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In the article the historical aspect of liberalism, neo-liberalism, conservatism and neo-conservatism has been analyzed. Liberalism has been defined as the social and political theory founded on ideas of liberty and equality, free and fair elections, inborn civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property. Liberalism is also a kind of political philosophy and worldview, program and practice. Conservatism has been defined as a social and political movement which is oriented on maintenance and reinforcement of existing forms of social, economic and political life, traditional spiritual values and which denies revolutionary changes and express distrust to people's movement and radical reforms. The accent has been made on the fact that conservatism appeared after the Great French Revolution as a result of criticism of its experience. It was actively developed by many thinkers: E. Burk, J. de Maistre and L. de Bonald, F. de Chateaubriand, F. de Lamennais, B. Disraeli and O. von Bismarck, G. Moska, M. Heidegger, D. Bell and S. Lipset.Key words: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, Conservatism, Neo-Conservatism, Historical development, Politics.

"Decentring Work questions how and why we have come to value paid employment as the marker of social success and individual self-worth and, more provocatively, investigates the role that leisure might play in its stead. The contributors probe the dimensions of marginalization and oppression experienced by groups such as women living in poverty, aboriginal youth, new immigrants, and older adults, and show how leisure can be a vital element in confronting issues in the social construction of homelessness, incarceration, dementia care, disability, and ethnicity."--pub. desc

"Builds ideal model of social liberalism by removing excesses of socialism and laissez-faire capitalism, and merging their market and social aspects. Theory combines Locke's idea of limitations of power with principles from Keynesian economics. Attempts to demonstrate that social liberalism is the basis of Presidents De la Madrid and Salinas de Gortari's modernization policies"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

"Die Neuregelungen im Rahmen der Rentenreform im Jahre 2000 bzw. in der ersten Hälfte des Jahres 2001 haben die Rahmenbedingungen der Altersvorsorge in Deutschland grundsätzlich verändert. Bildeten in den letzten Jahrzehnten gesetzlich verankerte Systeme für abhängig Beschäftigte und einen Teil der Selbstständigen - ergänzt um betriebliche und private Altersvorsorge - den Kern der Alterssicherung, soll nach der Reform die ergänzende Altersvorsorge eine stärkere Betonung finden. Ziel ist es, den Beitragssatz zur gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung bis 2030 auf nicht mehr als 22 Prozent des sozialversicherungspflichtigen Entgelts ansteigen zu lassen, nicht zuletzt auch um anteilige Arbeitgeberbeiträge zu begrenzen. Durch diese Neuregelungen kommt der staatlich geförderten betrieblichen und privaten Altersvorsorge eine neue Aufgabe zu, da sie zur Erreichung von sozialpolitischen Sicherungszielen eingesetzt werden soll. Im Zentrum dieses Beitrages steht die individuelle private Altersvorsorge. Sie unterscheidet sich vor allem dadurch von den klassischen Institutionen der Sozialpolitik, dass sie weitgehend durch individuelle Entscheidungen geprägt wird. Mit dem Funktionswechsel werden daher insbesondere die Rahmenbedingungen privater Altersvorsorge, unter denen die Entscheidungen gefällt werden, zum Gegenstand ökonomischer Sozialpolitikforschung. Schließlich kann man davon ausgehen, dass die Ausgestaltung dieser Rahmenbedingungen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Verteilung von Einkommen und Vermögen privater Haushalte im Alter hat. Die Ausführungen in diesem Text beziehen sich dabei nicht allein auf die Darstellung der sogenannten 'Riester-Rente' nach dem Altersvermögensgesetz (AVmG), sondern auf alle Formen der privaten Altersvorsorge. Es werden zunächst 'alte' und 'neue' Formen vorgestellt und Finanzierungsverfahren sowie normative Aspekte und Kriterien zur Beurteilung ihrer Verteilungswirkung diskutiert. Sodann erfolgt eine Deskription des Status Quo der Verteilung von Einkommen und privatem (Vorsorge-)Vermögen insbesondere von älteren Privathaushalten in Westdeutschland. Grundlage ist eine Längsschnitt-Kohortenanalyse auf Datenbasis des SOEP im Zeitraum von 1984 bis einschließlich 1997. Da private Vorsorge seit langem ein fester Bestandteil der Alterssicherung ist, sind einige Verteilungswirkungen bei einer stärkeren Betonung privater Vorsorge im Grundsatz bekannt. Hypothesen der Verteilungseffekte stärkerer privater Altersvorsorge werden zusammengefasst und daraus weitere Forschungsfragen entwickelt. Dabei wird unter anderem deutlich, dass Fragen nach dem Sparverhalten, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit dem Grad der individuellen Entscheidungsfreiheit (obligatorische versus private Vorsorge) für künftige Forschungsarbeiten von Bedeutung sein werden." (Autorenreferat)

534 p. : ill. : 21 cm. ; This volume offers a series of articles ranging from the origins of free and open-source software to future social, economic and cultural perspectives inspired by the free and open-source spirit. ; With the rise of the internet and the growing concern over intellectual property, this study provides an open, constructive platform for a wide range of lawyers, artists, journalists, and activists to discuss their views on the future of free and open-source software. By exchanging both complementary and conflicting opinions, the contributors look ahead to the evolution, prospects, and issues of sharing knowledge and ideas through technology. ; Table of Contents Foreword & Acknowledgements Preface Marleen Wynants & Jan Cornelis PART I – DRIVING FORCES: KEY PLAYERS & PROJECTS Will the revolution be open-sourced? How open source travels through society Marianne van den Boomen & Mirko Tobias Schäfer Free as in Freedom, not Gratis! An interview with Richard Stallman, the embodiment of the dilemma of our digital commons Marleen Wynants The Open Source Paradigm Shift Tim O'Reilly Open Courseware and Open Scientific Publications Frederik Questier & Wim Schreurs Roots Culture - Free Software Vibrations Inna Babylon by Armin Medosch PART II – MAKING IT HAPPEN: CASE STUDIES FROM BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, EUROPE & BEYOND Extremadura and the Revolution of Free Software Achieving digital literacy and modernizing the economy of one of the European Union's poorest regions Angel Vaca Building Open Ecosystems for Collaborative Creativity Peter Hanappe A Walk through the Music Bazaar & the Future of Music Sara Engelen Open Source, Science and Education Marc Nyssen & Frederik Cheeseman Open Standards Policy in Belgium Peter Strickx & Jean Jochmans PART III - ETHICS & BOTTLENECKS The Patenting of Life An interview with VUB scientist Lode Wyns about the dangers of patents in biotechnology and the pressing need for ethics in law Lode Wyns Fostering Research, Innovation and Networking Jan Cornelis Is Open-Sourced Biotechnology possible? Daniel de Beer Legal Aspects of Software Protection through Patents, and the Future of Reverse Engineering Bruno de Vuyst & Liv Steuts PART IV – THE FUTURE IS OPEN 393 Advancing Economic Research on the Free and Open Source Software Mode of Production J.-M. Dalle, P. A. David, Rishab A. Ghosh, and W.E. Steinmueller The Future of Open Source Ilkka Tuomi The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide Bradford L. Smith Dual Licensing – A Business Model from the Second Generation of Open-Source Companies Kaj Arnö Towards a EU Policy for Open-Source Software Simon Forge ANNEXES I. The GNU General Public License (GPL)- Version 2, June 1991 II. Building Innovation through Integration A Microsoft White Paper – July 2000 Index List of Pictures

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction and Overview -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Boxes -- 1 The Foundations of Management -- Leadership and Management -- Achieving Things Through People -- Achieving Things for People -- Making a Profit -- Using Scarce Resources -- Improvement -- Coping with Change and Uncertainty -- Environment Knowledge and Understanding -- Technological Knowledge and Understanding -- Financial Knowledge and Understanding -- Risk Knowledge and Understanding -- Leadership Capability -- Management as Profession -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading -- 2 Industrial Revolutions -- Introduction -- Industrial Revolutions -- Social and Economic Disruption -- Conclusions -- References and Further reading -- 3 Business and Society -- Introduction -- The Fourth Industrial Revolution -- Developing the Knowledge Base -- The Relationships Between Business and Society -- Industry and Commerce as Social Infrastructure -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading -- 4 The Disciplines of Business -- Introduction -- Strategy -- Core and Foundation Strategies -- Markets -- Niches -- Marketing -- Staffing -- Production and Service Delivery -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading -- 5 The Economic Environment -- Introduction -- The Economic Environment -- Analysing the Environment -- A Socio-Technological View of Business and Environment Analyses -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading -- 6 Products and Services -- Introduction -- Products and Services -- New Product and Service Developments -- Service Levels -- Quality -- Dimensions of Quality -- Inspection and Assurance -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading -- 7 Sustainability -- Introduction -- Context -- Strategy -- Internal Colloquy -- External Colloquy -- Key Sectors -- Conclusions -- References and Further Reading.

Relevance. Today, the mainstream is focused on the integration of the whole society, all its institutions in order to achieve a process of stable constant growth, or rather, advanced development, and the issues of managing the social aspect of life are among the most complex and controversial. Social management today acts as a regulator of public life, recognized at the state level. One of the main indicators that determine the vital activity of a person and society is the quality of life, however, when assessing it, attention is focused not on social, but on economic indicators. In this regard, the characterization of the social aspect of the quality of life is an appropriate and relevant research area of modern philosophy and methodology of science.The purpose is to substantiate the primacy of the social aspect of the quality of life in the perspective of not only the assessment of the quality of life, but also social development in general.Objectives. To achieve this goal, it is relevant to solve the following tasks: to analyze social management from a philosophical and methodological perspective; to assess current trends in social management and, first of all, advanced development; to consider existing models and approaches for deploying the quality of life in the field of social management; to form a conceptual model of socio-oriented qualitivism.Methodology. To achieve this goal, the authors turn to classical models (pyramids) of the quality of life and the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of advanced development.Results. The article presents the author's concept of socio-oriented qualitivism, the key concept of which is the social quality of life.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the authors argue that the achievement of a high social quality of life as a marker of social management can be due to the trinity of development directions: human qualities, the quality of social intelligence and the quality of education. In this regard, the main elements of the conceptual model of socio-oriented qualitivism are precisely these areas of development, in the center of which is the spiritual development of man and society.

This article presents the theoretical aspects of the development of international trade in services in the context of digital transformations. Shown the role of e-commerce at the present time and the main problems of its development in Russia.