Suchergebnisse

Purpose – An attempt to answer two questions: (i) does spending on social-welfare policies constitute a statistically-significant impulse for reducing poverty among various risk groups in the EU countries? And (ii) what is the level of efficiency of social spending when it comes to reducing various problems associated with poverty in the EU member states? Research method – Two research methods: Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and extended Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used. Results – It is established that social-welfare policies in most of the EU countries create a sufficient impulse to reduce poverty among elderly people and survivors, families with children and the unemployed. However, the impulse is often not sufficient in the case of people with problems in meeting housing needs, as well as the sick or disabled. What is more, the relative efficiency of social-welfare spending in some of the EU countries is low, which suggest that better outcomes may be achieved not only by increasing the spending, but also by improving the policies among current amount of funds. Surprisingly, the best-performing countries in reducing the poverty by social-welfare policies include, next to Denmark and Finland, also some Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The research extends the knowledge on the efficiency and effectiveness of government activities for the purpose of limiting poverty.

Aims: To compare the trends in prevalence and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK and European Union (EU) countries. Methods: This observational study used data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. T2DM age-standardised prevalence rates per 100,000 (ASPRs), age-standardised mortality rates per 100,000 (ASMRs) and disability-adjusted life-year rates per 100,000 (DALYs) were extracted from the GBD online results tool for the UK and each EU country, for the years 1990-2019. Trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: Between 1990 and 2019, increases in T2DM ASPRs were observed for all EU countries. The highest relative increases in ASPRs were observed in Luxembourg (males +269.1%, females +219.2%), Ireland (males +191.9%, females +165.7%) and the UK (males +128.6%, females +114.6%). The T2DM prevalence increases in the UK have plateaued from 2015/16-2019 for both sexes, with insignificant increases in estimated annual percentage changes of +0.9% and 0% for males and females, respectively. Mortality trends were non-uniform across EU countries, with ASMRs increasing over the 30-year period studied in 11 countries for males and in 4 countries for females. The UK observed the highest relative decrease in ASMRs for males (-46.9%). For females, the largest relative decrease in ASMRs was in Cyprus (-67.6%). Mortality-to-incidence ratios decreased in all countries except for males in Latvia and females in Denmark, with the lowest mortality-to-incidence ratios in 2019 being observed in the UK and Finland. DALYs increased in 25 countries for males and 17 countries for females between 1990 and 2019. Conclusions: T2DM prevalence rates have increased across Europe over the last 30 years, however mortality trends are variable. The prevalence of T2DM has increased more in the UK and Ireland between 1990-2019 than in any EU country, for both males and females, with the exception of Luxembourg. Contrastingly, the UK has observed large relative decreases in T2DM ...

BACKGROUND: Epidemics of sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major public health challenge in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. AIM: We aimed to provide an overview of case reporting and other surveillance data for syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia for the non-European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries of the Centre and East part of the WHO European Region as per classification used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. METHODS: Data were provided by the surveillance agencies of the Member States for the period 2015 to 2019 through the WHO/Europe Communicable Diseases Annual Reporting Form. We analysed reported cases, explored data reported to the WHO Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and performed a review of publications on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in gonorrhoea in the period 2015 to 2020 using systematic methodology. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2019, in most of the countries with three or more data points, there was a pattern of decrease in reported syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia cases, which is in contrast to the EU/EEA. The number of reported cases per 100,000 population was 0.4–26.5 for syphilis, 0–18.5 for gonorrhoea and 0–43.3 for chlamydia. Four countries reported recent data on AMR in gonorrhoea to GASP, and we identified further publications from Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. CONCLUSION: We found wide heterogeneity in reported rates of STI. There is a strong need to improve availability and quality of STI surveillance data in the non-EU/EEA countries.

Increases in life expectancy together with the decreases in fertility rates are predicted to make financing of public pension systems hard in an environment which some Eurozone member countries have had serious problems in their public finance, in the coming 50 years. European Union member countries, which have very different pension systems, have made pension reforms for sustainability of their pension systems such as increasing retirement age gradually, linking retirement age or benefits with changes in life expectancy, increasing the share of occupational and personal pensions in pension systems by taking into account the ageing and the negative effects of global financial crisis and the ongoing Eurozone sovereign debt crisis on public finance. This paper examines the pension systems in the European Union and evaluates the financial sustainability of pension systems in consideration of pension expenditures, ageing and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis. Findings demonstrated that recent pension reforms by some European Union countries have mitigated the financial burden of pension systems, but further measures should be taken for the financial sustainability of pension systems. ; peer-reviewed

This article is the state-of-the-art review of acts and directives within the system of protected natural areas of the European region and the conservation of biodiversity of flora and fauna. Bern Convention is the basis for the creation of areas of special conservation interest in Europe. Emphasis is placed on the development in the countries of the European Union of an interstate ecological network of specially protected natural territories. The Emerald Network and Natura 2000 provide a unified, integrated approach to biodiversity conservation in Europe, including monitoring and management. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации

AbstractWe provide large‐scale empirical evidence on the effects of multiple governmental regulatory and health policies, vaccination, population mobility, and COVID‐19‐related Twitter narratives on the spread of a new coronavirus infection. Using multiple‐level fixed effects panel data model with weekly data for 27 European Union countries in the period of March 2020–June 2021, we show that governmental response policies were effective both in reducing the number of COVID‐19 infection cases and deaths from it, particularly, in the countries with higher level of rule of law. Vaccination expectedly helped to decrease the number of virus cases. Reductions in population mobility in public places and workplaces were also powerful in fighting the pandemic. Next, we identify four core pandemic‐related Twitter narratives: governmental response policies, people's sad feelings during the pandemic, vaccination, and pandemic‐related international politics. We find that sad feelings' narrative helped to combat the virus spread in EU countries. Our findings also reveal that while in countries with high rule of law international politics' narrative helped to reduce the virus spread, in countries with low rule of law the effect was strictly the opposite. The latter finding suggests that trust in politicians played an important role in confronting the pandemic.

The article summarizes the current experience of training police agencies personnel in EU countries conducted with the assistance of key international organizations (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Police College and International Law-enforcement Academy). The exchange program created by the CEPOL Agency has been considered, which allows to organize training and exchange of experience of cadets from different countries, including Ukraine. The analysis of joint police training programs developed by the mentioned international organizations revealed common features that need to be considered for the introduction to the national training programs of law enforcers of Ukraine: implementation of lifelong learning principles; recognition of previous learning and consideration of already acquired professional competencies for training of personnel of different categories; compliance with the principles of andragogy to facilitate the learning process; application of formative and summative assessment.According to modern training strategy of policemen in EU countries, cadets have to be encouraged to participate in the educational process through the use of active, professionally-oriented teaching methods, such as problem solving, group discussions, case studies. The recommended methods reflect the principles of adult learning and the concept of lifelong learning in order to use the experience already gained by cadets. Teachers are invited to adjust and expand methods in accordance with the principles of andragogy, the specifics of the target audience, using the opportunity to choose the most effective teaching methods. It is important that different pedagogical methods are used to ensure the learning process. They should contribute to the achievement of measurable learning outcomes based on certain minimum requirements to achieve necessary professional competencies to perform operational and service tasks of law enforcement agencies in the EU.Responsibility for the observance of fundamental human rights is one of the main elements of the professional competence of police officers in EU countries. Therefore, fundamental human rights must be implemented in all training programs. The training strategy of modern training programs is aimed at encouraging professional development as much as possible. This approach emphasizes respect for the cadet's autonomy, experience and skills. In addition, it reflects the basic principles of the Bologna process. It is highlighted the importance of combining the content of learning with practice to develop the necessary professional competencies.The author analyzed the possibility of using this experience in order to implement it in the system of professional training of police personnel in Ukraine. ; У статті узагальнено сучасний досвід професійної підготовки співробітників поліції в країнах Європейського Союзу за сприяння ключових міжнародних організацій (Організація з безпеки і співробітництва в Європі, Європейський поліцейський коледж та Міжнародна правоохоронна академія). Розглянуто створену Агенцією CEPOL програму обміну, яка дозволяє організовувати підготовку та обмін досвідом курсантів з різних країн, у тому числі й України. Проведений аналіз спільних програм підготовки персоналу поліції, розроблених зазначеними міжнародними організаціями, виявив спільні риси, які потребують розгляду щодо впровадження у вітчизняні програми професійної підготовки персоналу правоохоронних органів України: імплементація принципів навчання впродовж усього життя; визнання попереднього навчання та врахування вже набутих професійних компетентностей для підготовки персоналу різних категорій; відповідність принципам андрагогіки для максимального полегшення процесу навчання; застосування формативного та сумативного оцінювання. Автором було проведено аналіз можливості використання цього досвіду з метою його впровадження в систему професійної підготовки персоналу поліції України.

"The European Union in a Global Context explores the interplay between the state and state sovereignty, nationalism, European integration and globalisation. It provides essential foundations in these areas, while using stimulating arguments to prompt discussion and provoke interest in the relationships between these processes. It critically analyses the challenges faced by the EU from the contemporary political and economic dynamics of globalisation (IPE), including trading relationships set through the WTO and bilateral relations with emerging markets, especially the BRIC economies. Likewise, pressures from within, such as a resurgence of nationalism, localisation, anti-austerity politics, and Euroscepticism are examined. While the Union is fundamentally challenged by pressures from above and below, and by its own internal dysfunction, it remains central to the effective management of the international political economy. The European Union in a Global Context is a lively, focussed and engaging text, incorporating anecdotes and contemporary arguments, and presenting different perspectives on European integration and globalisation. It will be of key interest to European Politics, European Studies, European Union Studies and more broadly to global political economy, foreign and security policy and international relations"--