Suchergebnisse

Despite the religious diversity in sub-Saharan Africa and the religious overtones in a number of African conflicts, social science research has inadequately addressed the question of how and to what extent religion matters for conflict in Africa. This paper presents an innovative data inventory on religion and violent conflict in all sub-Saharan countries for the period 1990-2008 that seeks to contribute to filling the gap. The data underscore that religion has to be accounted for in conflict in Africa. Moreover, results show the multidimensionality (e.g. armed conflicts with religious incompatibilities, several forms of non-state religious violence) and ambivalence (inter-religious networks, religious peace initiatives) of religion vis-à-vis violence. In 22 of the 48 sub-Saharan countries, religion plays a substantial role in violence, and six countries in particular-Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda - are heavily affected by different religious aspects of violence. ; Bislang haben - trotz der religiösen Vielfalt und religiös motivierter Auseinandersetzungen in Afrika - nur wenige Studien den Zusammenhang von Religion und Konflikt in Subsahara-Afrika systematisch untersucht. Insbesondere mangelt es an Untersuchungen, die den Einfluss von Religion in den Mittelpunkt stellen und die Stärke und Art der Beeinflussung von Konflikten durch Religion in Afrika analysieren. Der vorliegende Artikel soll diese Forschungslücke mit Hilfe der systematischen Auswertung einer neuen Datenbank zu Religion in Subsahara-Afrika (RSSA) für den Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2008 schließen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass religiös motivierte Konflikte in Afrika zahlreicher sind als oftmals angenommen. Ferner unterstreichen die Ergebnisse die Multidimensionalität (z.B. Gewaltkonflikte mit theologischen Gegensätzen, weitere Typen nicht-staatlicher religiöser Gewalt) und die Ambivalenz (z.B. interreligiöse Netzwerke, religiöse Friedensinitiativen) von Religion. Insgesamt spielt Religion in 22 der 48 Länder Subsahara-Afrikas eine bedeutsame Rolle bei gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen. Sechs Länder - (Äthiopien, Kongo-Brazzaville, Nigeria, Sudan, Tschad und Uganda) - sind besonders stark von unterschiedlichen religiösen Gewaltfaktoren betroffen.

Статья посвящена актуальным проблемам уголовно-правовой защиты отношений в сфере предпринимательской деятельности от совершаемых преступлений. Предлагается законодательно закрепить понятие ущерба и незаконного дохода, как последствий от совершения рассматриваемых преступлений с применением принципа дифференциации размера крупного ущерба и дохода; дается новое определение предпринимательской деятельности, соответствующее статьям 8 и 34 Конституции РФ; изложены предложения о введении в уголовный закон административной преюдиции; предложено перевести отдельные преступления небольшой тяжести в разряд «уголовных проступков», а также дается законодательное определение уголовного проступка. Предложено дополнить главу 22 УК РФ новыми статьями, в том числе ст. 1714 «Фиктивное предпринимательство» и выделить в УК РФ новую главу 221 УК «Преступления в сфере предпринимательской деятельности». ; The article touches upon the problems of criminal law protection of entrepreneurial relations against committed crimes. It is suggested that the concepts of damage and illegal income as consequences of committed crimes under consideration should be legislatively fixed with application of differentiation principle for major damage extent and income size; a new definition of entrepreneurship conforming to articles 8 and 34 of the RF Constitution is given; suggestions of introducing administrative issue preclusion in criminal legislation are set forth; it is proposed to put certain minor crimes into the category of criminal misdeed, and legislative definition of criminal misdeed is given. It is suggested that chapter 22 of the RF Criminal Code should be supplemented with new articles, including article 1714 fictitious entrepreneurship, and a new chapter 221 Crimes in Entrepreneurship of the Criminal Code should be singled out.

According to the Act on Promoting Employment employers in all segments of the economy are obliged to pay a rehabilitation fee if the average number of their employees is above 20 and the ratio of employees with disabilities does not reach 5%. The amount to be paid has been significantly raised from 177,600 HUF/year to 964,500 HUF/year as of 1st of January, 2010 in order to increase efficiency. My field research on agricultural and food industry companies reveals whether the strict quota-levy system really promotes the employment of people with disabilities in this sector. During the autumn of 2010 I conducted interviews with 22 agricultural and food industry companies to find out the impact of the legal restriction on the companies. According to the data gathered during the interviews, in 9 out of the 22 examined companies they had already employed people with disabilities prior to the introduction of the quota system. Only 5 companies decided to employ people with disabilities because of the higher rehabilitation fee. Eight companies still do not have any employees with disabilities. It means that less than 23% of the companies reacted positively to the legislation, while almost 41% was already engaged to the topic and acted socially responsibly towards people with disabilities living in their area and willing to work. This result keeps the question still open: is the restriction of the quota system the best way of promoting the employment of people with disabilities?

In recent years, Iran's government has emphasized the development of nanotechnology‐based industry, so many Iranian companies have gravitated to this subject, or some new companies have established on nanotechnology fields such as nano‐composite products. Technology strategy (TS) is one of the most important aspects of any firm's strategic posture especially in dynamic environments; therefore this research is focused on adjusting a dynamic model of technology strategy development for Iranian nano‐composite companies' conditions. This article spots four key environmental moderators (Iran as a developing country, high nanotechnology, nano‐composite companies, and information availability) which affect Chiesa's dynamic model for technology strategy, and investigates these moderators' effects on the dynamic model's indicators. The results show that 22 indicators of Chiesa's model have changed for this case. Santrauka Pastaraisiais metais Irano vyriausybė pabrėžė nanotechnologijomis pagrįstos pramonės plėtros svarbą, todėl labai daug Irano kompanijų pradėjo orientuotis į šią sritį, susikūre naujų kompanijų, gaminančių nanokompozitų produktus. Technologijos strategija (TS) yra vienas svarbiausių bet kokios firmos strateginių aspektų, ypač dinamiškoje aplinkoje. Šiame straipsnyje bandoma sukurti dinaminį technologijos strategijos vystymo modelį Irano nanokompozitų kompanijoms. Straipsnyje atskleidžiami keturi pagrindiniai veiksniai (Iranas kaip besivystanti šalis, aukštoji nanotechnologija, nanokompozitų kompanijos, informacijos prieinamumas), kurie veikia Chiesa dinaminį technologijos strategijos vystymo modelį, ir tiria, kaip tie veiksniai daro įtaka dinaminio modelio rodikliams. Rezultatai rodo, kad 22 Chiesa modelio rodikliai buvo pakeisti. First published online: 21 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai:technologijos strategija,nanokompozitas,aukštuju technologiju kompaniju strategija,besivystančios šalys,Iranas

In recent years, Iran's government has emphasized the development of nanotechnology‐based industry, so many Iranian companies have gravitated to this subject, or some new companies have established on nanotechnology fields such as nano‐composite products. Technology strategy (TS) is one of the most important aspects of any firm's strategic posture especially in dynamic environments; therefore this research is focused on adjusting a dynamic model of technology strategy development for Iranian nano‐composite companies' conditions. This article spots four key environmental moderators (Iran as a developing country, high nanotechnology, nano‐composite companies, and information availability) which affect Chiesa's dynamic model for technology strategy, and investigates these moderators' effects on the dynamic model's indicators. The results show that 22 indicators of Chiesa's model have changed for this case. Article in English. Technologijos strategijos vystymo modelis Irano nanokompozitų kompanijose Santrauka.Pastaraisiais metais Irano vyriausybė pabrėžė nanotechnologijomis pagrįstos pramonės plėtros svarbą, todėl labai daug Irano kompanijų pradėjo orientuotis į šią sritį, susikūre naujų kompanijų, gaminančių nanokompozitų produktus. Technologijos strategija (TS) yra vienas svarbiausių bet kokios firmos strateginių aspektų, ypač dinamiškoje aplinkoje. Šiame straipsnyje bandoma sukurti dinaminį technologijos strategijos vystymo modelį Irano nanokompozitų kompanijoms. Straipsnyje atskleidžiami keturi pagrindiniai veiksniai (Iranas kaip besivystanti šalis, aukštoji nanotechnologija, nanokompozitų kompanijos, informacijos prieinamumas), kurie veikia Chiesa dinaminį technologijos strategijos vystymo modelį, ir tiria, kaip tie veiksniai daro įtaka dinaminio modelio rodikliams. Rezultatai rodo, kad 22 Chiesa modelio rodikliai buvo pakeisti. Reikšminiai žodžiai:technologijos strategija,nanokompozitas,aukštujų technologijų kompanijų strategija,besivystančios šalys,Iranas. First published online: 21 Oct 2010

How can international comparisons have an impact on one country while others are not affected at all? This paper examines the power of ratings & rakings (R&R) using the example of the OECD's PISA study (Programme for International Student Assessment) and its differential impact on national education policy making. We argue that R&R have an impact if the evaluated topic is framed as crucial for national objectives and if, at the same time, a substantial gap between national self-perception and the empirical results can be observed. After assessing the media impact of PISA on 22 OECD countries, we illustrate our theoretical argument through the use of examples of two poorly performing countries who demonstrated entirely opposite reactions: Germany and the U.S. While the German system of secondary education was strongly affected by the international comparison and underwent comprehensive changes, the U.S. did not respond to its below-average ranking at all. The theoretical concepts of self-perception and framing offer explanatory power to delineate the different reaction patterns. ; Wie kommt es, dass internationale Vergleichsstudien bestimmte Staaten substantiell beeinflussen andere jedoch nicht? Am Beispiel der OECD PISA-Studie untersucht dieses Arbeitspapier den Einfluss von Rankings und Ratings (R&R) auf nationale Bildungspolitiken. Wir argumentieren, dass R&R besonders dann einen Einfluss entfalten, wenn der evaluierte Gegenstand zum einen als entscheidender Politikbereich verstanden wird und wenn gleichzeitig eine Diskrepanz zwischen nationaler Selbstwahrnehmung und empirisch erzieltem Ergebnis besteht. Nach Darstellung der Medienreaktionen in 22 OECD-Ländern wird unsere Argumentation am Beispiel von zwei gegensätzlich reagierenden Ländern illustriert: Deutschland und den USA. Während in Deutschland die negativen PISA-Ergebnisse zu einem umfassenden Bildungsdiskurs und zu massiven Bildungsreformen geführt haben, zeigten die USA keine öffentliche oder gar politische Reaktion auf ihre ebenfalls negativen Resultate.

Les sciences participatives connaissent un essor marqué, en témoignent la session qui y a été consacrée aux IIIes Journées francophones de biologie de la conservation (Le réveil du dodo III, 17-19 mars 2009 à Montpellier) et le colloque Sciences citoyennes et biodiversité, tenu à Montpellier les 22-23 octobre 2009. Marion et Frédéric Gosselin, ingénieure et ingénieur-chercheur du Cemagref de Nogent-sur-Vernisson en discutent ici avec Romain Julliard, chercheur au Museum d'histoire naturelle, qui pilote plusieurs programmes fondés sur la participation du public (naturalistes ou amateurs) pour la récolte de données, réunis sous l'appellation Vigie-Nature. Seront successivement abordés l'historique des sciences participatives, leurs avantages et leurs limites d'utilisation, avec un focus sur le cas de l'évaluation des politiques de conservation de la biodiversité. / Citizen sciences are undergoing strong growth, a fact demonstrated by the session devoted to the topic at the 3rd French-language meetings on conservation biology (Le reveil du dodo III, 17-19 March 2009 in Montpellier) and the seminar titled Citizen science and biodiversity, held in Montpellier on 22-23 October 2009. Marion and Frédéric Gosselin, engineer and researcher at Cemagref in Nogent-sur-Vernisson discuss the topic here with Romain Julliard, researcher at the MNHN bird-ringing project and who has managed a number of Vigie-Nature programmes requiring public participation (naturalists and amateurs) to collect the necessary data. The discussion successively addresses the history of citizen sciences, their advantages and limits, focussing on the assessment of biodiversity-conservation policies.

The article analyses the plans of Germany to seize Klaipėda Region in 1938, the political circumstances of the German ultimatum issued to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, the response of the Lithuanian Government to the German demands, the organisation of the retreat of Lithuanian military units and state institutions from Klaipėda, its process, and the dynamics of German units marching into Klaipėda Region. ;In spring 1938, after the Austrian Anschluss, the situation of Eastern Europe and the German politics with regard to Klaipėda essentially changed. The tension reached its peak in 1939, when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia and focused on the occupation of Danzig. Although the Lithuanian Government started contemplating on the possible military occupation of Klaipėda Region at the beginning of March 1939, the evacuation which took place on 21–22 March 1939 from Klaipėda Region was chaotic and non-organised. Before any official documents on the ceding of the territory had been signed, the Lithuanian Government gave the first orders to start secret military evacuation from Klaipėda Region. No clear evacuation order were received from Lithuanian governing authorities, and the export of private and state property was implemented without any organised transportation. Belated information about the ceding of Klaipėda Region to Germany impeded effective implementation of evacuation plans by Lithuanian institutions and military units. The plans worked out for the Riflemen Union failed. On 22 March 1939, Lithuanian institutions no longer controlled the situation either in the city or the region of Klaipėda.

Les sciences participatives connaissent un essor marqué, en témoignent la session qui y a été consacrée aux IIIes Journées francophones de biologie de la conservation (Le réveil du dodo III, 17-19 mars 2009 à Montpellier) et le colloque Sciences citoyennes et biodiversité, tenu à Montpellier les 22-23 octobre 2009. Marion et Frédéric Gosselin, ingénieure et ingénieur-chercheur du Cemagref de Nogent-sur-Vernisson en discutent ici avec Romain Julliard, chercheur au Museum d'histoire naturelle, qui pilote plusieurs programmes fondés sur la participation du public (naturalistes ou amateurs) pour la récolte de données, réunis sous l'appellation Vigie-Nature. Seront successivement abordés l'historique des sciences participatives, leurs avantages et leurs limites d'utilisation, avec un focus sur le cas de l'évaluation des politiques de conservation de la biodiversité. / Citizen sciences are undergoing strong growth, a fact demonstrated by the session devoted to the topic at the 3rd French-language meetings on conservation biology (Le reveil du dodo III, 17-19 March 2009 in Montpellier) and the seminar titled Citizen science and biodiversity, held in Montpellier on 22-23 October 2009. Marion and Frédéric Gosselin, engineer and researcher at Cemagref in Nogent-sur-Vernisson discuss the topic here with Romain Julliard, researcher at the MNHN bird-ringing project and who has managed a number of Vigie-Nature programmes requiring public participation (naturalists and amateurs) to collect the necessary data. The discussion successively addresses the history of citizen sciences, their advantages and limits, focussing on the assessment of biodiversity-conservation policies.

The article analyses the plans of Germany to seize Klaipėda Region in 1938, the political circumstances of the German ultimatum issued to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, the response of the Lithuanian Government to the German demands, the organisation of the retreat of Lithuanian military units and state institutions from Klaipėda, its process, and the dynamics of German units marching into Klaipėda Region. ;In spring 1938, after the Austrian Anschluss, the situation of Eastern Europe and the German politics with regard to Klaipėda essentially changed. The tension reached its peak in 1939, when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia and focused on the occupation of Danzig. Although the Lithuanian Government started contemplating on the possible military occupation of Klaipėda Region at the beginning of March 1939, the evacuation which took place on 21–22 March 1939 from Klaipėda Region was chaotic and non-organised. Before any official documents on the ceding of the territory had been signed, the Lithuanian Government gave the first orders to start secret military evacuation from Klaipėda Region. No clear evacuation order were received from Lithuanian governing authorities, and the export of private and state property was implemented without any organised transportation. Belated information about the ceding of Klaipėda Region to Germany impeded effective implementation of evacuation plans by Lithuanian institutions and military units. The plans worked out for the Riflemen Union failed. On 22 March 1939, Lithuanian institutions no longer controlled the situation either in the city or the region of Klaipėda.

Les sciences participatives connaissent un essor marqué, en témoignent la session qui y a été consacrée aux IIIes Journées francophones de biologie de la conservation (Le réveil du dodo III, 17-19 mars 2009 à Montpellier) et le colloque Sciences citoyennes et biodiversité, tenu à Montpellier les 22-23 octobre 2009. Marion et Frédéric Gosselin, ingénieure et ingénieur-chercheur du Cemagref de Nogent-sur-Vernisson en discutent ici avec Romain Julliard, chercheur au Museum d'histoire naturelle, qui pilote plusieurs programmes fondés sur la participation du public (naturalistes ou amateurs) pour la récolte de données, réunis sous l'appellation Vigie-Nature. Seront successivement abordés l'historique des sciences participatives, leurs avantages et leurs limites d'utilisation, avec un focus sur le cas de l'évaluation des politiques de conservation de la biodiversité. / Citizen sciences are undergoing strong growth, a fact demonstrated by the session devoted to the topic at the 3rd French-language meetings on conservation biology (Le reveil du dodo III, 17-19 March 2009 in Montpellier) and the seminar titled Citizen science and biodiversity, held in Montpellier on 22-23 October 2009. Marion and Frédéric Gosselin, engineer and researcher at Cemagref in Nogent-sur-Vernisson discuss the topic here with Romain Julliard, researcher at the MNHN bird-ringing project and who has managed a number of Vigie-Nature programmes requiring public participation (naturalists and amateurs) to collect the necessary data. The discussion successively addresses the history of citizen sciences, their advantages and limits, focussing on the assessment of biodiversity-conservation policies.

Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija (ukupne površine 9272,37 km2, 122 870 stanovnika 2001. godine), najjužnija je županija u Republici Hrvatskoj, a teritorijalno je organizirana u 22 jedinice lokalne uprave i samouprave. Na temelju terenskih istraživanja i analize različitih izvora prostornih podataka te postojeće prostorno-planske dokumentacije (svih razina planiranja) obrađene su značajke i posebnosti prostornog planiranja u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji koje su značajno utjecale na povijesno-geografski te društveno-gospodarski razvitak spomenutog prostora. Prostorno planiranje svoje korijene na ovim prostorima ima u Statutu Grada Dubrovnika iz 1272. godine, a kao početak suvremenog razdoblja smatra se izrada Regionalnoga prostornog plana Južnog Jadrana (1964.-1968.) i Generalnoga urbanističkog plana Dubrovnika 1969. godine. ; Dubrovnik-Neretva County (area 9,272.37 sq km, population 122,870 in 2001) is the southernmost county of the Republic of Croatia and it is territorially divided into 22 units of local government and self-government. Characteristics and specifics of regional planning in Dubrovnik-Neretva County which considerably influenced historical and geographical as well as socio-economic development of the aforementioned area were analyzed on the grounds of field researches and analysis of different sources of physical data and available documents concerning regional planning (all levels of planning were studied). Regional planning in this area dates from the 1272 Statute of Dubrovnik, but Regional Plan of the Southern Adriatic (1964-1968) and General Urban Plan of Dubrovnik from 1969 are considered to be the beginning of the modern period of planning.

"Constitutional boterism" was coined by the constitutionalist Jaime Castro meaning that in the first fifteen years of the political Colombian constitution of 1991, there has been an inflation constitutional reforms that had led to 22 legislative acts. Throughout the centuries, many authors have posed various definitions of the meaning of a constitution. It is the primary source from which the rest of the laws that rule a society arise. Since the Constitution of 1991 there have been enforced many legislative acts and there has been enacted a great number of construed decisions by the Constitutional Court. All these phenomena have been called "constitutional boterism" or "legislative inflation." ; El término "boterismo constitucional" es una expresión utilizada por el constitucionalista Jaime Castro para referir que en los primeros quince años de vida de la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991, se ha presentado una inflación de reformas constitucionales que han dado lugar a 22 Actos Legislativos. Varios autores, a lo largo de los siglos, han realizado diferentes definiciones acerca de lo que se entiende por constitución. La constitución es la fuente primaria de la cual se derivan todas las reglas que rigen y regulan a la sociedad. A partir de la Constitución de 1991 se han promulgado un gran número de leyes así como varios actos legislativos, y se han proferido una gran cantidad de fallos interpretativos por parte de la Corte Constitucional. A todo este fenómeno se le ha llamado el "boterismo constitucional" o "inflación legislativa".

Darbā ir veikts debitoru parādu stāvokļa novērtējums Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstu mērogā, novērtēti efektīvas debitoru parādu pārvaldīšanas sistēmas priekšnoteikumi un teorētiskie aspekti – finanšu vadības struktūra un kredītpolitika, kā arī veikta konkrēta uzņēmuma debitoru parādu analīze un finansiālās stabilitātes novērtējums, pamatojoties uz aprēķinātajiem debitoru aprites, maksātspējas un likviditātes rādītājiem. Pamatkoncepcija šajā darbā ir rast nepieciešamos un efektīvākos risinājumus, lai uzlabotu debitoru parādu stāvokli, attiecīgi uzlabojot uzņēmuma finansiālo stāvokli un stabilitāti. Darba nobeigumā tiek izdarīti secinājumi un izstrādāti priekšlikumi debitoru parādu pārvaldīšanas un uzņēmuma maksātspējas un likviditātes uzlabošanai. Maģistra darba apjoms ir 92 lpp., satur 17 tabulas, 22 attēlus un 3 pielikumus. ; In work the estimation of debts of debtors in scale of Euro of the Union is made, the estimation a condition of effective system management of debts of debtors and theoretical aspects - structure management of the finance and a policy of credits as the analysis of debts of debtors of the concrete enterprise and an estimation of a financial position is made, on the basis of calculations of parameters the reference, solvency and liquidity is made. The basic concept on work to find necessary and effective the decision what to improve a condition of debts of debtors, accordingly to improve a financial condition and stability of the enterprise. In the end of work and offers conclusions are made for improvements management of debts of debtors and solvency and liquidity of the enterprise. The Master paper consists of 92 pages, 17 tables, 22 pictures and 3 annexes.

Abstract. In 1977, the Inuit and the Innu in Labrador each
submitted statements of intent to begin treaty negotiations with the
federal and provincial governments under the federal comprehensive land
claims process. On 22 January 2005, the Inuit, the federal government, and
the province of Newfoundland and Labrador signed the Labrador Inuit Land
Claims Agreement. The Innu, on the other hand, are nowhere near to
completing their agreement. This paper seeks to explain why the Inuit were
able to complete their agreement, whereas the Innu were not. It challenges
the conventional explanation that an economic development project is a
necessary condition for completing a treaty by arguing that a number of
internal and external factors need to be taken into account.Résumé. En 1977, les Inuits ainsi que les Innus
du Labrador ont respectivement annoncé leur intention de lancer des
négociations en vue de conclure un traité avec les
gouvernements fédéral et provincial en vertu du processus
des recendications territoriales globales. Le 22 janvier 2005, les Inuits,
le gouvernement fédéral et la province de
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ont conclu l'Accord sur les revendications
territoriales des Inuit du Labrador. Les Innus, de leur côté,
sont encore loin d'une entente. Cet article cherche à
expliquer pourquoi les Inuits ont pu signer un accord alors que les Innus
n'y sont pas parvenus. L'article remet en question
l'explication souvent avancée voulant qu'un projet de
développement économique soit une condition
nécessaire à l'achèvement d'une entente et
soutient plutôt qu'un ensemble de facteurs intérieurs et
extérieurs doivent être pris en compte.