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The French legislation has clearly recognised the surface transport noise problem. The European Commission has also recently proposed to extend noise reduction field by creating new indicators. Moreover, using the data processing in external acoustics allows to create models of the noise pollution spreading and to carry out noise maps. This research aims at formalizing this new geographical information using by spatial analysis, in order to fully integrate it in town and country planning decision process. It is the result of a research collaboration between the "Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment" (CSTB) and SEIGAD laboratory from the Université Joseph Fourier (UJF). A methodological work has allowed to determine the necessary data for the noise propagation calculation, the method of collecting these data, the spatial and temporal scales of processing and the definition of the territorial vulnerability to noise. On the basis of this conceptual framework, the purpose is to produce a management and assessment tool of noise impacts on the territory. This means the creation of an interface between an external space noise modeling tool named Mithra and a geographical information system. We present two examples to validate this approach of noise impacts. The first one focuses on a tramway project in a dense urban district. The second one deals with the noise impacts problem in a periurban area. For each example, the geographical information relating to the noise exposition level is compared with various approaches of the territorial vulnerability to noise. ; Le bruit des transports terrestres est un problème clairement reconnu par la législation française. De même, la Commission Européenne propose actuellement d'étendre le champ de la lutte contre le bruit en créant de nouveaux indicateurs. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de l'informatique en acoustique extérieure permet de modéliser la propagation des nuisances acoustiques et de réaliser des cartographies sonores. La présente recherche vise à formaliser l'usage ...

The French legislation has clearly recognised the surface transport noise problem. The European Commission has also recently proposed to extend noise reduction field by creating new indicators. Moreover, using the data processing in external acoustics allows to create models of the noise pollution spreading and to carry out noise maps. This research aims at formalizing this new geographical information using by spatial analysis, in order to fully integrate it in town and country planning decision process. It is the result of a research collaboration between the "Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment" (CSTB) and SEIGAD laboratory from the Université Joseph Fourier (UJF). A methodological work has allowed to determine the necessary data for the noise propagation calculation, the method of collecting these data, the spatial and temporal scales of processing and the definition of the territorial vulnerability to noise. On the basis of this conceptual framework, the purpose is to produce a management and assessment tool of noise impacts on the territory. This means the creation of an interface between an external space noise modeling tool named Mithra and a geographical information system. We present two examples to validate this approach of noise impacts. The first one focuses on a tramway project in a dense urban district. The second one deals with the noise impacts problem in a periurban area. For each example, the geographical information relating to the noise exposition level is compared with various approaches of the territorial vulnerability to noise. ; Le bruit des transports terrestres est un problème clairement reconnu par la législation française. De même, la Commission Européenne propose actuellement d'étendre le champ de la lutte contre le bruit en créant de nouveaux indicateurs. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de l'informatique en acoustique extérieure permet de modéliser la propagation des nuisances acoustiques et de réaliser des cartographies sonores. La présente recherche vise à formaliser l'usage ...

The French legislation has clearly recognised the surface transport noise problem. The European Commission has also recently proposed to extend noise reduction field by creating new indicators. Moreover, using the data processing in external acoustics allows to create models of the noise pollution spreading and to carry out noise maps. This research aims at formalizing this new geographical information using by spatial analysis, in order to fully integrate it in town and country planning decision process. It is the result of a research collaboration between the "Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment" (CSTB) and SEIGAD laboratory from the Université Joseph Fourier (UJF). A methodological work has allowed to determine the necessary data for the noise propagation calculation, the method of collecting these data, the spatial and temporal scales of processing and the definition of the territorial vulnerability to noise. On the basis of this conceptual framework, the purpose is to produce a management and assessment tool of noise impacts on the territory. This means the creation of an interface between an external space noise modeling tool named Mithra and a geographical information system. We present two examples to validate this approach of noise impacts. The first one focuses on a tramway project in a dense urban district. The second one deals with the noise impacts problem in a periurban area. For each example, the geographical information relating to the noise exposition level is compared with various approaches of the territorial vulnerability to noise. ; Le bruit des transports terrestres est un problème clairement reconnu par la législation française. De même, la Commission Européenne propose actuellement d'étendre le champ de la lutte contre le bruit en créant de nouveaux indicateurs. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de l'informatique en acoustique extérieure permet de modéliser la propagation des nuisances acoustiques et de réaliser des cartographies sonores. La présente recherche vise à formaliser l'usage ...

This paper historically and anthropologically examines colonial Hà Nội's black market in meat. Beginning in 1888, colonial officials attempted to assert control over the slaughter, sale, and consumption of meat in the city. These efforts were resisted for decades and resulted in the presence of what officials described as "dangerous meats" in Hà Nội's food supply. This resistance revealed tensions that existed between colonizers and colonized related to such issues as (in)edibility and the social production of meat, but it also had deeper implications regarding the acceptable limits of governance and the manner in which legislation structured and informed unsanctioned activities, notably the production of contraband meat, in colonial Hà Nội and its environs.

"Throughout American history, ingestion (eating) has functioned as a metaphor for interpreting and imagining this society and its political systems. Discussions of American freedom itself are pervaded with ingestive metaphors of choice (what to put in) and control (what to keep out). From the country's founders to the abolitionists to the social activists of today, those seeking to form and reform American society have cast their social-change goals in ingestive terms of choice and control. But they have realized their metaphors in concrete terms as well, purveying specific advice to the public about what to eat or not. These conversations about 'social change as eating' reflect American ideals of freedom, purity, and virtue. Drawing on social and political history as well as the history of science and popular culture, Dangerous Digestion examines how American ideas about dietary reform mirror broader thinking about social reform. Inspired by new scientific studies of the human body as a metabiome--a collaboration of species rather than an isolated, intact, protected, and bounded individual--E. Melanie DuPuis reimagines the American body politic through a new metaphor--digestion--opening social transformations to ideas of mixing, fermentation, and collaboration. In doing so, the author explores how social activists can rethink politics as inclusive processes that involve the inherently risky mixing of cultures, standpoints, and ideas"--Provided by publisher

The demand for urban transport quality is typically above financing possibilities of public authorities. Financing urban transport has always been one of the prime problems of city authorities because of the necessity to connect the city centres with their surroundings and to enable time saving and thus better quality of life for the citizens. This problem especially emerges in the twenty-first century when the citizen requirements for better urban and suburban connectivity are coupled with smart, intermodal and energy-efficient urban transport. The financing problem of urban transport is somewhat simpler in very populated and developed areas as the growing number of public transport users continuously finance urban transport fleet renewal. However, less developed areas have to have integrated pricing and social policies towards the end users of urban transport, which often turns to be unsustainable in the longer period of time. Depending on the project size, financial strength of municipalities and/or central state, urban transport infrastructure construction and maintenance are typically financed from national or local state funds or borrowing. Some urban transport lines can also be given in a concession. Financing urban transport encompasses either financing urban transport infrastructure construction or financing fleet renewal, or combined financing of both urban transport infrastructure and fleet renewal. The EU funds have contributed much to financing urban transport needs, especially in large metropolitan areas. Yet, many countries opt for financing regional and cross regional connectivity by roads, rail, airports or waterways, while urban transport remains a care of national or local public authorities. Most literature is devoted to rail, road and port infrastructure construction in general, while urban transport fleet renewal and operating performance of urban transport operators have not been widely discussed. This chapter aims to partly fill in this gap for the selected cities of formerly planned economies of the Central and Eastern Europe and Southern and Eastern Europe.