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The author explains the reasons that led the French Government to legislate in the advertising sector and to enact the law bearing his name, which the author – naturally – defends: the need for transparency, the deplorable operations of agencies and buying services, the lack of concordance and trust, the difficult general economic context, the need for drastic reform, etc.

AbstractThe Managing Editor invites communications which are consistent with the objectives of the Naval Research Logistics Quarterly. No communication will be printed without the expressed consent of the author. All views represented are those of the author and are not to be regarded as the opinion of the Naval Research Logistics Quarterly or any elements of the Department of Defense.

Frontispiece, plates & portrait of the author engraved by Guglielmo Silvestri after Paolo Araldi. ; Illustrations: a frontispiece depicting Mohammed on a horse, a portrait of the author and 12 engraved plates, one for each canto, depicting the life of Mohammed. ; Title vignettes. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Bound in one volume in vellum; gilt label with title on spine; edges stained yellow

The anonymous author here gives some advice to the King who is embarking upon the "Spring" of his reign. The tract is evidently written after the death of the Concinis and the exile of the Queen Mother to Blois. The author gives advice concerning finances, ambassadors, and relations with foreign powers. ; Electronic reproduction ; 13 p. ; 16 cm.

Intro -- Acknowledgements, or the Social History of a Book -- Notes on Transliteration and Usage -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Defining Jihad, Mujahid, and Shahid -- Conceptualizing Jihad -- Muslim Scholarship on Jihad -- The Formation of Jihadist Values -- Jihad for and Against Rulers in Central Asia -- Contemporary Islamic Movements in Central Asia -- Introduction to Research on Terror, Terrorists, and Terrorism -- Struggling for Definitions -- Discourses on Terrorism -- Terror States and State Terror -- Identifying ``the West´´ -- Summary of the Military Intervention, 2010-2011 -- Theoretical Reflections -- The Study of Experience and Relationality -- Critical Events -- Bibliography by Author -- Bibliography Without Author -- Chapter 2: Ethnographers, Functionaries, Mullahs, and the Making of ``Muslims´´ -- The Politics of Categories -- The Soviet State´s Effort to Organize Muslim Authorities -- An Ethnographic Laboratory -- Bureaucratic Islam versus Political Islamic Parties -- The Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan (Hizbi Nahzati Islomii Tojikiston) -- The Syrian Conflict -- Negotiating Categories -- Bibliography by Author -- Bibliography Without Authors -- Chapter 3: Biographical Narratives of Muslim Activists -- The Biographies of Three Muslim Activists -- Shamsiddin Saidov -- Izzat Aman -- Sharifjon Mukarramov -- Islamic Awakening in Tajikistan -- Politicizing Islam: The Soviet-Afghan War -- Stumbling Out of Sleep into a Civil War: The 1990s -- Rethinking Political Islam Since the Mid-2000s -- Conclusion -- Bibliography by Author -- Bibliography Without Author -- Chapter 4: Islamizdat Literature on the Notions of Jihad, Shahid, Mujahid, and Death -- The Revival of Islamic Concepts in Pamphlets -- Religious Texts Since the 1980s in Tajikistan -- Professional Texts Written By and About Religious Authorities.

Cover -- HalfTitle -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- FOREWORD -- Who should use this book? -- About the authors -- Introduction -- What is forensic linguistics? -- The language of the law: Meaning -- The discourse of the law -- Linguistic advantage and disadvantage -- History of forensic linguistics in practice6 -- Outline of this book -- Part One Language as forensic evidence -- CHAPTER ONE The road to authorship -- The beginnings of literacy -- The role of memory in language use -- Orality in early written language -- The transition from orality to literacy -- The first author? -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER TWO The author constructed -- The doctrine of authorship -- Authorship as an individual act -- Text as property -- The genius of the author -- Style -- Social factors and language style -- Aspects of style -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER THREE Time, variation and genre -- Introduction -- Expected and unexpected relationships in the genre domain -- The genre institution and the author space -- Comparison across genres -- Testing author-genre relationships -- A corpus of 32 novels -- Entropy and ectropy in the language system -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER FOUR Range of variation -- Individual range of variation -- Variation and interpersonal relationships -- Is variation random? -- The token 'you' as a variable in the mobile phone text corpus -- The '-ing' inflection -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER FIVE Textual variation -- Register factors -- Non-register factors -- Polyphonic factors -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER SIX Forensic phonetics: An introduction by Harry Hollien1 -- Defining forensic phonetics -- Signal analysis -- Speech decoding and transcripts -- Authenticating recordings -- Behavioural analyses -- The aural-perceptual approach -- Machine-computer approaches -- Validating the approach.

Background: According to the Language Service Development in China: 2020, Machine Translation(MT) is increasingly used in the language services industry. To analyze the problems of MT and find solutions, the author post-edited ten abstracts of aerospace papers from CNKI core journals by Google translate. Principal Findings: The fact is that MT is restricted to the original text features and confined to formal correspondence, failing to recognize the differences between English and Chinese, resulting in errors at all levels: lexical, syntactic, and contextual, which greatly affects the textual quality. Therefore, it is quite necessary to conduct post-editing to correct the mistakes. In order to make the MT version accurate and readable, the author conducts the post-editing under the guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory and summarizes PE techniques. For lexical errors, especially for terminology errors, the author must figure out word meanings by checking the authoritative references. At the sentence level, the author needs to change the word order according to the meaning so as to achieve semantic equivalence. At the discourse level, the author must pay attention to the coherence and make the logical relationship clear to reproduce the contextual meaning of the original texts. Conclusions: The results of the paper show that post-editing under the guidance of the Functional Equivalence Theory can correct MT errors, increase translation accuracy, and provide references for post-editing of MT.

The article discusses the features of using interaction as methodological basis of organisation of interactive approach and its role in interactive learning. The author compares different points of view and suggests methodological assumptions about the reorganisation of the traditional approach to the practice of learning how to work out the skills of interpersonal communication. The author notes that interactive approach means interaction of all members of learning process which helps to exchange authentic information in a foreign language. The author gives methodological grounds developing skills of informational exchange in a foreign language and possessing experience of communication using interactive exercises. The article analyses principles of interactive learning a foreign language via interaction which results in the development of social processes in the society. The author considers it conforming that in the past years in the methodology of teaching foreign languages, there has been a tendency to change the position and to move from the communicative approach to its variety – the interactive approach, since interactive learning of a foreign language proposes the usage of training, role and business-like games, competitions, performances, warming-up, discussions, brainstorming, which will enlarge the level of interaction in a foreign language. The author believes that interactive learning will permit to solve many problems in the development of communicative skills and promote success in learning a foreign language which is the aim of its usage.

Writing style is considered the manner in which an author expresses his thoughts, influenced by language characteristics, period, school, or nation. Often, this writing style can identify the author. One of the most famous examples comes from 1914 in Portuguese literature. With Fernando Pessoa and his heteronyms Alberto Caeiro, alvaro de Campos, and Ricardo Reis, who had completely different writing styles, led people to believe that they were different individuals. Currently, the discussion of authorship identification is more relevant because of the considerable amount of widespread fake news in social media, in which it is hard to identify who authored a text and even a simple quote can impact the public image of an author, especially if these texts or quotes are from politicians. This paper presents a process to analyse the emotion contained in social media messages such as Facebook to identify the author's emotional profile and use it to improve the ability to predict the author of the message. Using preprocessing techniques, lexicon-based approaches, and machine learning, we achieved an authorship identification improvement of approximately 5% in the whole dataset and more than 50% in specific authors when considering the emotional profile on the writing style, thus increasing the ability to identify the author of a text by considering only the author's emotional profile, previously detected from prior texts. ; FCT has supported this work – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: ...

The article studies main developments, implications and results of the 10 year Syrian crisis. The author pays special attention to the historical preconditions that caused those events in Syria, focusing on actual political, social, economic, ethnic, ideological, regional, and international dimensions of the Syrian crisis based on historical background. The author tries to make some forecasts about further development of the current situation in Syria in view of abilities to peacefully resolve the conflict by political instruments rather than military options. The publication tends to study new tendencies in the Syrian crisis development. The author argues that today the Syrian conflict is developing in a different paradigm that can be tentatively designated as the "post-terrorist" stage in the Syrian uprising. Main attention is paid to Russia's politics in Syria and its ability to rebuild the main institutions of the Syrian state. Political steps and tendencies of major regional and international players in the Syrian crisis are analysed. In this regard the author supposes and demonstrates in this article that much depends on how Russia, Turkey, Iran, the United States and Israel change the previous agreements on the security system in Syria. The author believes that despite all the complexity of this crisis, peace in Syria is quite possible. A lot depends on political will and the readiness for mutual compromises between key internal and external actors in the Syrian crisis.

AIM: In this review, the author focused on anticraving therapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD) defined by DMS‐5. A comprehensive review was carried out on the available published papers on anticraving drugs for treating AUD patients. METHODS: The author described all drugs with anticraving benefits for treating AUD patients approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) and European Medicines Agency of the European Union. Then, the commonly prescribed anticraving drugs and those under development were also described. RESULTS: The US FDA‐approved anticraving drugs included acamprosate and naltrexone, and those approved by European Medicines Agency were gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and nalmefene. The author also highlighted topiramate, gabapentin, ondansetron, LY196044, ifenprodil, varenicline, ABT‐436, mifepristone, citicoline, and baclofen. The putative mechanisms of action of and the use in clinical practice of those anticraving drugs were also described. CONCLUSION: Although slowly developing, the field of anticraving drugs is getting into shape as a promising entity of a pharmaceutical class of drugs. Then, the author addressed on the underused issues of those recommended, and suggested anticraving drugs by the practice guideline of the American Psychiatric Association. The author urges that clinicians should be more "adventurous" in prescribing those promising drugs because benefits of those anticraving drugs are far‐outweighing the possible side effects of anticraving drugs, or the harms of untreated AUD itself.

The author discusses the process behind a map of his creation, ''A View of the Border.'' It charts Ireland's north/south frontier and has been used to illustrate the author's 2017 monograph, The Rule of the Land: Walking Ireland's Border. Defending or questioning the legitimacy of Ireland's border is still a defining force in Ireland's politics, especially in Northern Ireland. In addition, this border is soon to become the United Kingdom's only land border with the European Union. The author takes issue with the borderline symbol on maps, suggesting that the reduction of Ireland to a binary has negative ramifications in political discourse – contributing to an us-versus-them stalemate. On the ground, Ireland's border is largely invisible and almost completely permeable; the author wondered if the border could be mapped in a way that would reflect this. To identify original modes of mapping the frontier, the author travelled the borderline from end to end. The resulting map charts defensive architecture and historical sites, as well as unofficial cross-border routes and other subjects. Many topographic elements on ''A View of the Border'' do not generally appear on maps; the author explains the thinking behind the inclusion of some of these elements and discusses designing the icons used represent them. The conclusion asks if any of the creative decisions made in ''A View of the Border'' could be applied to maps other border regions.