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The city has had a rich and tumultuous history, evolving from a powerful political entity in ancient times to its modern role as a local hub of tourism and commerce. Sovereign City examines the nature of the city's ever-changing status, as Geoffrey Parker investigates the city-state as a geopolitical form and explores its distinctive niche within different types of states. This probing work analyzes the various forms of city-states throughout world history, from the Greek polis, which Plato and Aristotle considered the perfect type of state, to the Roman imperial capital, to the political role

Abstract: Enduring authoritarian stability in Malaysia and Singapore has been a product of these countries' extraordinarily powerful state apparatuses. Strong states emerged well before both countries' authoritarian turns in the 1960s, and would continue to help stabilize national politics if Malaysia and Singapore were to undergo the sort of "strong-state democratization" that has been witnessed in South Korea and Taiwan. Yet the same state strength that facilitates stable transitions to democracy also empowers authoritarian rulers to forestall democratization altogether. The main reason democratization should go smoothly in Malaysia or Singapore is also the main reason it might not transpire at all.

This paper is complementary to the author's previous 'Notes on Capital and Peasantry' (Review10). In that article, the role of the state in promoting the commoditisation of peasant agriculture was alluded to, a theme which is pursued further here. This is done through a number of provisional hypotheses which 'map out' three connected areas of contradictions: contradictions in the circuits of peasant economy, in the apparatuses and practices of the state, and in the sphere of state‐peasant relations. These schematic hypotheses are presented with the intention of contributing to current debates about the nature of the agrarian question, and of the state, in contemporary Africa.

The research briefing is presented in the context of Scottish government policy in relation to widening access to higher education, in particular for students from a looked after background. The briefing reports findings from a review of the outcome agreements made between the Scottish Funding Council and Scotland's 19 HEIs in respect of statements about widening access to students from a looked after background. It also reports the findings of requests for information from HEIs made under FOI procedures about applications from students from a looked after background, offers made and enrolments. The conclusions include these: institutional outcome agreements in 2012-13 mostly appear to lack detail, and are arguably limited in ambition; Despite the existence of the UCAS voluntary declaration, not all HEIs have used this to collect data.

Mazie investigates controversies of varying intensities among Israeli Jews, including state-run kosher kitchens, the extent of honoring religious imperatives on Shabbat (though many Israelis are secular), and state funding for religious education. An area that arouses strong emotion is that of marriage laws, which are dictated religiously; a civil service within the country for Jews is not available.

The emergence of digital society in industry 4.0 is one of the most visible changes in the XXI century. The creation of digitization has led to significant changes in accounting and financial management as features of an innovative University. This study aims to analyze the development of digital accounting and examine its impact on economic performance in higher education by using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and the feasibility of the investment using the payback period approach. The development of digital accounting is based on a web 2.0-based ICT system using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method with the waterfall model and applying the latest financial accounting standards. Analysis of the impact of accounting digitization was carried out on 247 educational staff as a population and involved 152 respondents as samples selected using the Slovin formula. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression analysis with an error rate of 5%. The findings showed a positive correlation between financial performance and accounting digitization. Accounting digitization significantly affected financial arrangement with a P-value of 0.000 is smaller than the alpha (α) of 0.05 or sig.T< 0.05, which means significant. The investment feasibility test using the payback period concludes that digital accounting is feasible to implement in higher education. The eligibility criteria based on the results of calculating the rate of return on investment is three years and two months, faster than the required payback period of four years.

Received: 18 December 2022 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 5 March 2023

In times of crisis, governments have strong incentives to influence banks' credit allocation because the survival of the economy depends on it. How do governments make banks 'play along'? This paper focuses on the state-guaranteed credit programs (SGCPs) that have been implemented to help firms survive the COVID-19 crisis. Governments' capacity to save the economy depends on banks' capacity to grant credit to struggling firms (which they would not be naturally inclined to do in the context of a global pandemic). All governments thus face the same challenge: How do they make sure that state-guaranteed loans reach their desired target and on what terms? Based on a comparative analysis of the elaboration and implementation of SGCPs in France and Germany, this paper shows that historically-rooted institutionalized modes of coordination between state and bank actors have largely shaped the terms of the SGCPs in these two countries.

In this article we discuss current impacts on the planet as a result of technoscientificdevelopments and neo-liberal policy. We argue that science educationhas an important role to play in supporting society to respond to newchallenges ahead. However there needs to be a change to the way in whichscience is introduced in schools to raise awareness of complex global interconnectednessand our embeddedness in the natural (and increasingly altered)planetary cycles. Such awareness changes how we view the practiceof science and the way in which science is presented in schools. Drawing onrecent literature, this paper will present an argument for the reconfigurationof science education for a sustainable future.

Modern states are powerful, resilient institutions, the most durable of which have established and consolidated their rule through conquest, revolution, and war. Successful involvement in violent conflict leads to the development of militarized and police states and reinforces elite political cultures that favor the use of coercion in future disputes. If warfare has unfavorable outcomes, elites will prefer noncoercive strategies in the future. From these and other propositions are derived models of the processes by which garrison states emerge and persist in autocracies and democracies. States with high material capabilities are more likely to become garrison states than weaker states, which tend to avoid international conflict and to rely on accommodation in internal conflicts. States with low political capabilities are susceptible to revolutionary overthrow and the establishment of revolutionary garrison states. The role of diversion of domestic conflicts to the external environment also is considered. One general conclusion is that only homogeneous democracies with low power capabilities and limited alliance obligations are unlikely to develop the institutions and political culture of militarized and police states.

""Contents ""; ""Preface ""; ""Introduction: The New Big Brother ""; ""1 The State and Globalization ""; ""Democracy and the Market ""; ""The Logic of Globalizaton ""; ""The 'Impotence of the State' ""; ""The Weakness of Globalized Capitalism ""; ""Neo- liberal Hegemony vs. Democracy ""; ""'Objective Limitations' ""; ""Citizenship in Decline ""; ""Soldiers and Citizens ""; ""Towards the New State ""; ""2 Is Nationalization Dead? ""; ""'Socialized' Private Property?? ""; ""Self-management Alternative ""; ""Collective Property ""; ""The Mobilization Model

One way to increase the effectiveness of a mobile-oriented learning environment is to use augmented reality technology, which enables the integration of real and virtual learning tools using mobile Internet devices. The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate the use of augmented reality technology in physics classes. The article describes and substantiates the relevance of the application of augmented reality technology, considers possible uses of this technology in the educational process, in particular in terms of mobile distance learning. Examples of mobile applications aimed at practice-oriented learning using augmented reality technology are described. Examples of real educational systems that allow to study the disciplines of physical orientation on the basis of this technology are considered. It was found that augmented reality technologies stimulate the educational process and provide the opportunity to implement knowledge in both humanities and natural sciences. This technology expands the educational process towards clarity and motivates the student to further study the material. Visual education is the best thing that can be offered to modern students, which will contribute to the development of scientific and technological progress. The introduction of augmented reality technology makes it possible to improve the quality of education by motivating students to self-study, increasing audience interest in educational material, developing a desire to use modern interactive technical capabilities and technologies, replacing textbooks and laboratory equipment with multimedia computer models. distance learning.

AbstractThe equilibrium size of a nation state is, in part, the result of a trade-off between the gains from scale economies in the provision of public services and the costs of applying uniform policy to heterogeneous cultural, institutional and geographical fundamentals. Changes in such fundamentals can thus place pressure on states to reform over time. We consider this dynamic state formation process in the context of Scotland within the United Kingdom. First, we review the recent research in economic history on the persistence and evolution of such fundamentals. Second, we consider the history of Scotland both before and after the 1707 Act of Union in the light of that broader economic history literature. We conclude with some implications of fundamental persistence for current debates on the place of Scotland within the United Kingdom.