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Bibliography: p. [387]-390. ; HISTORY OF RUSSIA: PART 1. THE FOUNDATION OF THE EMPIRE. 862-1730: 1. The period of national development. 862-1676 ; 2. The accession of Peter the Great. 1676-1679 ; 3. The conflicts with Charles XII of Sweden. 1699-171. ; 4. The Epoch of Reforms. 1713-1725 ; 5. The reign of Catherine I and Peter II. 1725-1730 -- PART 2. RISE OF RUSSIA AS A WORLD POWER. 1730-1801: 6. Ascendancy of German influence under Queen Anne. 1730-1740 ; 7. Russia as a factor in the politics of Europe. 1740-1762 ; 8. The assassination of Peter III. 1762 ; 9. Catharine the Great. 1762-1796 ; 10. The reign of Paul. 1769-1801 -- PART 3. THE DOMINATION OF ABSOLUTISM. 1801-1855: 11. Alexander I and Napoleon. 1801-1812 ; 12. Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. 1812 ; 13. The reactionary period. 1812-1825 ; 14. The rule of absolutism under Nicholas I. 1825-1853 ; 15. The Crimean War. 1853-1855 -- PART 4. PROGRESS OF THE MODERN SPIRIT: 1855-1906: 16. Alexander II and liberal progress. 1855-1881 ; 17. The reign of Alexander III. 1881-1894 ; 18. The reign of Nicholas II. 1894-1906 -- HISTORY OF POLAND. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Russia is suffering from a confidence gap with its Western allies - a gap that arose after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States. A number of other nations changed both their relations with the United States at that point. They also adjusted their internal policies towards terrorism. However, Russia did nothing along these lines, and this lack of change has weakened its relations with both the United States as well as its European allies. A number of scholars contribute their thoughts on this issue in this article, discussing how Russia has failed to find a stable place for itself in the post-9/11 order.

The author surveys the dramatically improved economic prospects in Russia and the vast potential mineral wealth of Siberia, and suggests that although handicapped by its small and presently declining population, Russia now has the opportunity to re-emerge as one of the key players on the world scene. Adapted from the source document.

Russia has 11 economic regions - areas that differ from one another in their specialization, a special place in the geographical division of labor. However, the economic zoning of Russia, played a great role in the development of the economic potential of the USSR, largely out of date. Many regions were formed over 70 years ago, they did not contribute to the formation of new market structures, do not consider social and environmental features of the territory, and poor fit with natural boundaries. Federal districts also do not exactly correspond to any modern scientific criteria. So several different classification areas, taking into account both socio- economic and natural features of the area in terms of market reforms are suggested. Central region - historical, political, economic center of the country. It includes 27 subjects of the Russian Federation. North region actually coincides with the same area, which had existed previously . It consists of 5 subjects of the Federation. South region - the breadbasket of Russia, comprising 10 federal subjects. The North Caucasus region - the smallest and most multicultural area of Russia. Consists of 7 Federation subjects - 7 republics. Ural-Volga region - Russia 's oldest industrial area, linking the European and Asian parts of Russia, consists of 8 subjects of the Federation. Western Siberia region - an area of new development - the main oil-gas region of Russia, consisting of 8 subjects of the Federation. North Siberian region - also the area of new development, the main diamond mining area, consisting of five subjects of the Federation . South Siberian region - the most developed part of Siberia, gravitating to Transsibirian Railway; includes 8 of the Federation. Far Eastern region - yet it is the least developed regions, although thanks to a wide outlet to the Pacific Ocean, abundant natural resources contains great enormous potential. It consists of five subjects of the Federation. As a result, 9 natural-economic regions are proposed to allocate in Russia, which are accompanied by statistical data: area, population, natural and mechanical growth of population, gross regional product per capita, percentage of the population below the poverty line, the human development index, the structure employment.

The beginning of crowdfunding in Russia is associated with a launch of the crowdfunding platform for creative projects Kroogi. Although it has been 10 years since Kroogi was established, we have to admit that crowdfunding in Russia remains a comparatively small and local market. Definitely, the Russian crowdfunding industry has experienced substantial fluctuations, but nowadays it shows sustainable growth and both market players and the regulator believe in its prospective, so that new players appear, new regulations are expected. In 2017, the biggest Russian crowdfunding platform Planeta.ru celebrated its fifth anniversary and claimed to have raised over 770 million Russian rubles. Still, the rate of successfully funded projects is rather low. To improve the situation it is necessary to find out which crowdfunding projects potential backers are more willing to support. Within the scope of this paper we provide quantitative analysis of open data on 9 179 projects divided by 15 categories from two largest non-equity-based crowdfunding platforms in Russia. The key findings demonstrate the total funding, the largest categories by number of projects, most popular categories within the backers support, the sum of average pledges. Issues for further research and discussion are identified including factors of project success and backers' motivation. ; peer-reviewed