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Despite deteriorating economic and developmental conditions, worsening environmental problems, and troubles arising from the unresolved status of its ethnic minorities, Myanmar seems no closer to a political resolution. Myanmar's economy continues to stagnate, with severe implications for its people. Low levels of international assistance have exacerbated the situation. Myanmar—the state, community and the environment examines the missed opportunities by government and opposition groups to find a way out of the political impasse and improve the standard of living of the people of Myanmar.

This collection provides insights into the country's economic development, in particular the vital rice-marketing sector and the attempts to expand existing industrial zones. It focuses, for the first time, on Myanmar's environmental governance with in-depth case studies, and on the increasing need for effective environmental protection and sustainability.

This article provides a critical review of the literature on the quality and effectiveness of care provided by community health centers (CHCs) compared with other health care delivery models. Since the mid-1960s, CHCs have played a large role in providing comprehensive primary care to our nation's medically underserved. Recent changes in public policy and the health care marketplace have threatened the viability of the CHC delivery model. This review of structure, process, and outcome indicators suggests that CHCs have effectively reduced many barriers to access, promoted high-quality ambulatory care use among underserved populations, and reduced costly hospitalizations. While CHCs have been shown to save money for Medicaid, little research has addressed the health-related outcomes of care. This article recommends specific areas of research essential to understanding the future performance of CHCs.

Kurze Darstellung von zwei Instrumenten zur Konsolidierung und Förderung des Handels zwischen den Mitgliedsländern: der regionalen Zusammenarbeit im Bereich der Zölle sowie des Entwicklungsfonds. (DÜI-Ker)

Community, Harana, & Karaoke: Towards a Theatrical Design explores graphic design's potential as theatrical staging for building community and practicing the difficult and complicated art of loving others through performance. Studying graphic design as harana, the traditional Filipino custom of romantic serenade, offers a framework to view both mediums as social architectures that propose and transform proximities of relation between people. As in harana, graphic design facilitates in naming, grounding, and organizing social relationships; in taking these affective environments as content and form, both arts align with the nature of performance and staging. Through practice, research, and abstraction, the graphic designer and the haranista possess the capacity to bring people together across space and time. Lessons learned in karaoke further extend these ideas to democratize and amplify the performative nature of graphic design as harana, in addition to modeling role play and collaborative social engagement. Karaoke and graphic design compel dialogical, communal, and collaborative performances for experimenting with conceptions of identity, and incentivize mutual co-dependence. These dynamics mirror the structure of rehearsal. Community, Harana, & Karaoke imagines a theatrical design in open rehearsal, where failure is safe to pursue. Theatrical design is messy, fluid, and earnest. Its simulations permit access to so much more than what is immediately available under present conditions. This methodology creates zones for processing feelings by designing the scaffolding to supports emotional immersion and social connection. Theatrical design constructs a space for us to imagine the world as it could be, all the while providing a framework for criticality within pedagogies of intimacy, truth, and love.

"Offering a critical examination of the nature of co-produced research, this important new book draws on materials and case studies from the ESRC funded project 'Imagine - connecting communities through research'. Outlining a community development approach to co-production, which privileges community agency, the editors link with wider debates about the role of universities within communities. With policy makers in mind, contributors discuss in clear and accessible language what co-production between community groups and academics can achieve. The book will be valuable for practitioners within community contexts, and researchers interested in working with communities, activists, and artists."--

Developing and strengthening systems for information sharing as well as detecting and addressing dis/misinformation can not only protect capacity for public health emergency preparedness and response, but potentially increase overall community resilience and social capital. More actively involving citizens in the government's collection and sharing of information can generate more public buy‐in so people will be more invested in making certain that such information is not arbitrarily dismissed or drowned out by conspiracy theories. Such an approach may have the added the benefit of creating stronger collaborative connections between government, individual citizens, and civic organizations to promote overall resilience. More community involvement in terms of the collection and dissemination of information can provide value in terms of preparation for a public health emergency by bolstering surveillance efforts to detect a threat early on. Getting the public more integrated into the public health information system can also be valuable in terms of diminishing the threat of mis/disinformation. Building up relationships between the public and the public health sector can advance the mission of improving community resilience through education, engagement, and collaboration. In this review, we will examine existing evidence for this approach and will then conclude with possible new approaches.

Aus japanischer Sicht

The aim of this article is to foster an awareness of the need for gender‐sensitive research in the context of the methodological and ethical challenges posed by such research. We trace the development of gender sensitivity and masculinity in social work practice and research and connect this to an overview of the issues posed by research on sensitive topics. Reflecting on a research project involving Chinese male sexual abuse survivors, we draw conclusions illustrating and proposing a range of methodological practices and ethical safeguards. We underscore the importance of gender‐sensitivity in performing research on sensitive topics with men in a Chinese community.

Community Justice Authorities (CJAs) were heralded on their inception as modernising Scotland's community justice system and resolving longstanding tensions between central and local government over community justice control, by encouraging partnership working and providing oversight at a regional level. However, they were largely unsuccessful and were quietly abolished barely a decade later.Using data from two projects, we analyse the policy 'narrative' (Kaplan, 1993) of CJAs in relation to features of a changing political context – particularly the (re-)establishment of Scotland's national government, its shifting relationship with local government, and policy convergence and divergence with England and Wales. CJAs' origins in local/national compromise created constitutional flaws which constrained their operation and ultimately sealed their fate, but they nonetheless began to develop distinct identities and contributions which have been largely overlooked. The case of CJAs illustrates how evolving local and national political contexts shape the development of justice institutions.

The credibility crisis of Community regulation is symbolized by the recurrent food scares, and even more by official reactions such as the refusal of the German and French governments to abide by the decision of the Commission to lift the ban on exports of British beef. However, the crisis is not new, nor is it limited to food safety. Problems of regulatory credibility in the EC/EU arise at different levels. Some are rooted in the deep structure of the founding treaties, while other problems result from path-dependent aspects of the integration process, from institutional inertia, or from the pursuit of short-term advantages. This article is primarily concerned with the second group of problems, but a short discussion of the more fundamental issues seems useful as a reminder of the limits of what can be achieved by piecemeal institutional engineering. The article addresses two specific threats to credibility: the mismatch between the Community's highly complex and differentiated regulatory tasks and the available administrative instruments; and the problem of credible commitment caused by the increasing level of politicization and parliamentarization of the Commission. The solution to both sets of problems, it is argued, may be found in a more far-reaching delegation of powers to independent European agencies embedded in transnational networks of national regulators and international organizations. Recent theoretical advances in the area of institutional design and procedural controls suggest that such networks could be made to satisfy all reasonable requirements of subsidiarity, accountability and efficiency. (Journal of Common Market Studies / FUB)

L. Wirth posits that three structural conditions-size, density, & heterogeneity-characterize urbanism. These structural conditions are associated with a deterioration of community sentiment as manifested by social-psychological feelings of malaise, anonymity, impotence, & impersonality. Wirth's theory is limited in that it emphasizes the negative consequences of urbanism. However, it is possible to extend Wirth's theory by incorporating M. Weber's conceptualization of cities as commercial hubs & D. Bell's description of cities as service centers, &, in this way, tap some positive aspects of urbanism. Examined are the effects of size, density, heterogeneity, economic activity, & services on community sentiment for 100 localities in NC. Although the findings confirm the negative impact of size/density & heterogeneity on community sentiment, extending Wirth's model uncovers the positive features people get in return, ie, increased material well-being & better services. While density had a negative direct effect on sentiment, it also had a positive indirect effect by way of quality of services. 3 Tables, 1 Figure. AA.

This study examines the relationship between community ethnic-racial diversity and contributions to donor-advised funds (DAFs) held by community foundations. Unlike general contributions, DAFs allow donors to retain advisory control over their fund distribution based on individual preferences. In contrast to prior research that generally finds that diversity dampens private provision of public goods, we show that greater ethnic-racial diversity is significantly associated with higher levels of contributions to DAFs at community foundations but not with general contributions. The findings contribute to the literature on diversity and public goods provision and have practical implications for the policy role of private philanthropy.