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The article aims to analyze political crime in Colombia during the civil war of the nineteenth century. Once the confrontations had reached an end, the losers were tried in order to establish the degree of responsibility and the type of crime committed: political or common. In these trials, the controversy not only revolved around the criminal behavior, but in the context of the revolution. It is this last point that this article seeks to discuss. Which were the controversies that defined the participation in the revolution as a political or common crime. The work is framed within the history of the law, and for this purpose we analysed the trial of general president Jose Maria Obando, who was accused of treason and rebellion for his supposed collaboration to the Revolution of 1853, forged by the General José María Melo. Therefore, rather than a debate of dogmatic nature, it is a study from the social history of the law and the construction of the crime from the political and social senses and interests. ; El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción del delito político en las guerras civiles en Colombia durante el siglo XIX. Al terminar la confrontación, los perdedores se sometían a juicios en los cuales se buscaba establecer el grado de responsabilidad y el tipo de delito que cometió: político o común. En estos juicios, la controversia no solo giraba en torno a la tipificación del delito, también se discutía el delito desde el significado de la revolución, por parte del acusado y declarantes. Este artículo busca debatir este último punto. Cuál o cuáles eran las controversias que se enunciaban para definir si participar en una revolución era un delito político o común. El trabajo se enmarca dentro de la historia del derecho; para ello se analizó el documento del juicio al presidente general José María Obando, quien fue acusado de traición y rebelión por su supuesta participación y/o colaboración con la Revolución de 1853, fraguada por el general José María Melo. Por tanto, más que un debate de naturaleza dogmática, es un estudio desde la historia social del derecho y la construcción del delito, desde sentidos e intereses políticos y sociales.

Violence against women is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in South Africa and indeed the of world. Women and men are equal and must have equal guarantees of economic, social, civil, political cultural rights. Women who are denied basic right security cannot participate equally in society. Violence denies this basic human right. This study is descriptive and a retrospective analysis of rape survivors in Johannesburg from 1992, a prospective analysis of homicide victims from Cape from mid-1996 to end 1998. The results have been analysed into demographic variables and compared to trends from the rest of the world. The epidemiology and pattern of injury violent crimes have specifically targeted. The main findings were: 1. incidence of rape in Johannesburg in 1992 was 165 per 100 000 women. 2. Rape in Johannesburg is seasonable and occur mainly in young African women, by strangers. 3. Approximately one third of survivors sustain non-genital as well as genital injury. 4. Most injuries can be classified as minor or moderate and comprise contusion, abrasions and lacerations. 5. The incidence of rape homicide in Town is 7.2 per 100 000 women, which represents a fatal sexual rate 1.23%. 6. The majority of rape homicide victims were coloured women in the group 26 to 45 years. 6. Of those murdered by people known to them, a current or ex-intimate partner murdered 18.6%. 7. 98.3% of rape victims had non-genital injury, and 55.9% had evidence of genital injury. 9. Most rape homicides have evidence of mechanical asphyxiation included in the mechanism of death. 10. The body areas most targeted by perpetrators in sexual assault are the head, neck and upper limbs. 11. The majority of the minor genital injuries comprise abrasions and lacerations to the posterior fourchette and introitus.

"Mounting a vigorous critique on existing approaches to transnational policing, this book lays out an argument situating transnational policing within contemporary transformations of the capitalist state and imperialism, looking at the particular case of regional police cooperation against sex trafficking in Southeast Europe"--

Islamic boarding schools must be a safe and friendly place for students and female students. Pesantren educational institutions must be perpendicular to the objectives of the establishment of the pesantren, among others, teaching the values of Islamic teachings in order to improve and make society much better. However, on the other hand, there are several Islamic boarding schools that are suspected of having committed a sexual crime against their students. What is more worrying is that the sexual crime was committed by the teacher or instructor of the pesantren. There needs to be preventive efforts to respond to the number of sexual crimes in Islamic boarding schools so that these incidents do not happen again. In addition to carrying out legal protection for victims which is one form of protection, prevention efforts are also part of the concept of protecting students and female students in Islamic boarding schools. The purpose of this study was to find out how the urgency of regulating efforts to prevent sexual violence in Islamic Boarding Schools and the second to realize the sexual crime prevention model at Islamic Boarding Schools in protecting santri and female students. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis method, namely providing researched data about the condition of the object under study, namely victims and the concept of preventing sexual crimes in Islamic Boarding Schools associated with laws and regulations, and normative juridical methods. The data obtained from library research is supported by field research and then analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that efforts to prevent sexual violence from Islamic boarding schools could be carried out by strengthening state, government and government supervision of Islamic boarding schools, conducting legal counseling on the dangers of sexual crimes so that students and female students could act when receiving sexual crimes, making a sexual crime complaint post at the Institute. Islamic boarding ...

At least 700.000 deaths a year, more than malaria, 10% of fake medicines in the world, more than 30% in poor countries, 50% on the Internet… Falsified medicines trafficking is a growing public health tragedy that threatens people's lives on every continent. All types of medicines are falsified, including antibiotics, essential medicines used to cure malaria, HIV, vaccines and medical devices. At best they fail to cure, in the worst case they kill. And their consequences on public health are dramatic : increased spreading of infectious diseases, rise in antibiotic resistance, loss of confidence in health professionals and scientific medicine…Fake medicines trafficking is a crime that strikes most heavily the poorest among patients. Africa is the continent worst affected, but South-East Asia, South America and now all countries in the world are exposed, in particular through the Internet. Organized crime groups are investing in this deadly market which is highly profitable with very little risk, as many countries lack the appropriate legislation to criminalize it. Since 2010, several international legal instruments have been created to fill this legislative gap and stop the criminals. But due to the lack of awareness and resources, especially in countries most affected, they remain underused. Taking advantage of globalization and new technologies, falsified medicines trafficking exploded. No country is entirely safe from falsified medicines anymore. For too long ignored or underestimated, it has taken an unprecedented scale and can only be fought effectively with the general mobilization of all stakeholders involved, in the political, police, customs, judicial, health and media sectors. ; Au moins 700 000 morts par an, soit plus que le paludisme, 10% de faux médicaments dans le monde, plus de 30% dans les pays pauvres et 50% sur Internet… Le trafic de médicaments falsifiés est un fléau de santé publique nouveau, en pleine expansion, qui menace les populations sur les 5 continents. Antibiotiques, antipaludiques, ...

At least 700.000 deaths a year, more than malaria, 10% of fake medicines in the world, more than 30% in poor countries, 50% on the Internet… Falsified medicines trafficking is a growing public health tragedy that threatens people's lives on every continent. All types of medicines are falsified, including antibiotics, essential medicines used to cure malaria, HIV, vaccines and medical devices. At best they fail to cure, in the worst case they kill. And their consequences on public health are dramatic : increased spreading of infectious diseases, rise in antibiotic resistance, loss of confidence in health professionals and scientific medicine…Fake medicines trafficking is a crime that strikes most heavily the poorest among patients. Africa is the continent worst affected, but South-East Asia, South America and now all countries in the world are exposed, in particular through the Internet. Organized crime groups are investing in this deadly market which is highly profitable with very little risk, as many countries lack the appropriate legislation to criminalize it. Since 2010, several international legal instruments have been created to fill this legislative gap and stop the criminals. But due to the lack of awareness and resources, especially in countries most affected, they remain underused. Taking advantage of globalization and new technologies, falsified medicines trafficking exploded. No country is entirely safe from falsified medicines anymore. For too long ignored or underestimated, it has taken an unprecedented scale and can only be fought effectively with the general mobilization of all stakeholders involved, in the political, police, customs, judicial, health and media sectors. ; Au moins 700 000 morts par an, soit plus que le paludisme, 10% de faux médicaments dans le monde, plus de 30% dans les pays pauvres et 50% sur Internet… Le trafic de médicaments falsifiés est un fléau de santé publique nouveau, en pleine expansion, qui menace les populations sur les 5 continents. Antibiotiques, antipaludiques, ...

At least 700.000 deaths a year, more than malaria, 10% of fake medicines in the world, more than 30% in poor countries, 50% on the Internet… Falsified medicines trafficking is a growing public health tragedy that threatens people's lives on every continent. All types of medicines are falsified, including antibiotics, essential medicines used to cure malaria, HIV, vaccines and medical devices. At best they fail to cure, in the worst case they kill. And their consequences on public health are dramatic : increased spreading of infectious diseases, rise in antibiotic resistance, loss of confidence in health professionals and scientific medicine…Fake medicines trafficking is a crime that strikes most heavily the poorest among patients. Africa is the continent worst affected, but South-East Asia, South America and now all countries in the world are exposed, in particular through the Internet. Organized crime groups are investing in this deadly market which is highly profitable with very little risk, as many countries lack the appropriate legislation to criminalize it. Since 2010, several international legal instruments have been created to fill this legislative gap and stop the criminals. But due to the lack of awareness and resources, especially in countries most affected, they remain underused. Taking advantage of globalization and new technologies, falsified medicines trafficking exploded. No country is entirely safe from falsified medicines anymore. For too long ignored or underestimated, it has taken an unprecedented scale and can only be fought effectively with the general mobilization of all stakeholders involved, in the political, police, customs, judicial, health and media sectors. ; Au moins 700 000 morts par an, soit plus que le paludisme, 10% de faux médicaments dans le monde, plus de 30% dans les pays pauvres et 50% sur Internet… Le trafic de médicaments falsifiés est un fléau de santé publique nouveau, en pleine expansion, qui menace les populations sur les 5 continents. Antibiotiques, antipaludiques, ...

At least 700.000 deaths a year, more than malaria, 10% of fake medicines in the world, more than 30% in poor countries, 50% on the Internet… Falsified medicines trafficking is a growing public health tragedy that threatens people's lives on every continent. All types of medicines are falsified, including antibiotics, essential medicines used to cure malaria, HIV, vaccines and medical devices. At best they fail to cure, in the worst case they kill. And their consequences on public health are dramatic : increased spreading of infectious diseases, rise in antibiotic resistance, loss of confidence in health professionals and scientific medicine…Fake medicines trafficking is a crime that strikes most heavily the poorest among patients. Africa is the continent worst affected, but South-East Asia, South America and now all countries in the world are exposed, in particular through the Internet. Organized crime groups are investing in this deadly market which is highly profitable with very little risk, as many countries lack the appropriate legislation to criminalize it. Since 2010, several international legal instruments have been created to fill this legislative gap and stop the criminals. But due to the lack of awareness and resources, especially in countries most affected, they remain underused. Taking advantage of globalization and new technologies, falsified medicines trafficking exploded. No country is entirely safe from falsified medicines anymore. For too long ignored or underestimated, it has taken an unprecedented scale and can only be fought effectively with the general mobilization of all stakeholders involved, in the political, police, customs, judicial, health and media sectors. ; Au moins 700 000 morts par an, soit plus que le paludisme, 10% de faux médicaments dans le monde, plus de 30% dans les pays pauvres et 50% sur Internet… Le trafic de médicaments falsifiés est un fléau de santé publique nouveau, en pleine expansion, qui menace les populations sur les 5 continents. Antibiotiques, antipaludiques, ...

In the early days of social media, social networking platforms were viewed as an abolition of all barriers, a democratization of information and content creation against the establishment's gate-keeping. However, a decade after their wide adoption by the public, the scenario seems completelydifferent: now that social networks have been used to meddle with international politics, to spread hate and conspiracy theories and to harass others, many wonder whether the hopes behind the democratization of online content creation were too optimistic. Using two different episodes of Buffy The Vampire Slayer (1997-2003)—Season Seven's "Chosen" and Season Three's "Gingerbread"—as a starting point, this article will showcase the imagined and one of the real outcomes of the democratization of social media content creation with regards to the discussion of high-profile criminal cases online, with a particular focus on crimes against children and related conspiracies.

With few exceptions, and these not well defined and gross, has been passed in writing and in public opinion and among historians, that Bishop Nicholas Videla del Pino committed a crime against the state or high treason, being realistic feelings and actively collaborate with the political cause. This article documents that was, above all, a good pastor without discriminating against those who were in each of the two sides. ; Con escasas excepciones, y estas no bien definidas y manifiestas, se ha ido transmitiendo por escrito y en la opinión pública, y entre historiadores, que Mons. Nicolás Videla del Pino cometió delito de lesa patria o de alta traición, por ser de sentimientos realistas y colaborar activamente con esta causa política. Este artículo documenta que fue, ante todo, un celoso pastor sin discriminar a quienes estaban en cada uno de los dos bandos.

The recent break in the transatlantic relationship appears to have altered American debate, & removed Iran as the dominating theme. The secret torture of terror suspects delivered to other countries is today considered a failure by those responsible, even with the aim of hindering future attacks & despite the previous legal efforts to establish a gray area outside the Geneva conventions. Iraq remains the most significant issue in American discussion, particularly after the elections, & much of the debate is centered on the establishment of democracy, its form, & the role of US troops in hindering or aiding further progress. In Spring, the first proceedings against "Chemical Ali" begin for crimes against humanity. Hania Mufti, for years unheard despite her documentation of gruesome human rights violations during the Saddam Hussein era & returning to Iraq in 2000, played a critical role in gathering documentation for such proceedings. L. Kehl

To test the theory that sexual offenders who abuse very young children (0-5 years) have more severe mental health and psychosocial problems than those who victimize older children, authors compared psychiatric diagnoses, social circumstances, and crime-related data in all sexual offenders against minors referred to forensic psychiatric investigation in Sweden during a 5-year period. Thirty-one men had committed index crimes involving victims between the ages of 0 and 5 years (Group 1), 90 had 6-to 11-year-old victims (Group 2), and 41 had 12- to 15-year-old victims (Group 3). All three offender groups were characterized by severe mental health problems, in many cases fulfilling American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for both Axis I and Axis II diagnoses, but these problems did not differ between groups. Neither did social situation or sexual orientation. Offenders with 0- to 5-year-old victims significantly more often abused both boys and girls. Frequencies of retrospectively diagnosed childhood-onset behavior disorders were high in all three offender groups. The authors' data did not support previous findings of increasingly severe mental health problems with decreasing victim age.

In 1993, white American Fulbright scholar Amy Biehl was killed in a racially motivated attack near Cape Town after working to promote democracy and women's rights in South Africa. The ironic circumstances of her death generated enormous international publicity and yielded one of South Africa's most heralded stories of postapartheid reconciliation.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to reimbursement for a certain portion of a forensic medical examination of a sexual assault survivor and for the evidence collection kit required for the examination.

The Global Human Rights Regime: Risks and Contestations -- Transparency, Accountability, and Legitimacy within the UN Universal Periodic Review -- After Obama: The African Group at the UN Human Rights Council -- Consensus and Human Rights Politics: The Case of ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights -- Skewed Vision: Human Rights in War through the Eyes in Peace -- Who Are the Victims of Crimes Against Cultural Heritage? -- Challenging the Legal Boundaries of Genocide: The War on Drugs in the Philippines -- Human Rights at Risk in the Era of Trump and American Decline -- The Tyranny of Exceptionalism: How the United States Rejects Universal Human Rights -- Natural Law and the Future of Human Rights -- Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Thoughts on Global Human Rights in the 21st Century -- Risks and Emancipatory Rights.