is dealing with two or more languages and for whom the past and present have been unexpectedly and irreversibly transformed? How are embodied cultural memories from the past carried and expressed in the immediate present? How are the values of the 'host' culture transmitted and what pressures, if any, are placed on immigrant children to prematurely verbalise their personal stories? How do immigrant children dramatise between themselves and with their teachers the conflicted dynamics of their cultural transformation? How does the cinematic process generate a milieu for young migrant actors to be multi-vocal? The thesis comprises five chapters together with an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter one provides a critical overview of the concept of childhood and the role of migrant children's' agency in the construction of a transcultural identity. Drawing on a number of scholars in cultural anthropology, visual anthropology and cultural studies, the chapter elaborates and explains certain terms and concepts used throughout the thesis: the 'transcultural', the 'anthropology of experience' and 'cross-cultural ethnographic film practice'. Simultaneously the chapter introduces the role of the DVD artefact as an essential and integrated component of the thesis throughout, offering the reader a viewing source of all moving image material, referenced in each of the five chapters. Chapter two introduces film fieldwork conducted in a primary school in Paris in which migrant children, newly arrived in France, and who do not speak French are compelled to learn the language, since it is a compulsory requirement for integration into the French school system. The thematics and critical concepts of this chapter include: the post-colonial school system in France, the effects of linguistic assimilation, the tropes of observational cinema, migrant children's experience of intercultural modes of communication and the role of the somatic in the acquisition of new languages and cultural practices. Chapter three functions as the main field site in the dissertation, comprising the core ethnographic work conducted in a mono-denominational primary school, in the inner city of Dublin. Juxtaposing classrooms (in Paris and Dublin), a contrast is created between two European models of 'multicultural' education and cultural integration. Divided into five sections, chapter three includes thematics and critical concepts, such as observational participant cinema, storytelling and personal memory, transcultural pedagogy, the role of religion, the cultural life of Irish educators, and the role of multicultural literacy. The fourth chapter engages with the subject of a migrant domestic sphere, conducting visual fieldwork with an Algerian family recently reunified in Ireland. The thematics and critical concepts of this chapter include the politics of the migrant domestic space, intergenerational tensions, the practise of cinema-verite, the cultural politics shaping Algerian and Berber minorities, the construction of adolescence and the performance of migration and memory. The fifth and final chapter merges storytelling with an anthropological analysis of migrant children's stories. Thematics and critical concepts throughout this concluding chapter include: memory and remembrance; childhood strategies of agency and resistance; the politics of heteroglossia; children's everyday lived experience, the role of participant cinema and the interview.

Türkiye ve Amerika arasındaki iliskiler 1960?larda solcu yazarlar tarafından sorgulanmaya baslamıstır. Bu elestirilerin baslamasında Türk Amerikan iliskilerinde yasanan olumsuzluklar kadar olusan yeni politik kültürün de etkisi olmustur. 1961 Anayasasının getirdigi kısmi özgürlükler sayesinde, Türkiye?nin iç siyasi hayatında yeni bir dönemi açılırken, Türk dıs politikası da sorgulanmaya baslamıstır. Bu elestirilerin baslamasında olusan yeni politik kültürün yanında Türk-Amerikan iliskilerinde yasanan olumsuzlukların da payı olmustur. Sol basında yapılan tartısmalar, genelde Türkiye?nin dıs politikası özelde Türkiye- Amerikan iliskileri konusuna farklı bir bakıs açısı getirmistir. Öyle ki, 10 yıl öncesinde Türkiye-Amerikan iliskilerinin bilinmeyen bir çok yönü açıklıga kavusmus ve geleneksel Türk dıs politikası tartısmaya açılmıstır. Bu dönemde sol akımların gelismesi, Türkiye-Amerika ilisiklerinin sorgulanmasının baslatırken, bu tartısmalar sol grupların iç politikada seslerini daha fazla duyurmalarını saglamıstır. Çünkü sol basında ele alınan konulardan bir çogu Kıbrıs meselesi?nde oldugu gibi Türk halkının milli hassasiyetinin en yogun oldugu konulardı. Bu gruplar Türkiye?nin Amerika?dan baglarını koparmadıkça hiçbir ulusal davasında basarılı olamayacagını savunmuslardır. Solcu yazarlara göre, ikili anlasmalar ve askeri, ekonomik yardımlar Türkiye?nin dıs politikasında hareket özgürlügünü engelliyordu. Askeri üsler ise, Türkiye?yi beklenmedik bir savasın içine sokma tehlikesini tasıyordu. Solcu yazarlar yazılarında, Türk hükümetlerini bu tehlikelere karsı uyarmıslardır. Asırı sol yazarların incelemelerinde Sovyetler Birligi, ABD?ye alternatif olarak görülürken, ılımlı sol yazarlar, Atatürkçü dıs politika yani bütün devletlerle esit mesafede iliskiler kurulması üzerinde yogunlasmıslardır. ; The beginning of very serious critical analysis in various aspects on relations between Turkey and the US was initiated in 1960?s. Thanks to freedoms which 1961 Constitution brought about, a new chapter in Turkish domestic political life has begun and in parallel of this development, Turkish foreign policy has been scrutinized carefully. In this respect, it could be argued that Turkish leftist writers and intellectuals have begun to analyze Turkish stance and her foreign policy regarding the US critically in this period. In the early stage of critically analyzing Turkish-American relations, some negative developments and relatively newly experienced political culture in this relationship had also played very substantial role in the beginning of discussion. The discussion made by the leftist media has led to different point of view on Turkish foreign policy in general and also Turkish-American relations in particular. In such that the some dimensions of Turkish-American relations, which has not been known publicly in that time, have been noticed and in this respect traditional Turkish foreign policy has been debated. In this period, while the development of left currents has initiated the critically study of Turkish-American relations, the discussions on Turkish-American relations has led to greater voice and role by left groups in domestic politics. Because many of the topics such as Cypriot issue, discussed by the left media were top sensitive issues in which Turkish people followed closely. The leftist groups claimed that Turkey could not be successful in any of her national matters as long as she would break off her relations with the U.S. According to leftist writers, mutual agreements and military, economic assistances have hindered Turkey?s freedom of action in her foreign policy. On the other hand American military bases have potentially risked Turkey to take part in any unexpected war. Therefore, leftist writers had warned Turkish government this potential threat in their columns. While ultra leftist writers have had considered SSCB as an alternative power against the U.S in their studies, moderate leftist writers focused on Kemalist foreign policy, which required equal distance to all countries.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden acht Erzählungen von indianischer Gefangenschaft in deutscher Sprache, die vom späten siebzehnten bis ins späte achtzehnte Jahrhundert in Europa und Nordamerika veröffentlicht wurden, untersucht. Das der Arbeit zugrunde liegende Corpus von Primärtexten umfasst die Erzählungen von Quentin Stockwell, Jonathan Dickinson, Richard Falconer, William und Elizabeth Fleming, Marie le Roy und Barbara Leininger, Abraham Urssenbacher, einem jungen englischen Offizier, und Regina Leininger. Die Erzählungen wurden entweder aus dem Englischen ins Deutsche übersetzt oder auf Deutsch verfasst und für ein deutschsprachiges Publikum in Nordamerika und Europa veröffentlicht. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass sich in den Erzählungen, die in den nordamerikanischen Kolonien, insbesondere in Pennsylvania, entstanden sind, die Absichten und Bedürfnisse der deutschen Immigranten widerspiegeln. Die Gründe dafür, die biographisch bedingten Unterschiede und die im Rahmen der Erzählung verwendete Bildlichkeit werden untersucht und mit anderen zeitgenössischen Dokumenten in einen Zusammenhang gebracht. Damit wird die Entwicklung und der Wandel kultureller Identitäten, sowie der Einfluss auf die Wahrnehmung der Neuen Welt durch Deutsche in Europa und Amerika, die durch eine gemeinsame transatlantische Lesekultur verbunden sind, gezeigt.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die existierenden Ausgaben der Erzählungen mit Mitteln der typographischen und buchmorphologischen Analyse untersucht und die den Übersetzungen zugrunde liegenden Quellen identifiziert. Unter Berücksichtigung anderer Deutsch-Americana und der Druck- und Publikationsgeschichte werden die Ergebnisse in einen historischen und sprachwissenschaftlichen Hintergrund eingeordnet, mit dem die Beziehung zwischen Ausgangs- und Zieltext beleuchtet. Abweichungen in der Übersetzung werden identifiziert, die Gründe dafür werden eruiert und die Konsequenzen daraus beschrieben. Damit trägt die Arbeit zur Geschichte der deutsch-amerikanischen Übersetzungen bei.Die lokalen Bezüge, die in die kolonialen Erzählungen eingeschrieben sind, sowie die Rezeption der Erzählungen von indianischer Gefangenschaft im kolonialen Amerika werfen ein Licht auf die Geschichte der kulturellen und politischen Integration der deutschen Einwanderer. Diese Studie untersucht internationale Kommunikationsstrategien. Dazu werden die Erzählungen in ihren literarischen und politischen Kontexten bezüglich Europa untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Texte nicht nur entsprechend der jeweiligen nationalen Interessen, sonder auch nach dem Gutdünken der Verleger und Übersetzer verändert wurden. Auf diese Weise wurden Bilder und Stereotypen durch unterschiedliche Printmedien (z.B. Anthologien, Zeitschriften, Reiseliteratur) weitergegeben. Obwohl die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Texte ein moralisch-religiöser Charakter gemeinsam ist, spiegeln sich in ihnen auch die literarischen und geistesgeschichtlichen Entwicklungen in Europa wider. ; This study examines eight narratives of Indian captivity in German published in Europe and North America from the late 17th to the late eighteenth century. The corpus of texts used in this study consists of the captivity narratives of Quentin Stockwell, Jonathan Dickinson, Richard Falconer, William and Elizabeth Fleming, Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, Abraham Urssenbacher, a young English officer, and Regina Leininger. These narratives were either translated from English into German or written in German for German audiences in 18th-century North America and Europe. This study argues that German immigrants to colonial Pennsylvania created their own version of this popular genre to serve their own purposes. The origins, causes, varieties and functions of attitudes, images and stereotypes expressed in the narratives are investigated and put into context with diverse cultural documents. Thus the development and dynamics of the negotiation of cultural identities, and the impact on the way America was perceived by Germans in America and Europe, who are linked by a cross-Atlantic reading culture, are shown.The study examines the various editions of the captivity narratives, specifically regarding typography and morphology, and identifies the source texts of translations. The analysis of further German-Americana and research in the history of printing and publishing produced a historical and linguistic framework for the findings. With this the relations between source and target text are determined and evaluated. Translational deviations are identified, their causes are determined and their consequences are described, thus contributing to the history of German-American translation activities. The references inscribed in and the responses to the narratives published under Frontier conditions in 18th-century Pennsylvania illustrate the history of cultural and political integration of German immigrants.This study also explores the strategies of international communication by investigating captivity narratives in their European literary and political contexts. It shows that the texts were altered not only according to diverse European national demands, but also at the discretion of publishers and translators, transporting images and stereotypes through a variety of printed media (i.e. anthologies, journals, travel-literature, etc.).This study argues for a parallel development of the genre both in English and German. Whereas most of the narratives examined share a moral of religious viewpoint typical for the environment they were created in, they also reflect the European developments in literature and philosophy at the time.

Niels Otto Christensen ("N.O." to his friends) passed away on 19 September 2003 in Denmark, after a very full career there and in Greenland. Following high school, N.O. commenced law studies in 1935, graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1942, and practiced law until 1945. He then affiliated with the Greenland Office (Grønlands Styrelse) in the State Department. In 1947, he and his new bride, Birte Kold-Christensen, went to Godhavn (now Qeqertarsuaq) on Disko Island, Greenland, where N.O. served as Landsfoged (Local Governor) for North Greenland. . In 1950, the position as Landsfoged was abolished because the North and South regional councils (Landsråd) were merged into one council, situated in Godthaab (Nuuk). N.O. accordingly moved to Nuuk as Director of the Office for the Landshøvding (Governor General). In 1955 and 1956, he served as acting Landshøvding. In 1951 in Nuuk, the Christensen family met Trevor Lloyd, a professor of geography at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, who had served as Canadian consul in Greenland during World War II. Professor Lloyd, an advocate of increased contact between Arctic Canada and Greenland, organized an invitation for N.O. to spend half a year visiting North America. Initially he would go with Mrs. Christensen to Goose Bay (Labrador), Montreal, and Ottawa; then N.O. would separately visit Dartmouth College and spend several months visiting Inuit settlements throughout Arctic Canada. At home in Greenland in 1955, the family housed Donn Haglund, a young American geographer. Donn was writing his dissertation on the economic geography of the Nuuk District at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, where he is currently professor emeritus. This stay was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the Governor and a former Chairman of the Board of Governors at the Arctic Institute of North America. From 1957 to 1962, N.O. and Birte lived in Skodsborg, Denmark, while he served as head of office in the Ministry for Greenland. During 1958-62, he was also a member of the Greenland Law Committee (Grønlands Lovudvalg). In 1962 they returned to Nuuk, where N.O. became the Governor General (Landshøvding), the highest-ranking Danish State official in Greenland. N.O. held this position until 1972 when he reached 55, the mandatory retirement age for all civil service employees in Greenland. Accordingly, the Christensens promptly returned to their family home in Skodsborg (suburban Copenhagen). . During his tenure (1976-87) as director of the Danish Arctic Institute, N.O. organized several evening courses about Greenland and its nature, history, culture, and art (where Birte, especially, had a great knowledge). He had the ability to connect the right people with personal experiences from active life in Greenland to the Arctic Institute. Additionally he was internationally engaged during 1975-88 as a member of the Board of the Danish Canadian Society. For many years, he was an honorary member and Corresponding Governor of the Arctic Institute of North America. As a member of Comité Arctique International (CAI), he participated in several of CAI's conferences, including the landmark meeting "The History of the Discovery of the Arctic Regions" held at the Vatican Library in Rome. (The conference proceedings volume, Unveiling the Arctic, was published by the Arctic Institute of North America in 1984.) During 1981-88 he was a member of the advisory board of the Danish Royal Geographic Society. The Danish and international Arctic communities constantly benefited from the work and talents of N.O. Christensen, and in turn he received many expressions of honour and thanks. .

This paper examines the relationship between new firm startups and employment growth in Great Britain. We construct a new data set for 60 British regions, covering the whole of Great Britain, between 1980 and 1998. The central theme of the paper is that, with the exception of a recent paper by Audretsch and Fritsch (2002) for Germany, no data set has been available to examine long-run, as well as short-run relationships. The current paper uses a long-run data set and obtains results for Great Britain which are in some respects similar to those for Germany. There are a number of theoretical reasons to expect a positive relationship between the extent to which a geographical area is 'entrepreneurial' and the extent to which it is 'economically successful' (measured as, for instance, the number of jobs created). The first is that if 'entrepreneurial' is reflected in 'new firm formation' then these new firms create jobs directly and so add to the stock of jobs. The second is that the new firms constitute a (real or imagined) competitive threat to existing firms, encouraging the latter to perform better. Finally, new firms provide a vehicle for the introduction of new ideas and innovation to an economy, which has been shown to be a key source of long-term economic growth [Romer 1986]. However, there are also reasons for not expecting firm formation rates to be related to job creation. We mention two of them. The first is that new firms directly contribute only a small proportion of the stock of jobs in the economy [Storey 1994]. Secondly, most new firms are merely displacing existing firms without any observable gain either to the customer or to the economy [Storey and Strange 1991]. To establish the relation empirically, we estimate a model where employment growth is explained by startup activity and some controls, using our long-run data set. Within the period 1980-1998 we analyze different subperiods to examine whether the impact of new firm startups on growth has changed during the last two decades of the 20th century. We explicitly take account of numerous empirical pitfalls. We find evidence for positive employment effects of startup activity for British regions. Two important conclusions can be drawn from our regression exercises. First, the positive impact of new firm startups on employment growth is stronger for the 1990s than for the 1980s. This finding is consistent with Audretsch and Fritsch (2002), who find an increased impact of new firm startups on employment growth for German regions over the last two decades of the 20th century. Second, lag structures are important, and longer lagged startups are found to have a bigger impact on employment growth than shorter lagged startups. This finding is consistent with Audretsch, Carree and Thurik (2001). They investigate the relation between entrepreneurship and unemployment for 23 OECD countries and find empirical evidence for their claim that "the employment impact of entrepreneurship is not instantaneous but rather requires a number of years for the firm to grow". Selected references: Audretsch, D.B., M.A. Carree and A.R. Thurik (2001), "Does entrepreneurship reduce unemployment?", Discussion paper TI01-074/3, Tinbergen Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam. Audretsch, D.B., and M. Fritsch (2002), "Growth regimes over Time and Space", Regional Studies (forth-coming). Romer, P.M. (1986), "Increasing returns and Long Run Growth", Journal of Political Economy 94, 1002-1037. Storey, D.J. and A. Strange, (1992), "Entrepreneurship in Cleveland 1979-1989: A Study of the Effects of the Enterprise Culture", Employment Department, Research Series No. 3. Storey, D.J. (1994), "Understanding the Small Business Sector", Routledge, London.