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The evaluation of professionals involved in Adult Education (AE) staff has acrucial role in European policies. Furthermore, the syntagm educationalwork is difficult to define because it concerns a variegated target of usersand an action which is played out in different contexts and for different purposes:the educational work is a complex "object to be evaluated" and theevaluation of the educational work requires different perspectives, methodsand practices. Thanks to EDUEVAL project (an EU project coordinatedby University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy: http://www.edueval.eu/), the AE staffEvaluator have been defined as a professional figure with different competences,having specific multi-functional characteristics to work in differentcontexts. In the study on the profile of the evaluator of AE staff and in designingthe ensuing training model, consideration has been given, on theone hand, to the theoretical framework which considers the specific professionalskills and competences of the evaluator; on the other hand, work wasperformed by recognizing the transversal professional skills and competencesof the evaluator, through consulting and study of the ESCO portal.EDUEVAL results help to fuel debates in matters of the professionalizationof evaluative practice. ; La valutazione dei professionisti che operano nel campo dell'Educazionedegli Adulti (EDA) riveste un ruolo cruciale nelle politiche europee. Tuttavia,il sintagma agire educativo è di difficile perimetrazione, in quantoriguarda un target plurimo di fruitori, con azioni declinate in differenti contestie per differenti scopi: il lavoro educativo rappresenta un complesso"oggetto da valutare" e la valutazione del lavoro educativo richiedeprospettive, metodi e pratiche plurime. Grazie al progetto europeo EDUEVAL(coordinato dall'Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca,http://www.edueval.eu/), si è contribuito alla definizione del valutatore deglistaff EDA come una figura professionale con spiccate caratteristiche di polifunzionalitàin grado di operare in vari ...

There are longstanding calls for international organizations (IOs) to be more inclusive of the voices and interests of people whose lives they affect. There is nevertheless widespread disagreement among practitioners and political theorists over who ought to be included in IO decision-making and by what means. This paper focuses on the inclusion of IOs' 'intended beneficiaries,' both in principle and practice. It argues that IOs' intended beneficiaries have particularly strong normative claims for inclusion because IOs can affect their vital interests and their political agency. It then examines how these claims to inclusion might be feasibly addressed. The paper proposes a model of inclusion via representation and communication, or 'mediated inclusion.' An examination of existing practices in global governance reveals significant opportunities for the mediated inclusion of IOs' intended beneficiaries, as well as pervasive obstacles. The paper concludes that the inclusion of intended beneficiaries by IOs is both appropriate and feasible.

Numerous scientific investigations and multilateral efforts have contributed to our understanding of environmental challenges and how to deal with them; yet little effective and coordinated action has been taken. We review existing literature on climate clubs and on international society in the English School of international relations in order to assess how environmental and security risks can result in the formation of international institutions that seek to transcend the free-rider problem. We then ask what factors explain the emergence of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) adopted in 2014, and how powerful states worked through the Arctic Council (AC) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) to establish it. We identify three parameters with respect to the shipping industry and Arctic region that made this advance possible at the nexus of environment and security: the identification of culprits, great power interest, and the socio-economic context. We find a degree of success even when substantive differences exist both inside and outside of the region and industry. Thus, the case study points to important applications of these parameters for future environmental peacebuilding.

Purpose
The universities of applied sciences (UASs) in Finland play a significant role in providing skilled professionals with higher education degrees to meet the needs of the labor market and society as a whole. The purpose of this study is to determine what the staff in these universities consider the role of UASs in promoting sustainable development (SD) to be.


Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative research data were collected from a survey distributed among UAS staff in the spring of 2021. The data consisted of 831 responses to an open-ended question on how UASs could promote SD and a sense of responsibility for it. The method used for the data analysis was theory-led content analysis.


Findings
Staff at UASs are actively promoting SD in higher education and have many ideas on how to do this, which is encouraging. With further processing of these ideas and support from management, UASs can play a more important role in sustainability work and set an example for how to build a sustainable future.


Originality/value
The promotion of SD is a timely topic, and examples of SD implementation and good practices can promote discussion of the role of higher education institutions in SD promotion and highlight collective ways to promote it.

Proposals for the creation of a World Environment Organization (WEO) are considered in light of the wide range of arrangements for environmental management at the national level. Organizational difficulties are compounded at the international level, suggesting that a WEO is neither possible nor desirable. Proposals to improve international environmental management must consider not only the weaknesses of current arrangements but also the sources of their effectiveness. Carefully designed steps to strengthen the institutions of international environmental management are desirable. Organizational proposals, other than strengthening the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), are a diversion from the pressing international environmental agenda. Adapted from the source document.

Objectives<i>The article explores combat related Private Military Companies (PMCs) that are authorised to engage in the forefront of the battlefield as dedicated force multipliers.</i>Methods<i>To supplement empirical data with qualitative observation, the methodology applies the case study and observation method. Considering assistance in conflict termination as a dependent variable, the methodology evaluates the case study of Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone and, to impose a framework for observation, deconstructs that case with seven independent variables: competence, effectiveness, flexibility, field cooperation with conventional forces, cost efficiency, impact on military and the state-to-PMC balance.</i>Results<i>The methodology indicates what factors were prevalent in effective conflict management and what indicators entailed chal- lenges. The results advocate for the competence, flexibility, effectiveness and cooperation with armed forces to be deemed conclusive in positive PMC engagement, whereas the cost efficiency, impact on conventional military and the state-to-PMC balance require improvement.</i>Conclusions<i>Since governments have continued to be hesitant (justified either by financial, geopolitical or social incen- tives) towards overseas military operations where asymmetric warfare is taking place, PMCs stepped in to fill the se- curity void. Therefore, this paper argues that PMCs are here to stay; however, the literature hasn't rigorously ex- plored the subject matter to determine whether indicators of success and failure exist to evaluate the PMC outcome. This paper also precipitates natural outgrowth in the scholarship by composing the benchmark that synthesises relevant data.</i>

1. Introduction: The International Organization for Migration as the New 'UN Migration Agency' -- 2. Unfinished Business: The IOM and Migrants' Human Rights -- 3. Gendering Migration Management -- 4. Drivers of Expenditure Allocation in IOM: Refugees, Donors, and International Bureaucracy -- 5. Between Migration and Development: The IOM's Development Fund -- 6. Measuring 'Well-Governed' Migration: The IOM's Migration Governance Indicators -- 7. The IOM in Building and Supporting Migration Management in China -- 8. Knowledge Production at the IOM: Looking for Local Knowledge in Tajikistan -- 9. The IOM's Missing Migrants Project: The Global Authority on Border Deaths -- 10. The IOM's Humanitarian Border Management in the West African Ebola Crisis (2014–2016) -- 11. Humanitarian Detention and Deportation: The IOM and Anti-Trafficking in Laos -- 12. The IOM's Crisis Management and the Expulsion of Ethiopians from Saudi Arabia -- 13. Possible Futures? The New 'UN Migration Agency' and the Shifting Global Order.

In November 1991 the EC acceded as a member of the FAO. On January 1, 1995 the EC became an original member to the WTO. This study deals with the interaction of two legal systems, namely between the legal system of the Community and that of other IOs. The more powers the Community gains, the more important it becomes to enable the Community to exercise these powers within the framework of relevant IOs. In particular, where the subject concerned comes under the Community's exclusive competence, the Member States have transferred their powers to the Community and thus the competent actor is the Community itself. The subject of participation by the Community in other IOs is not as yet well regulated either under Community law or under international institutional law. Furthermore, it has not been extensively treated in the literature to date. Hence, this study offers a theoretical analysis of the subject as well as an examination of daily practice in three case-studies on the relations of the EC with the FAO, the ILO and Fisheries Organizations, in particular the NAFO

The Ashgabat Declaration of the International Ministerial Conference of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on Refugees in The Muslim World. Adapted from the source document.

The Ashgabat Declaration of the International Ministerial Conference of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on Refugees in The Muslim World. Adapted from the source document.