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This Comment argues that the potential liability of digital signatures under the Act is too great and, therefore, is not an effective mode of communication. Part II of this Comment explains the purpose, the significance, and the traditional role of the handwritten signature. Furthermore, Part II establishes the basics of the digital signature process as it relates to each participant. The participants in a digital signature process consist of a subscriber, a recipient, and a certification authority. Part III of this Comment analyzes and argues why the use of digital signatures, under the Act, is too great of a liability for the participants to be considered an effective mode of communication. Next, Part III argues why potential digital signature participants, because of the overwhelming liability imposed by the Act, must continue to use the notarization process until the Act is properly amended. Finally, Part III proposes amendments to the Act as well as suggests defensive tactics for the subscriber. Part IV of this Comment concludes with the assertion that the Act creates too great of a liability for digital signature participants, and that digital signatures must not be used as a mode of creating binding agreements until the Act is properly amended.

This review presents the results of an informal 1993 survey of the distribution of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the world's laboratories, and the types of research conducted on them. Based on the available information, there are over 2200 chimpanzees in.laboratories, most of which are located in several US facilities. Europe apparently has less than 200 chimpanzees housed in two facilities. Worldwide, an estimated 80% of the chimpanzees in laboratories are used in studies on AIDS and hepatitis. It is concluded that, if Europe terminated its use of chimpanzees in research, for either financial, moral or political reasons, the impact on experimental research would be relatively minor.

Announcement of military lectures to be delivered by Alden Partridge in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on 30 and 31 December 1845. ; MILITARY LECTURES. Capt. A. Partridge will deliver two Lectures at Education Hall, ON TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY EVENINGS, DEC. 30TH & 3lST: to commence at half past six o'clock, on the following subjects Viz: 1st. An examination of the question, Shall we have War with England ? To conclude with a description of the Battle of Bunker Hill. 2d. To give a description of the plan of operation we ought to adopt, in case of war, both by sea and land, which would enable us to drive the British from Oregon, and conquer Canada and New Brunswick in a single campaign. Tickets 25 cents each-to be had at Burkholder's, Foulk's, Winrott's and Beetem's Hotels. Ladies and the Band admitted free. Volunteers in uniform admitted for 12 1/2 each. Carlisle, December 27, 1845. "Statesman Office," Carlisle, Pa.

39, [1] p., [2] folded leaves of plates : ill. ; 20 cm. (8vo) ; "In Provincial Congress at Cambridge, October 29, 1774. Resolved, that it be recommended to the inhabitants of this province, that in order to their prefecting [sic] themselves in the military art, they proceed in the method ordered by His Majesty ."--p. [2]. ; Signed on p. 14: August, 1764. Edw. Harvey, adj. gen. ; Title vignette: royal coat of arms (Reilly 895). ; "Instructions for young officers. By General Wolfe."--p. 26.

South-South relations have raised hopes of a new development geography – one based on solidarity and more horizontal partnerships among countries in the Global South. In recent years, however, many of these aspirations have proven far-fetched. In the case of Brazil, the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro may even suggest that the South–South hype is now over and done. However, empirical accounts of the engagement of Southern, emerging market-based multinationals across the Global South, such as that of Brazil's mining corporation Vale in Mozambique, remain scarce. One missing perspective in defining South-South relations is the agency of other actors beyond emerging powers' governments. This article therefore goes beyond the pre-eminence of the Brazilian state. Instead, it analyses how South–South relations have been signified and used by two critical actors in the context of Vale's extractive operations in Mozambique: first, the professionals involved in corporate responsibility projects and second, the Mozambican power elites. There is a range of analyses of South–South ties, the imaginaries and hopes associated with them, and their practical possibilities which change according to the expectations, demands, and interests of different actors. We observe that Brazilian professionals in particular have built on specific cultural framings and imaginaries associated with South–South relations to claim a distinct vision and practice of corporate responsibility. Taking note of the prominent role played by Mozambique's ruling party Frelimo, we further demonstrate how Mozambican power elites have harnessed, through gatekeeping practices, the country's commodity-spurred architecture of South–South relations to reaffirm political power and amplify individual economic interests. In light of Vale's current withdrawal from Mozambique, we posit that our analysis provides a timely opportunity to reflect on the multiple makings, and implications of South-South engagement, the controversies linked to the role of Brazilian capital in ...

South-South relations have raised hopes of a new development geography – one based on solidarity and more horizontal partnerships among countries in the Global South. In recent years, however, many of these aspirations have proven far-fetched. In the case of Brazil, the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro may even suggest that the South–South hype is now over and done. However, empirical accounts of the engagement of Southern, emerging market-based multinationals across the Global South, such as that of Brazil's mining corporation Vale in Mozambique, remain scarce. One missing perspective in defining South-South relations is the agency of other actors beyond emerging powers' governments. This article therefore goes beyond the pre-eminence of the Brazilian state. Instead, it analyses how South–South relations have been signified and used by two critical actors in the context of Vale's extractive operations in Mozambique: first, the professionals involved in corporate responsibility projects and second, the Mozambican power elites. There is a range of analyses of South–South ties, the imaginaries and hopes associated with them, and their practical possibilities which change according to the expectations, demands, and interests of different actors. We observe that Brazilian professionals in particular have built on specific cultural framings and imaginaries associated with South–South relations to claim a distinct vision and practice of corporate responsibility. Taking note of the prominent role played by Mozambique's ruling party Frelimo, we further demonstrate how Mozambican power elites have harnessed, through gatekeeping practices, the country's commodity-spurred architecture of South–South relations to reaffirm political power and amplify individual economic interests. In light of Vale's current withdrawal from Mozambique, we posit that our analysis provides a timely opportunity to reflect on the multiple makings, and implications of South-South engagement, the controversies linked to the role of Brazilian capital in ...

Innovations in Child and Family Policy tackles many of the common problems and challenges that are considered to be at the heart of child and family policy: family creation, economic support, childrearing, and family caregiving. This collection begins by defining child and family policy and discussing the history of this growing specialization within the social sciences. The main chapters of Innovations in Child and Family Policy address policy and programmatic solutions to problems that face families by topic area: (1) early childhood and education; (2) government interventions with family violence, children's welfare, and the justice system; and (3) supports for children and families. Specifically, the chapters in this book address the availability of child care, family medical leave, special needs children, parents' involvement in their children's education, preventing and addressing child abuse and neglect, children who witness partner violence, child support orders, children of incarcerated fathers, and young adults in the justice system. What makes this book unique is that it contains applied research from many program evaluations or assessments of existing state-level legislation. Social scientists from multiple disciplines examine the efficacy of such programs and policies to make recommendations for expanded or new child and family policies. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/fac_books/1072/thumbnail.jpg

Abstract
Fellowship and friendly social relations during free time, referred to here as leisure-based sociability, is a prominent reward of participation in many groups based on volunteer membership, consisting for this review mainly of amateurs, hobbyists, altruistically oriented volunteers, and the associations of these three. This benefit is analyzed according to two subtypes: sociable nonprofit associations and social clubs. The goal of this issue of the Voluntaristics Review is to examine the leisure component of these two subtypes as framed in the serious leisure perspective (SLP) as set out in Stebbins (2007 [2015], in press; see also www.seriousleisure.net), put nonprofit sociability in organizational context, and then review the empirical literature bearing on it. Studies and theoretic treatises approaching nonprofit groups from another angle (e.g., organizational structure, management issues, funding sources, governmental regulation, type of employment) are not reviewed. Specifically, this review centers on the relevant books, articles, and chapters listed in the SLP website, which itself centers on amateurs, hobbyists, and career volunteers (the serious pursuits), casual leisure, and project-based interests and includes its extensions in the theory and research on the leisure-related aspects of aging and retirement, arts and science administration, library and information science, positive psychology, therapeutic recreation and disability studies, and tourism and event analysis. Compared with the various specialties in leisure studies, the SLP casts by far the broadest theoretical and empirical net in that interdisciplinary field. The research reviewed shows that such talk—generically known as socializing—reflects one or more of fourteen themes. In general, members find sociability in these clubs and associations in and around the core activities they pursue there and on which the two subtypes have formed. The studies reviewed here, taken together, provide considerable validation of the proposition that leisure-based sociability is a prominent reward of participation evident in a multitude of volunteer groups. Leisure-based sociability is itself micro-analytic in scope, but viewed through the lens of the SLP, it can be further understood using meso- and macro levels of analysis.

У статті досліджено теоретико-методичні основи змісту шкільної історичної освіти на початку ХХІ ст. та з'ясовано, що зміст історичної освіти - це система історичної інформації, яка засвоюється учнями у вигляді історичних знань, умінь і навичок, у яких особистість опановує відомі способи діяльності, досвід творчої пізнавальної діяльності в розв'язанні проблем, емоційно-ціннісний досвід ставлення до світу, до людей та до себе. ; The article deals with the theoretical-methodological basis of the school historical education content in the beginning of the XXI century, and reveals that historical education content is the system of historical information that is acquired by students in the form of historical knowledge, skills and abilities in which the person masters the familiar methods of activity, the experience of creative cognitive activity in solving problems, emotional and valuable experience of attitude to the world, to people and to oneself. The content should be formed on the basis of the selection of facts and concepts of historical science and structuring of educational material in accordance with the goals and objectives of teaching history at school. Methodological science determines the principles and criteria for such selection and structuring. As a rule, the main facts, the most important events and phenomena of national and world history, the corresponding theoretical concepts and ideas, methods of historical knowledge and analysis are selected for studying in school historical courses. According to modern scholars, the basic content of studying the history of Ukraine at school should be determined in three ways: according to chronological periods (antiquity, Middle Ages, new history, modern history of Ukraine), content lines (economic, social and political life, spirituality and culture), and by components of knowledge (facts, concepts, causal relationships). Today, the content of school history courses integrates social, economic, political and spiritual history and reflects the close interconnection of all spheres of human existence. Particular attention is paid to questions of spirituality, everyday life, psychology of society, relationships, mutual influence and dialogue of cultures of different peoples. This allows, together with formation of specific knowledge and general-historical representations of students, to create conditions for the development of their moral and aesthetic values.