Suchergebnisse

Landfilling is the most preferred solid waste disposal method in Turkey owing to both economic and technical reasons. However, beside the sanitary landfills there are also hundreds of uncontrolled waste sites located throughout Turkey, which are often left either abandoned or burning. Because there is a lack of legislative guidelines governing the closure and rehabilitation of these dumpsites, the municipalities that are responsible for waste management do not initiate the proactive strategies required for the closure of these sites. In this study, a method based on a multi-criteria analysis is conducted for different dumpsites in Turkey to evaluate the level of negative impacts on the environment. This method is based on the use of environmental indices for a quantitative assessment of the landfills, such as environmental interaction between the source and the receptors, environmental values of the receptors, and operational conditions. It was possible to assess the robustness of the proposed methodology since the pre- and post-groundwater quality monitoring data was available from the study sites that were closed and rehabilitated in 2014. The results of this study show that the method based on a multi-criteria analysis is an effective tool while in the preliminary planning stages of closure and rehabilitation activities of uncontrolled waste landfills.

This article focuses on the ethos of the cyberlibertarian movement Anonymous. Since 2008, Anonymous have made many so-called distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on a range of government, police and copyright organisation websites, thus achieving the fame of "hacktivist". Despite the concealed identity of its members (the hidden face with the mask of Guy Fawkes is by now well known), the movement aims at displaying an homogeneous and positive self-image, publishing messages, videos and press-releases on the web, and developing a sort of «brand identity». For that reason, it is possible to attribute a «collective ethos» to the group. The paper investigates the language of Anonymous aiming at showing the rhetorical strategies used by the Anons in their messages. In some of them (e.g. the «message to Scientology», here considered), the enunciator plays the role of a "rescuer", which relies on and draws his effectiveness from the «Fairy Tales» cognitive model. Legitimization and persuasion are achieved through a language with a style that reminds of legal and prophetic formulas. As the movement begins to pursue more overtly political and moral objectives, attacking any form of censorship and surveillance, a mythical vision based on libertarian values emerges. In this new context, ideally linked to the hacker origins of the movement, Anonymous presents itself as an «idea».

This article re-examines the relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It traces the successive changes of the African attitude towards this Court, from states' euphoria, to hostility against its work, to regional counter-initiatives through the umbrella of the African Union (AU). The main argument goes beyond the idea of "the Court that Africa wants" in order to identify concrete reasons behind such a formal argument which may have fostered, if not enticed, the majority of African states to become ICC members and actively cooperate with it, when paradoxically some great powers have decided to stay outside its jurisdiction. It also seeks to understand, from a political and legal viewpoint, which parameters have changed since then to provoke that hostile attitude against the Court's work and the entrance of the AU into the debate through the African Common Position on the ICC. Lastly, this article explores African alternatives to the contested ICC justice system. It examines the need to reform the Rome Statute in order to give more independence, credibility and legitimacy to the ICC and its duplication to some extent by the new "Criminal Court of the African Union". Particular attention is paid to the resistance against this idea to reform the ICC justice system.

In recent years there has been a sharp growth in political and sociological interest in the British military. Set against the backdrop of the armed forces increasing presence in everyday life, alongside the organizations' ongoing restructuring, the current paper focuses on the MoD's problematic attempts to recruit 30,000 Reservists by 2020; what has become known as the Future Reserves 2020 programme (FR2020). We argue that these changes are driven in part by the need to cut costs in defence. However, we also suggest that that they are a reflection of the changing nature of modern military organisation, and the manner in which armed forces engage with the societies of which they are a part, and with the citizens that make up that society. We locate FR2020 programme in the context of a wider narrative about the changing nature of military organisation in contemporary western democracies, identifying structural, circumstantial and normative reasons for change. We also examine the specific challenges of implementing FR2020 in practice, including issues of recruitment and retention, integration and support, and relations with families and employers, drawing on the experience of comparator countries to do so. We conclude by considering the implications of these changes, both for the future of UK armed forces, and for the evolving nature of military-society relations in Britain.

This article attempts to discuss the impact of the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 on regional decentralization on maritime areas in Indonesia. The Law No. 22 of 1999 is a clear-cut regulation of the division of management of maritime areas between province and regency (district). The province is entrusted with the task of managing twelve miles off the coast, and one –third of which should be under the jurisdiction of the regency. Scrutinizing of such regulation, the writer is of the opinion that such demarcation of maritime areas will only complicate of problems facing the fisheries sector in Indonesia. Traditional/cultural fishermen consider the sea as an open frontier for everybody. Which is why, whenever there is a party that claims ownership of the sea it, will invite vehement protests from fishermen, as according to them, there is already a mechanism in place to regulate fishing activities. For that reason, the writer recommends the regional government to desist from laying claims to the sea, since they will never be able to effectively control it. The government should instead focus its attention on enforcing the rules of fishing equipment as well as creating competitive fish markets, which should attract fishermen to land their catch in such areas.

Transformation of modern society affects all fields. The goals and objectives of social development as well as the means to achieve them require science-based mechanisms, methodological support for studying social phenomena and their philosophical and sociological analysis. Both integrative and differential processes characterize modern scientific activity. The key reason for science institutionalization as a sociocultural phenomenon is its social inclusion. In this process science integrates with such social institutions as education, management and etc.The paper deals with research activities in higher education institutions. The importance of this study is determined by the increasing role of research activities in social, economic, political, legal and cultural development of society. In a modern society the process of institutionalization requires its dynamic development. Science has issues that should be examined. The socio-cultural basis of scientific activity changes is a key one for studying. The goal of this study is to analyze the historical validity of the characteristics of research activities in terms of sociocultural determinants. The authors carried out system and comparative analyses and a logical-historical study of the transformation of research activity phenomenon. In conclusion, sociocultural determinants of research activity formation and development are revealed in today's changing conditions of social factors; the definitions to such concepts as "research interest" and "research needs" are given.

This article discusses the relationship between German and Scandinavian orientalists during the era of National Socialism. To begin with, the author examines the ideological and political interests that served to uphold oriental research in Nazi Germany. The article then continues with an inquiry into why Nazi German authorities were especially keen to maintain scientific relationships with Scandinavian orientalists during World War II. Traditionally, Scandinavian orientalists, many of whom had studied at German universities, tended to feel strongly connected with German Academia. Hence, the second part of the article considers the main reasons for the shift in attitude of Scandinavian scholars to Germany and underlines the turning points in the relationship, which, in most cases, led to an alienation from Germany and their German colleagues. In the third and last part of the article, the author looks into the impact of the National Socialistic era on the scientific orientation of Scandinavian orientalists after World War II. With regard to the international leading role of Scandinavian Assyriology, particular attention will be paid to the history of this sub-discipline. As far as research perspectives are concerned, the article not only suggests future research topics on the global history of oriental studies but also encourages comprehensive research on the history of Scandinavian universities in the shadow of the Third Reich. ; Peer reviewed

This paper argues that the large-scale ethnic resurgence, as observed in the quest for ethnic reclassification in Taiwan today, is not simply the result of deep-seated feelings of primordial attachment of people in a post-colonial society. As it has been described in the case of Brazil, the phenomenon seems also to be supported by a national and international context that valorises indigenous identities as a means of reasserting political and territorial claims. As we have seen from various undertakings of the aboriginal and Pingpu movements, members often try to use the UN for political leverage. Another related reason is the strong elitist influence in the movements seeking ethnic reclassification. Focussing on the example of the Sakizaya, who were recognized as Taiwan's 13th aboriginal group in 2007, I describe how the process of campaigning was dominated by elites who had a thorough understanding of national and international requirements and frameworks. Their visions and ensuing cultural constructions, however, did not always reflect the perspectives of the common people and therefore served as another affirmation of the "elites without people" phenomenon observed in earlier activities of Taiwan's aboriginal revitalization movement. Although the petition with which the Sakizaya successfully gained recognition as a unique ethnic group in 2007 claimed a total of 15,000 members, fewer than 900 Sakizaya had registered by the end of 2015.

The paper analyzes and compares the numerous translations of L'Étui de nacre by Anatole France into Russian. The undertaken research aims at establishing the tendencies in the long series of translations, taking into account the possible reasons for the translators' long-lasting interest in the text.We first analyze the translational theories of the time and highlight their evolution during the first half of the 20th century. Then, we suggest an analysis of France's cycle, and consider the motives behind its appeal to the translators. Finally, we compare the strategies chosen by the translators and the way they may affect the perception of the text. We argue that the flow of translations may be explained by the complexity of France's text, which has resulted in a constant search for a perfect translation. The complexity comprised both linguistic difficulties, such as France's balance of natural speech and elevated objects of description, and extralinguistic hurdles, for instance, the abundance of realias belonging to different epochs and countries. It is obvious that translations done in different years from 1890 to 1959 reflect the development of translation theory and also the political and social changes which Russia underwent during this period. Another conclusion that we are coming to is that the existing translations tend to demonstrate a significant decrease in ambiguity, inherent in France's cycle.

Demonetization is an economic term which is used to mean the 'scrapping' of old currency notes and stripping them off their status of legal tender, usually when a new currency note or currency is being introduced in the economy of the country. This is a standard practice followed by all major economies of the world for different reasons. For instance, when the 'Euro' was introduced as the common currency of the European Union, the participating countries had effectively followed a 'demonetization' drive of their respective currencies by fixing exchange rates for the old currency to the newly introduced Euro. Indian Rupee has been demonetized various times as well. The Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized once in January 1946 and then again in January 1978. Recently, the Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes were demonetized in a surprise move on November 8, 2016. The recent scrapping of Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency notes has sent the entire country in a whirlpool of confusion. The country may be happy about the initiative or upset with the move, but the word 'demonetization' has recently become the trend. We bring to you the basic understanding of what the word means, when and how the demonetization of Indian Currency was brought into effect and why it is good or bad.

This work aims to find out the impact of Turkish soap operas on Arab viewer in two different populations in the political and economic situation such as Morocco and Yemen, a survey is conducted on two universities: the University Hassan II in Morocco with about 151 students (48.40%) and the University of Sanaa in Yemen with 161 students (51.60%). The results of the survey showed that participants spend hours watching TV (over 3 hours) to 4.5% (depending on circumstances) to 57.1%. The lack of good Arabic drama is the main reason to watch Turkish soap operas for more than (79%) following the presentation of interesting and attractive subjects as for more than (79%), romantic themes, the performance of Turkish actors , the sets were remarkably beautiful (80%), physical beauty of the actors (70%), the attractiveness of the filming locations (88.14%) and dubbing in Arabic especially in Syrian dialect (57%). The study concluded the impact of Turkish soap operas on the Arab viewer by Turkish fashion (almost 60%) following by the beautiful nature of Turkey (more than 78%), put the ringtone of a Turkish song (45%). Most of the sample who thought of the acquisition of weapons as in the Turkish soap operas are from Yemen (80% Yemeni and 20% Moroccan) and dream to travel to Turkey is hoping to (more than 94%).

Выявлена степень влияния бурного роста промышленности Канады на формирование конституционного строя североамериканских колоний в 50-е гг. XIX в. как одного из основных факторов образования нового колониального устройства. Сделаны следующие выводы: значимым фактором становления конституционного строя Канады, кроме индустриального развития, становятся канадо-американские отношения, повлекшие за собой негативную реакцию Великобритании; выявлено, что к концу 1850-х гг. конституционный кризис в Канаде приобрел глобальные масштабы ввиду меркантильной политики метрополии, которая не хотела терять влияние в колониях, что впоследствии и стало причиной предоставления Канаде статуса доминиона. ; The impact of influence of rapid industrial growth in Canada on formation of constitutional system in the North American colonies in the 1850's as one of major factors of formation of the new colonial structure is revealed. The authors concludes the following: a significant factor in the formation of the constitutional order in Canada in addition to industrial development are also Canadian-American relations, which led to the negative reaction of the UK; also it is revealed that by the end of the 1850's the constitutional crisis in Canada has assumed a global scale in the view of mercantile policy of the Great Britain that didn't want to lose influence in colonies and that became subsequently the reason of providing the status of the Dominion to Canada.

В текущих условиях современная Ямайская мировая валютная система по ряду экономико-политических причин перестала отвечать требованиям, предъявляемым к ней мировой экономикой в условиях глобализационных изменений. В связи с этим автором рассматриваются возможные перспективы реформирования валютной системы путем реструктуризации основных финансовых институтов и возможного формирования единых региональных валют для дедолларизации экономики исходя из геополитических и экономических предпосылок. Выводы автора основаны на исследовании перспективных возможностей применения юаня в качестве новой резервной валюты и Нового банка развития БРИКС в качестве института, способного стать значимым структурным дополнением МВФ.In current conditions, the modern Jamaican global currency system due to the number of economic and political reasons no longer meets the requirements, which the world economy demands from it under the globalization changes. In this regard, the author examines the possible prospects of reforming the currency system by restructuring of major financial institutions and the possible formation of unified regional currencies for the aim of de-dollarization of the economy, according to the geo-political and economic conditions. The author's conclusions are based on the results of the research on the perspective possibilities of using the yuan as a new reserve currency, and the New Development Bank of BRICS countries as an institution, capable of becoming a significant structural supplement for International Monetary Fund.

Проблема эскалации сирийского кризиса за текущий год приобрела новый характер: возросла угроза терроризма всему мировому сообществу, больше политических акторов стало принимать участие в конфликте, неугасающая волна мигрантов стала причиной возникших социальных, демографических и экономических проблем на европейском континенте. В силу геополитических факторов наиболее чувствительными к развитию гражданской войны в Сирии являются страны Персидского залива: это обуславливается, в основном, интересами национальной и региональной безопасности. Исходя из важности роли региональных стран в сирийском кризисе, данная статья содержит комплексное исследование позиций арабских государств Персидского залива в обсуждении и разрешении конфликта в Сирии. ; The problem of Syrian conflict's escalation has assumed a new character during this year: threat of terrorism to the whole world community rose, more political actors became a party to the conflict, the unquenchable wave of migration became the reason of social, demographic and economic issues on the European continent. The Persian Gulf's states are more sensible to the continuation of civil war in Syria by its geopolitical factors. The cause of this is their national and regional security's interests. On the basis of the importance of the regional states' role in Syrian crisis, this article contains the comprehensive analysis of the position of the Persian Gulf's Arab states in the discussing and settlement of the conflict in Syria.

Рассматриваются проблемы государственного регулирования процессов создания и развития фермерских хозяйств. Анализируются причины низкой эффективности прямой государственной финансовой поддержки фермерских хозяйств и трансформации их в гигантские по размерам формально фермерские хозяйства плантаторского типа. Показана необходимость сочетания возможности регистрации фермерского хозяйства семейного типа без приобретения статуса юридического лица с созданием благоприятной маркетинговой среды, в которой они функционируют. Обоснованы альтернативные формы государственной поддержки, основными из которых являются доведение информации о состоянии и ожидаемой конъюнктуре рынка, разработка и распространение типовых бизнес планов производства конкурентоспособной продукции, формирование оптимальных товарных партий и выведение их на внешние рынки. ; The Article described problems of state regulation creation and farms development. It is analyzed the reasons of the low efficiency of direct state financial support for farmers and transforming them into giant-sized farms formal plantation type. It is showing the necessity of combination possibilities registration farming family type without acquiring legal personality to the creation of a favorable marketing environment in which they are function. It is soundly alternative forms of state support, the main ones are proving information on the status and expected market conjuncture, development and distribution business model plans production of competitive products, the formation of the optimal trade parties and their output to foreign markets.