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AbstractInternational courts are increasingly called upon to adjudicate socially divisive disputes. They are therefore exposed to a heightened risk of backlash that questions their authority and impedes the implementation of their judgments. This article puts forward an analytical framework for mapping the resilience techniques used by international courts to counter this growing resistance. Case studies involve the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has been cautious in its stance regarding democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland, and the Caribbean Court of Justice, which has engaged in legal diplomacy while adjudicating both on the land rights of indigenous groups and on Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer and Intersex (LGBTQI) rights. It is argued that, in order to effectively avoid and mitigate backlash, international courts should deploy resilience techniques that go beyond merely exercising their judicial function. The successful deployment of resilience techniques can allow international courts to become significant actors in global governance during a time of crisis for the international liberal order.

The expectation that state voice drives perceptions of the legitimacy of international institutions is a common theme in academic scholarship and policy discourse on global power shifts. This article tests this expectation empirically, using novel and unique survey data on legitimacy perceptions toward eight international institutions among political and societal elites in six countries, comprising both rising and established powers. The article finds only limited support for a link between a state's voice in an international institution and elite perceptions of legitimacy. Differences in formal state representation are only partly reflected in patterns of perceived legitimacy across the six countries. In addition, there is no evidence at the individual level that assessments of state voice shape elites' perceptions of institutional legitimacy. Instead, considerations of good governance best predict whether elites perceive of international institutions as more or less legitimate. These findings suggest that only institutional reforms which are seen to favor general qualities of good governance, and not narrow demands for state voice, are likely to be rewarded with greater legitimacy. © 2020 The Authors. Global Policy published by Durham University and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

The expectation that state voice drives perceptions of the legitimacy of international institutions is a common theme in academic scholarship and policy discourse on global power shifts. This article tests this expectation empirically, using novel and unique survey data on legitimacy perceptions toward eight international institutions among political and societal elites in six countries, comprising both rising and established powers. The article finds only limited support for a link between a state's voice in an international institution and elite perceptions of legitimacy. Differences in formal state representation are only partly reflected in patterns of perceived legitimacy across the six countries. In addition, there is no evidence at the individual level that assessments of state voice shape elites' perceptions of institutional legitimacy. Instead, considerations of good governance best predict whether elites perceive of international institutions as more or less legitimate. These findings suggest that only institutional reforms which are seen to favor general qualities of good governance, and not narrow demands for state voice, are likely to be rewarded with greater legitimacy. © 2020 The Authors. Global Policy published by Durham University and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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From the point of the EU law, the CJEU has the exclusive competence to interpret the EU legal norms and decide upon validity of the legal acts adopted by the EU institutions because it is the most effective method to ensure the unilateral interpretation of the EU law and to prevent its fragmentation. Thus, it can be presumed that all disputes between the Member States regarding the EU law must be solved by the CJEU. The paper aims at finding the answer to the question whether international courts under the international law must refuse their jurisdiction in cases where disputes of the Member States relate with the EU law. With the view of this aim, arguments arising from the international law (for instance, prohibition of intervening into affairs of another legal system, prohibition of abuse of laws), on the basis of which an international court should decline its jurisdiction, and applicability of such arguments to the situation discussed is assessed and an independent approach is formulated. ; Tarptautinės teisės ir Europos Sąjungos teisės koreliacija neišvengiama ir tai sukelia aktualių teorinio bei praktinio pobūdžio problemų. Viena iš jų – Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo ir tarptautinių teismų jurisdikcijos atskyrimo problema. Pastaruoju metu šis klausimas tampa ypač aktualus ir tai susiję su vis ryškesniu Europos Sąjungos vaidmeniu tarptautinėje arenoje. ES yra prisijungusi prie daugelio tarptautinių sutarčių, dalis jų numato atskiras ginčų sprendimo institucijas, kurioms suteikta kompetencija spęsti ginčus, kylančius dėl tokių susitarimų aiškinimo ir taikymo. Tačiau pagal ES teisę išimtiniai įgaliojimai aiškinti ES teisės normas suteikti ESTT. Teismas yra nustatęs ir savo išimtinius įgaliojimus aiškinti tas mišrių sutarčių nuostatas, dėl kurių Sąjunga turi kompetenciją. Taigi galėtume teigti, kad valstybės narės visus tarpusavio ginčus, kylančius iš ES teisės, įskaitant ir mišrios sutarties nuostatas, dėl kurių Sąjunga turi kompetenciją, privalo spręsti ESTT. Todėl jų kreipimasis į kitą tarptautinį teismą (arbitražą) pažeistų išimtinius ESTT įgaliojimus pagal Sutarties dėl Europos Sąjungos veikimo (toliau tekste – SESV) 344 straipsnį, o tai galėtų inspiruoti Europos Komisiją pradėti ginčo sprendimo procedūrą ESTT pagal SESV 258 straipsnį Išimtinių įgaliojimų aiškinti ES teisės normas bei spręsti dėl ES institucijų priimtų teisės aktų galiojimo suteikimas ESTT yra efektyviausias būdas užtikrinti vienodą ES teisės aiškinimą ir užkirsti kelią ES teisės fragmentacijai. Vis dėlto šie išimtiniai ESTT įgaliojimai paremti argumentais, išplaukiančiais iš ES teisinės sistemos sui generis pobūdžio. Tuo tarpu šioje publikacijoje siekiama pažvelgti į ESTT ir tarptautinių teismų jurisdikcijos atskyrimo klausimą ne tik iš ES teisės, bet ir iš tarptautinės teisės pozicijų. Todėl siekėme atsakyti į klausimą, ar tarptautiniai teismai pagal tarptautinę teisę privalo paneigti savo jurisdikciją tuo atveju, jei ginčas tarp valstybių narių siejasi su ES teise. Šiuo tikslu analizavome tam tikrus tarptautinių teismų sprendimus, kurie iliustruoja jų požiūrį į ESTT išimtinius įgaliojimus aiškinti ES teisės normas. Nors, kaip rodo teismų praktika, jie yra linkę paneigti savo jurisdikciją tuo atveju, jei mano, kad ginčas priskirtinas kito teismo išimtinei jurisdikcijai, tačiau nepateikia aiškių tokios pozicijos teisinių argumentų. Todėl publikacijoje analizavome iš tarptautinės teisės kylančius argumentus (pavyzdžiui, draudimo kištis į svetimos teisinės sistemos reikalus, draudimo piktnaudžiauti teise), kuriais remdamasis tarptautinis teismas privalėtų paneigti savo jurisdikciją, bei formuluodami savarankišką požiūrį vertinome tokių argumentų tinkamumą aptariamai situacijai.