Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to empirically compare and contrast the effect of the nature of the political regime vs the political instability (PI) on real output in a group of countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the period 1980-2011. This part of the world has been going through a series of unstable political regimes and continuous PI events for over seven decades.


Design/methodology/approach
The author employs a time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors.


Findings
The author concludes that the relationship between the nature of the political regime and real output is mixed (negative and positive); this impact seems to get changed to a positive value whenever the regimes' instability events are mitigated. However, the influence of PI on real output has a negative benchmark level. The author also notices that the effect of the political regime on real output is stronger over all the sample countries of the study. The results depart somehow from the previous studies' findings. Therefore, the implication of the author's conclusion is to investigate how and why the effects of these uncertainties turned positive.


Originality/value
The paper contributes to the literature from three perspectives. First, the author compares the effects on real output from different types of political system uncertainties. Second, the author extracts evidence on this topic from the most unstable region of the world, the MENA region. Third, the author uses a new econometric technique compared to the previous studies.

Using reflexive accounts from her own research, the author of this article discusses her struggles as a Japanese feminist anthropologist with what "contribution" actually means in different research contexts. The author compares her dissertation research on a feminist group with her ongoing research project on right-wing opponents of feminism. As a feminist, the author found it relatively easy to practice the idea of contribution with feminists as her research subjects. The situation was much more complex, however, when studying conservative opponents of feminism, whose views were directly oppositional to the author's views and to the human rights principles supported by the American Anthropological Association. By examining her fieldwork experiences on these two types of activists, the author discusses the possibilities and constraints of ethnographic practices such as participant observation, archival research, and contribution to the people anthropologists study and to feminism. The author also discusses the role that the internet is playing in current research contexts, and argues that the distinction between home and field is increasingly blurred. This study complicates the notion of "native anthropology," contending that as the anthropologist engages deeply in politically charged situations in the field, the distinction of native versus other may no longer be accurate. By illustrating complexities surrounding the practice of fieldwork, the author complicates the notion of contribution, and shows that one possible way to grapple with the difficult question of what and to whom to contribute is to listen to diverse, complex voices, not only of feminists but also of their political opponents, antifeminist conservatives. (Crit Asian Stud/GIGA)

In the first volume, the author argues that women are the equals of men, referring often to Poullain de la Barre's L'egalité des deux sexes (1673). Also considered are the historical reasons for men's assumed superiority, the education of women, and the role of women in government. The second volume focuses on eminent women, their heroism, and their accomplishments in various fields. In the third volume, the author examines and refutes vices attributed to women. In the final volume, the author continues to examine specific vices, comparing their practice by both sexes, finding men and women to be equally at fault. Cf. bookdealer's description ; Assigned by Barbier (i.867) to Philippe Joseph [or Auguste] Caffiaux, but according to Dict. biog. franç. this attribution is doubtful ; In the first volume, the author argues that women are the equals of men, referring often to Poullain de la Barre's L'egalité des deux sexes (1673). Also considered are the historical reasons for men's assumed superiority, the education of women, and the role of women in government. The second volume focuses on eminent women, their heroism, and their accomplishments in various fields. In the third volume, the author examines and refutes vices attributed to women. In the final volume, the author continues to examine specific vices, comparing their practice by both sexes, finding men and women to be equally at fault. Cf. bookdealer's description ; Mode of access: Internet. ; UCI Special Collections copy: bound in 2 vols. by Raparlier (cf. bookdealer's description) in three-quarter dark blue morocco and marbled paper boards; spines gilt; top edges gilt; fore- and tail edges uncut; curl over comb pattern marbled endpapers

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Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- French Editors' Preface -- Translator/Editor's Introduction -- Part One: Bureaucratic Society -- Socialism or Barbarism [no. 1] -- The Relations of Production in Russia [no. 2] : Pierre Chaulieu (Cornelius Castoriadis) -- Stalinism in East Germany [nos. 7-8] : Hugo Bell (Benno Sternberg) -- Part Two: The World of Work -- The American Worker [no. 5-6] : Paul Romano -- Proletarian Experience: Editorial [no. 11] -- Wildcat Strikes in the American Automobile Industry [no. 18] -- The English Dockers' Strikes [no. 18] -- Automation Strikes in England [no. 19] : Pierre Chaulieu (Cornelius Castoriadis) -- The Factory and Workers' Management [no. 22] : Daniel Mothé (Jacques Gautrat) -- Part Three: The Crisis of The Bureaucratic System (1953-1957) -- The Meaning of the June 1953 Revolt in East Germany [no. 13] : Albert Véga (Alberto Masó) -- Totalitarianism Without Stalin [no. 19] : Claude Lefort -- The Hungarian Insurrection [no. 20] : Claude Lefort -- Documents, Narratives, and Texts on the Hungarian Revolution [no. 21] -- The Workers' Councils of the Hungarian Revolution : Pannonicus -- The Re-Stalinization of Hungary : Jean Amair -- A Student's Narrative -- Part Four: The Content of Socialism -- On the Content of Socialism [no. 22] : Pierre Chaulieu (Cornelius Castoriadis) -- Part Five: Organization -- The Revolutionary Party (Resolution) -- The Proletariat and the Problem of Revolutionary Leadership [no. 10] : Claude Montal (Claude Lefort) -- Organization and Party [no. 26] : Claude Lefort -- Proletariat and Organization [nos. 27-28] : Paul Cardan (Cornelius Castoriadis) -- The Suspension of Publication of Socialisme ou Barbarie -- Part Six: The Third World (Algeria and China) -- Algerian Contradictions Exposed [no. 24] : François Laborde (Jean-François Lyotard).

Intro -- Preface to the Second Edition-2017 -- Preface to the First Edition-2014 -- Contents -- List of Case Studies -- 1 What Is Airworthiness? -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Basic Principles of Certification -- 1.3 Civil Aircraft Certification Practice -- 1.3.1 Civil Design Codes -- 1.3.1.1 Part 25-Transport Category Aeroplanes (Airplanes) -- 1.3.1.2 Part 23-Including Federal Aviation Requirements Part 23 (Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Category Airplanes) and Certification Specification 23 (Normal, Aerobatic, Utility and Commuter Category Aeroplanes)-Formerly JAR-23 -- 1.3.1.3 Certification Specification VLA (Formerly JAR-VLA)-Very Light Aeroplanes -- 1.3.1.4 Certification Specification 22 (Formerly JAR-22)-Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes -- 1.3.1.5 British Civil Airworthiness Requirements (BCAR) Section S-Small Light Aeroplanes -- 1.3.1.6 Civil Deregulation -- 1.4 Military Aircraft Certification Practice -- 1.5 Release for Flight Test -- 1.6 A Note on Modifications -- 1.6.1 The Case of the Leaky Oil Cooler -- 1.7 Re-evaluation -- 1.7.1 The Case of the Paris Concorde Crash -- 2 The Atmosphere -- Abstract -- 2.1 General Principles of the Atmosphere -- 2.2 The International (or US) Standard Atmosphere -- 2.2.1 Troposphere -- 2.2.2 Lower Stratosphere -- 2.2.3 Middle Stratosphere -- 2.3 Which Altitude Matters? -- 2.4 Variation in the Tropopause -- 2.5 The Effects of Atmospheric Conditions Upon Human Survivability -- 2.5.1 Pressure and Oxygen Supply -- 2.5.2 Temperature Effects -- 2.6 Exercises -- 2.6.1 Standard Atmosphere Exercise -- 2.6.2 Life Support -- 2.7 Sample Answers to Exercises, with Commentary -- 2.7.1 Standard Atmosphere Exercise -- 2.8 Sample Answers to Exercises, with Commentary -- 2.8.1 Standard Atmosphere Exercise -- 2.8.2 Life Support Exercise -- 3 The Pitot-Static System -- Abstract.

Intro -- ‎Contents -- ‎Resolutions and Reports -- ‎Resolutions -- ‎Major Reports -- ‎Editorial Introduction -- ‎World Situation in 1922-3 -- ‎The Communist International's 1921 Turn -- ‎I. First Enlarged Plenum -- ‎II. Second Enlarged Plenum -- ‎III. Third Enlarged Plenum -- ‎About This Edition -- ‎List of Abbreviations -- ‎First Enlarged Plenum. 21 February-4 March 1922 -- ‎Appeal by the Communist International Executive Committee -- ‎Session 1. 21 February 1922, Noon. Organisation of Meeting -- National Reports -- ‎Session 2. 21 February 1922, Evening. National Reports (Continued) -- ‎Session 3. 22 February 1922. National Reports (Continued) -- ‎Session 4. 22 February 1922, Evening. National Reports (Continued) -- ‎Session 5. 24 February 1922, noon. Executive Committee Report -- ‎Session 6. 24 February 1922, Evening. United Front - Report -- ‎Session 7. 25 February 1922, Noon. United Front - Counter-Reports -- ‎Session 8. 26 February 1922, Noon. United Front - Discussion -- ‎Session 9. 26 February 1922, Evening. United Front - Discussion -- ‎Session 10. 27 February 1922, Noon. United Front - Discussion -- ‎Session 11. 27 February 1922, Evening. United Front - Discussion -- Béla Kun Affair -- ‎Session 12. 28 February 1922, Noon. United Front - Summaries -- Workers' Opposition -- ‎Session 13. 1 March 1922, Noon. Trade Unions -- ‎Session 14. 1 March 1922, Evening. Famine Relief -- New Economic Policy -- ‎Session 15. 2 March 1922, Noon. Communist Press -- Youth -- ‎Session 16. 2 March 1922, Evening. Workers' Movement in France -- War Danger -- ‎Session 17. 4 March 1922, Noon. Resolutions -- ‎Appendix. Theses on the United Front -- ‎Second Enlarged Plenum. 7-11 June 1922 -- ‎Session 1. 7 June 1922, Noon. Opening -- Social Revolutionaries -- United Front -- ‎Session 2. 7 June 1922, Afternoon. Czechoslovakia

Counter-Terrorism: Correlating Security and Freedom 11(14) Stanislaw Sulowski An Updated Approach to the Study of Terrorism 25(24) Fanny Castro-Rial Garrone Reasons of Contemporary Terrorism. An Analysis of Main Determinants 49(22) Sebastian Wojciechowski An Approach to the Economic and Financial Dimensions of Radicalization and Terrorism 71(20) Pablo de Diego Angeles Ruben Dario Torres Kumbrian An Analysis of the Psycho-Social Factors Involved in Jihadist Radicalization Process and Terrorist Violence 91(16) Jesus Perez Viejo Angeles Martinez Boye Islamic State -- Disputed Statehood 107(16) Anna Potyrala Woman and ISIS: Social Diagnosis and Interventions 123(16) Hollar Abderrahaman Mohamed Terrorism and Political Radicalism in the Security Strategies of Poland and Spain versus Public Opinion 139(28) Anna Sroka Katarzyna Trofimowicz The Fight against Jihadism in Spain Special Mention to the Spanish Civil Guard 167(26) Jose Maria Blanco Navarro Religious Extremism among Islam Believers Living in Poland -- the Results and Conclusions of the Research 193(24) Damian Szlachter Piotr Potejko Terrorist Threats and Mass Events 217(14) Andrzej Misiuk Magdalena Dobrowolska-Opala Security, Migrant Flows, and Terrorism in the European Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 231(16) Claribel de Castro Sanchez Legal Instruments and Specific Actions in the EU's Fight against Terrorism 247(14) Teresa Marcos Martin The Islamic States Political Organization. The Political Impact of Jihadist Terrorrism: Consequences in the European Union 261(32) Juan Manuel Goig Martinez Maria Acracia Nunez Martinez Theme of Terrorism in Art of the 21st Century 293(22) Daniel Przastek Elzbieta Borowska

Intro -- PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS: CHALLENGES, PROHIBITIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS -- PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS: CHALLENGES, PROHIBITIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: U.S. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS TO AMEND PROHIBITIONS ON DISSEMINATING MATERIALS TO DOMESTIC AUDIENCES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SMITH-MUNDT ACT AND RELATED PROVISIONS -- The U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 -- Section 501 of the Smith-Mundt Act -- Provisions Concerning the Role of Private Media -- Zorinsky Amendment -- Perceived Problems with Section 501 and the Zorinsky Amendment -- PROPOSED RESTATEMENT OF SECTION 501 AND THE ZORINSKY AMENDMENT -- Removing the Ban on Domestic Dissemination of Information -- Clarifying Scope of Application -- Updating to Account for Modern Communication Technologies -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Scope of Application and the Role of Other Government Agencies -- Domestic Dissemination and Private Media Utilization -- Retention of Domestic Dissemination Ban Elsewhere in Law -- Public Opinion: Propaganda Versus Transparency -- Modernization and the Public Diplomacy Mission -- Maintaining Public Diplomacy Resources -- CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESSIONAL ACTION -- APPENDIX A. SIDE-BY-SIDE AMENDMENT ANALYSIS -- APPENDIX B. SMITH-MUNDT ACT SECTIONS 502 AND 1005 -- APPENDIX C. SECTION 501 AND THE ZORINSKY AMENDMENT -- Section 501 of the Smith-Mundt Act (22 U.S.C. 1461) -- Section 501 as Enacted in 1948 -- 1972 Amendment of Section 501 -- 1990 Amendment of Section 501 -- Zorinsky Amendment (22 U.S.C. 1461-1a) -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: ENGAGING FOREIGN AUDIENCES: ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY PLATFORMS COULD HELP IMPROVE STATE DEPARTMENT PLANS TO EXPAND ENGAGEMENT -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY

Title Page -- Introduction: Becoming Instruments of Peace -- 1 January -- Telemachus -- 2 January -- Willi Graf -- 3 January -- Takashi Nagai -- 4 January -- Albert Camus -- 5 January -- Lanza del Vasto -- 6 January -- Jacques Ellul -- 7 January -- Sadako Sasaki -- 8 January -- Emily Greene Balch -- 9 January -- Rigoberta Menchú Tum -- 10 January -- Henry Scott Holland -- 11 January -- Aldo Leopold -- 12 January -- Benny Giay -- 13 January -- Thomas Hurndall -- 14 January -- Martin Niemöller -- 15 January -- Nathan Söderblom -- 16 January -- Ormond Burton -- 17 January -- William Stafford -- 18 January -- Kenneth Boulding -- 19 January -- Helen Mack Chang -- 20 January -- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan -- 21 January -- Hildegard Goss-Mayr -- 22 January -- U Thant -- 23 January -- María Julia Hernández -- 24 January -- Absalom Jones -- 25 January -- Rufus Jones -- 26 January -- Thomas Gumbleton -- 27 January -- Roy Bourgeois -- 28 January -- Isaac of Nineveh -- 29 January -- Romain Rolland -- 30 January -- Vallalar -- 31 January -- Donald Soper -- 1 February -- Yevgeny Zamyatin -- 2 February -- Maximilian Vanka -- 3 February -- Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo -- 4 February -- Rosa Parks -- 5 February -- John Nevin Sayre -- 6 February -- Asha Hagi Elmi -- 7 February -- Dom Hélder Câmara -- 8 February -- Martin Buber -- 9 February -- Alice Walker -- 10 February -- Frances Moore Lappé -- 11 February -- Muriel Lester -- 12 February -- Dorothy Stang -- 13 February -- Emil Fuchs -- 14 February -- Valentine -- 15 February -- Ben Salmon -- 16 February -- Simone Weil -- 17 February -- Jonah Jones -- 18 February -- Julia Butterfly Hill -- 19 February -- Krishnammal and Sankaralingam Jagannathan -- 20 February -- A. J. Muste -- 21 February -- John van Hengel -- 22 February -- Menachem Froman -- 23 February -- Wulfstan of Worchester -- 24 February -- Monika Hauser.

Text. Einführung in die fonnale Logik als apophantische Analytik: Das 1. Kapitel des I. Abschnittes der Formalen und transzendentalen Logik (§§ 12-22) -- Text. Einfuhrung in die formale Logik als apophantische Analytik: Das 1. Kapitel des I. Abschnittes der Formalen und transzendentalen Logik (§§ 12-22) -- Die Elemente -- § 1. Eine Einführung in die Auslegung der Dreischichtung der fonnalen Logik als apophantischer Analytik: Das Problem -- § 2. Die Fonnalisierung des Urteils -- § 3. Die drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik -- § 4. Die drei verschiedeneri Evidenzen im Urteilen, die drei verschiedenen Wei sen von Intention und Erfüllung und die drei verschiedenen Begriffe von Urteil -- § 5. Die drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen -- § 6. Eine Korrektur: Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik, den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil -- 2. Teil. Die Beziehungen -- § 7. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen -- § 8. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Weisen von Intention und Erfüllung -- § 9. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil -- § 10. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Stufen bzw. Schichten der Apophantik und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen -- §11. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen und den drei verschiedenen Weisen von Intention und Erfüllung -- § 12. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil -- § 13. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen -- § 14. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Weisen von Intention und Erfüllung und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil -- § 15. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Wei sen von Intention und Erfüllung und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen -- § 16. Die Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil und den drei verschiedenen Einstellungen im Urteilen -- 3. Teil. Die formale und die transzendentale Logik -- § 17. Die Frage nach dem methodologischen Charakter der die Dreischichtung der apophantischen Analytik begründenden Untersuchungen -- § 18. Abschließende Betrachtungen zur Dreischichtung der fonnalen Logik: als apophantischer Analytik:: Die Lösung -- Schlußwort -- Schlußwort -- Anmerkungen -- Bibliographie -- Register.

Abstract
The most recent applications before the International Court of Justice (icj) under Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (icerd), Armenia v. Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan v. Armenia, both claim that the destruction of cultural heritage during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict constitutes a violation of the Convention. The applications have met with enthusiasm that icerd offers a potential new avenue for the protection of cultural heritage, as well as scepticism as to whether these claims fall within the scope of the treaty. Armenia and Azerbaijan bypassed the inter-State communications mechanism under Articles 11–13 before the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (cerd), as they are legally entitled to do. But the cerd perspective remains important. First, the Articles 11–13 mechanism is available in relation to 182 States Parties, whereas due to reservations, the Article 22 mechanism is available only in relation to 157 States Parties. Second, cerd practice in relation to cultural heritage ought to inform the determination of the Court. This article investigates the cerd approach to the protection of cultural heritage. It draws in related questions such as whether religious cultural heritage comes under a treaty on racial discrimination; the applicability of these protections in situations of armed conflict; and icerd's relationship with other specialised instruments. It offers conclusions as to what extent an avenue for the protection of cultural heritage under icerd exists before the Committee and the Court.

Green marketing in the hotel industry is no longer just an option. As awareness of environmental issues has increased, more consumers have began to prefer eco-friendly products, the so-called "green option" in relation to their behavioral intentions despite higher cost. Previous literatures focused on the relationship from green marketing to value, belief, and norm separately. However, this research applied green marketing to VBN simultaneously. The purpose of the study is to clarify whether hotels' green marketing activities have a significant effect on the actual behavioral intentions and decision making. The eleven 5-star hotels located in Seoul, South Korea were selected for the survey. The survey was via online due to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) from August 15, 2020 to August 30, 2020. A total of 318 responses were used for analysis. This study conducted an empirical analysis using SPSS 22 and Amos 22. The result shows that hotels' green marketing has a positive impact via the VBN theory at large, though the relationships from recycling to norm and pro-environmental programs to value are less significant. In other words, variables such as recycling and energy saving as they pertain to direct behavioral intentions influence hotel customers' value and belief in psychological perspectives and indirect variables such as pro-environmental programs also influence customer's belief and norm but not as significantly for value. The results of this study are expected to help us understand which attributes affect behavioral intentions, especially in the hotel industry which is conducting green marketing.

Abstract
Residual mechanical stresses, also known as solid stresses, emerge during rapid differential growth or remodeling of tissues, as observed in morphogenesis and tumor growth. While residual stresses typically dissipate in most healthy adult organs, as the growth rate decreases, high residual stresses have been reported in mature, healthy brains. However, the origins and consequences of residual mechanical stresses in the brain across health, aging, and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized and validated a previously developed method to map residual mechanical stresses in the brains of mice across three age groups: 5–7 days, 8–12 weeks, and 22 months. We found that residual solid stress rapidly increases from 5–7 days to 8–12 weeks and remains high in mature 22 months mice brains. Three-dimensional mapping revealed unevenly distributed residual stresses from the anterior to posterior coronal brain sections. Since the brain is rich in negatively charged hyaluronic acid, we evaluated the contribution of charged extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents in maintaining solid stress levels. We found that lower ionic strength leads to elevated solid stresses, consistent with its unshielding effect and the subsequent expansion of charged ECM components. Lastly, we demonstrated that hemorrhagic stroke, accompanied by loss of cellular density, resulted in decreased residual stress in the murine brain. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of spatiotemporal alterations of residual solid stresses in healthy and diseased brains, a crucial step toward uncovering the biological and immunological consequences of this understudied mechanical phenotype in the brain.

Abstract
An extreme Saharan dust storm (named Godzilla) arrived at the Caribbean region in June 2020, deteriorating the air quality to hazardous levels and unhealthy conditions for sensitive groups of people. Our main objective was to characterize populations at risk for Saharan dust by analyzing distribution and levels of dust events in Puerto Rico, and by conducting an online survey to assess community perceptions on Saharan dust health effects. Three daily satellite aerosols products from 2013 to 2020 were retrieved from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite over Puerto Rico to better understand the patterns, frequency, and seasonality of aerosols. The atmospheric results indicated that extreme values (>99th) of big size aerosols (e.g., Sahara dust) were observed over Puerto Rico on 22 June 2020. A total of 1504 qualified people participated in the survey during the summer of 2020, and it was analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and chi-square tests. 51% of the survey participants were on the age group of 25–44 years old, and 65% of the participants had at least one preexisting health condition (respiratory diseases 27%; cardiovascular diseases 28%). Nearly 90% of the participants indicated that Saharan dust affected the health status of both the respondents and their family members. Irritation of eyes (22%), nose (24%), and throat (23%), as well as breathing difficulties (10%), were the most common symptoms reported. Understanding patients' health profiles associated with Saharan dust is essential before developing public health strategies to minimize exacerbation of health conditions in Puerto Rico.