Suchergebnisse

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Definitions of International Crimes, State Sovereignty and Cosmopolitanism -- 1.2 Why Do We Need a Definition for Terrorism? -- 1.3 Terrorism and the ICC: Why Terrorism Was Not Included into the Rome Statute -- 1.3.1 Efforts to Include Terrorism into the Rome Statute -- 1.3.2 Why Terrorism Was Not Included into the Rome Statute -- 1.4 State Sovereignty Theories and International Law -- 1.4.1 State-Centric Theory and Cosmopolitanism in International Law -- 1.4.2 Procedural and Substantive Issues of the Relationship Between State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law -- 1.5 The Architecture of the Book: The Interplay Between State Sovereignty Theories and Cosmopolitanism on the Process of Criminalisation and Definition of Aggression and Terrorism -- References -- 2 State Sovereignty, Cosmopolitanism and the International Criminal Court -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Two Theories -- 2.2.1 The Traditional State-Centric Theory About the Relationship Between Sovereignty and International Law -- 2.2.2 Cosmopolitan Theory and International Law -- 2.3 Sovereignty and International Law: The UN Charter Provisions -- 2.4 Sovereignty and International Law: The Rome Statute and the Principle of Complementarity -- 2.4.1 Complementarity in Principle -- 2.4.1.1 Conditions of Inadmissibility: Article 17 -- 2.4.1.2 'Inability' as Lack of Compatible Domestic Legislation -- 2.4.2 Complementarity in Practice -- 2.4.2.1 The Lubanga and Katanga Precedents: An Intrusive ICC? -- 2.4.3 The Applicability of the Complementarity Regime on Cases of Aggression -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 The Paradigm of Aggression: State-Centric and Cosmopolitan Approaches in the Effort to Outlaw and Criminalise Aggression -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction

This technical report provides a comprehensive analysis of all 50 states. It gives insight into leading practices in veteran service delivery, describes how innovative policy is diffusing across state governments, and highlights ten of the top states in providing services to veterans at the state level.

Environmental performance among manufacturers varies greatly and reflects political, institutional, economic, and social differences across the states. Information disclosure programs such as those administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are intended to spur manufacturers to comply with recommended pollution reduction levels. The objective of this study is to provide a better understanding of the variables that affect reductions in toxic chemical releases and human health risks. Changes in pollution amounts and exposure risk levels between 1991 and 1995 in state facilities across the nation are analyzed. The findings suggest that variation among the states in terms of ideology, environmental group membership, and policy liberalism drives environmental policy. Companies may reduce pollution voluntarily in anticipation of reactions by regulators and environmental groups and to avoid potential sanctions. Adapted from the source document.

Students studying at universities in England have been defined as customers by the government since the introduction of student tuition fees. Although this approach has been rejected by educators, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the extent to which students express a consumer orientation and its effects on academic performance. These issues were examined in the current study by surveying 608 undergraduates at higher education institutions in England about their consumer attitudes and behaviours in relation to their higher education, learner identity, and academic performance. The analysis revealed that consumer orientation mediated traditional relationships between learner identity, grade goal and academic performance, and found that a higher consumer orientation was associated with lower academic performance. Furthermore, responsibility for paying tuition fees and studying a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics subject were associated with a higher consumer orientation and subsequently lower academic performance. Implications for academic performance are discussed.

US policies toward the movement and relations with neutral nations generally, since 1961.

This paper is a review of recent trends in United States expenditures on research and development (R&D). Real expenditures by both the government and the private sector increased rapidly between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s, and have since leveled off. This is true of both overall expenditures and expenditures on basic research, as well as funding of academic research. Preliminary estimates indicate that about $170 billion was spent on R&D in the United States in 1995, with ≈60% of that funding coming from the private sector and about 35% from the federal government. In comparison to other countries, we have historically spent more on R&D relative to our economy than other advanced economies, but this advantage appears to be disappearing. If defense-related R&D is excluded, our expenditures relative to the size of the economy are considerably smaller than those of other similar economies.

This paper explores the relationship between migration and educational aspirations among young people growing up in contexts of poverty in Peru. It draws on a mixed survey and qualitative data set collected by Young Lives (YL), an international fifteen-year study of childhood poverty. The focus is on data generated with the older of two cohorts of YL children being studied in Peru. They were around eight years old when the study began in 2002 and were twelve years old at the last point of data collection in 2007. This paper provides evidence to suggest that young people and their caregivers connect migration with the process of 'becoming somebody in life' (ser algo o alguien en la vida). This entails making successful transitions to adulthood and out of poverty. Their educational aspirations and expectations are at the core of their view of their future; these are generated against a country backdrop of economic and social inequalities, a recent history of political violence and resulting mass displacement, and established and diverse patterns of internal and international migration.

The Australian Government requires Higher Education Institutions to demonstrate the work-readiness of graduates. Consequently, Work Integrated Learning (WIL) has been adopted to enhance the workplace skills and professional networks of students to improve graduate employability. While WIL can take many forms, experiences located in workplaces (placements, internships) have been popular. The introduction of the Australian Government's Fair Work Act 2009 required that placements be tightly embedded within curriculum thereby presenting the challenge of how to enable WIL via placements and theoretical learning in already compact study programs. As a response, we present the pragmatic use of online theoretical instruction and online WIL assessment within an undergraduate core Capstone business subject, as an enabler of the WIL placement. We examine learner perspectives on, and grade outcomes from, undertaking online theoretical instruction concurrent with WIL placements to discuss the key WIL and online learning design implications for this cohort of learners. Our findings are increasingly pertinent given the 2017 Australian Government Higher Education Reform package incentivising the expansion of WIL into all degrees.

In the twentieth century, consumption became a political project intimately bound up with the state. By the 1950s, governments across the world worked to promote a vision of consumer society based around access and participation—affluence for all—rather than choice and luxury for the few. This vision of consumerism was tied in with the geopolitics of the cold war but was also constitutive of other globalizing trends that connected not only Western Europe to North America but also both sides of the Iron Curtain as well as the global South and North. The article analyzes the development of, and compares the differences in, the various consumer protection regimes that emerged in the latter half of the century. It points to processes of convergence in consumer politics across the globe that saw the development of consumer political thinking in the Soviet bloc and the development of supranational protection regimes at the European level. In more recent decades, the politics of consumer society based upon access and the collective has been eclipsed by a politics that emphasizes choice and the individual. Such a change represents a profound shift in the relations between consumers, citizens, and governments.

Comparative theory and political practice : do we need a "state-nation" model as well as a "nation-state" model? -- India as a state-nation : shared political community amidst deep cultural diversity -- Four Indian cases that challenge state-nation theory? -- Tamils in India : how state-nation policies helped construct multiple but complementary identities -- Tamils in Sri Lanka : how nation-state policies helped construct polar and conflictual identities -- Ukraine : state-nation policies in a unitary state -- Federacy : a formula for democratically managing multinational societies in unitary states -- The U.S. federal model and multinational societies : some problems for democratic theory and practice