Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Malraddipalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 538 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 430 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 10 ha covered by rock outcrops and 98 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 16 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 46 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 60 per cent area.  52 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 3 per area is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent.  About 8 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 33 per cent.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 42(8) 139(26) Guava - 81(15) Maize 81(15) 100(19) Sapota - 81(15) Bajra 81(15) 100(19) Pomegranate - 86(16) Groundnut 45(8) 81(15) Musambi 5(<1) 81(15) Sunflower 5(<1) 82(15) Lime 5(<1) 81(15) Redgram - 138(26) Amla 81(15) 49(9) Bengal gram 5(<1) - Cashew - 0.14 Cotton 5(<1) 37(7) Jackfruit - 81(15) Chilli 81(15) 49(9) Jamun - 5(<1) Tomato 81(15) 44(8) Custard apple 50(9) 81(15) Brinjal 81(15) 44(8) Tamarind - 5(<1) Onion 81(15) 44(8) Mulberry - 81(15) Bhendi 81(15) 49(9) Marigold 81(15) 49(9) Drumstick - 86(16) Chrysanthemum 81(15) 49(9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 25 (71.43 %) were marginal farmers, 3 (8.57 %) were small farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 98 (68.06 %) men and 46 (31.94 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4.24, small farmers' was 4 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 10 (6.94 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (43.06 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (34.72 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (15.28 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Malraddipalli-1 had 48.61 per cent illiterates, 12.50 per cent of them had Primary School, 15.97 per cent of them had High School, 6.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.78 per cent of them had diploma education, 2.08 per cent of them had ITI education, 10.42 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.75 per cent of the household members, 0.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.33 per cent were General labourers, 5.56 per cent were Private Service, 13.89 per cent were students and 0.69 per cent were Housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any institutions.  The results indicate that 60 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 40 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bicycle and Auto, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,642, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,411, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, Bicycle was Rs. 1,000, Auto was Rs. 30,000, Motor Cycle was Rs. 37,916, Auto was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,015.  About 40 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 51.43 per cent of them possess plough and seed/ fertilizer drill, 25.71 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent of them possess Tractor, 45.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 71.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 26,360, plough was Rs. 3,050, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,066, irrigation pump was Rs. 42,272, Sprayer was Rs. 2,325, Tractor was Rs. 500,000 and weeder was Rs. 35.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and sheep and 14.29 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.70.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed possess 19.02 ha (98.72 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (1.28 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.49 ha (97.17 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (2.83 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.39 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.14 ha (100 %) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 519,336.03 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 2,672,459.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 845,309.81 for dry land and Rs. 2,672,459.02 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 273,431.74 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 244,232.04 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.37 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.18 meters .  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.74 ha, 2.61 ha and 2.90 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.08 ha), paddy (4.97 ha), red gram (11.55 ha), green gram (1.49 ha) and Black gram (0.15 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 86.89 per cent.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.86 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 124230.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 206773.78. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 82543.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.66.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 128097.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 126829.38. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1267.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.99.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 164537.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132462.09. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -32075.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.81.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Black gram was Rs. 124556.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104000. The net income from Black gram cultivation was Rs. -20556.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.83.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 266666.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86085.69. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86085.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.48.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,232 marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 206,666.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 1,619.60. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,777.78 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 245 Custard apple, 13 Jack fruit and 6 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 Teak, 48 neem and 2 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,937.14 for land development.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 68.57 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 8.57per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Cotton, Black gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 89.58 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 93.6 per cent and red gram to the extent of 89.88 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 82.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck and Cart and 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.57 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 5.71 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards .  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables and meat were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 91.43 per cent, Egg were adequate for 2.86 per cent and Egg were adequate for 20 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and milk were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 80 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 97.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Wild animal menace on farm field were the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Inadequate extension services and Less rainfall (5.71 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (71.43 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 21 per cent loamy soils and 75 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 24 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 19 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 77 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 53 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 43 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in 82 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 15 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 55 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 41 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 68 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 71 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 61 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 98 (22) 84(20) Pomegranate - 120(27) Maize - 67(16) Guava - 14(3) Bajra - 111(25) Jackfruit - 14(3) Redgram - 106(24) Jamun - 100(23) Bengal gram 98(22) 113 (26) Musambi 98(22) 10(2) Groundnut - 95(22) Lime 98(22) 10(2) Sunflower 98(22) 20(5) Cashew - 37(8) Cotton 98(22) 72(17) Custard apple 98(22) 176(40) Chilli - 67(16) Amla - 274(62) Tomato - 67(16) Tamarind - 98(22) Drumstick - 142(32) Marigold - 182(42) Mulbery - 169(38) Chrysanthemum - 182(42) Mango - - Jasmine - 76(18) Sapota - 14(3) Crossandra - 153(35) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (50%) men and 79 (50.65%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of large farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 4.09, small farmers' was 4.60, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 22 (13.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (42.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (34.18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Adavalli-4 had 28.48 per cent illiterates, 0.63 per cent were functional literate, 29.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.92 per cent of them had high school education, 11.39 per cent of them had PUC education, 7.59 per cent of them had degree education and 0.63 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 25.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 47.47 per cent of the household members, 23.42 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.53 per cent had household industry, 0.63 per cent were in government service, 1.90 per cent were in private service, 0.63 per cent were in trade and business, 20.25 per cent were students, 1.27 per cent were housewives and 1.90 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 62.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 7,354, mixer grinder was Rs 1,255, bicycle was Rs 928, motor cycle was Rs. 29,556 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,539.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 37.14 per cent of them possess weeder, 14.29 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 9,916, plough was Rs. 1,800, tractor was Rs 200,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,900, average value of weeder was Rs.36, average value of chaff cutter was 1880 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs.11,000. 2  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.66, average hired labour (men) available was 8.91 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.66.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Adavalli-4 micro-watershed possess 32.97 ha (80.30%) of dry land and 8.09 ha (19.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.26 ha (94.72%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (5.28%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 19.09 ha (91.52%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (8.48%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.61 ha (80.02%) of dry land and 1.65 ha (19.98%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 336,570.10 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,320.33. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 592,028.99 for dry land and Rs. 1,976,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 282,704.54 for dry land and Rs. 339,130.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 211,627.91 for dry land and Rs. 302,696.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 351,851.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 17.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.39 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.77 ha, 1.65 and 4.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown sunflower (3.36 ha), sorghum (13.47 ha), maize (9.22 ha), cotton (2.15 ha), Bengalgram (2.07 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), bajra (2.14 ha) and onion (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Adavalli-4 micro-watershed was found to be 101.58 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 25277.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26408.02. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1130.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 29007.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47510.22. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 18502.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. 3  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 15886.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69774.01. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 53887.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.39.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42207.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36720.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -5486.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 49938.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 11811.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 49188.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36406.81. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 12781.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 23869.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34526.55. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10656.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33227.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50544.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 17316.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 20 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 18,000 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 33,900, for small farmers it was Rs. 93,948, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,550 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 342,840.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,075.41. For landless households it was Rs. 3,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,842.98, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,535.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,041.67 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 129,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconut trees in their field and 3 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 48 neem, 6 tamarind and 2 banyan trees in their field. Also, 2 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, cotton, onion and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent, bajra was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 52.63 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.87 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 46.19 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 45.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 54.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 91.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 91.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (77.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%), less rainfall (8.57%) and source of agri-technology information (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devarapalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 506 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 467(92%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 30 ha (6%) covered by rock outcrops and others covers an area of 9 ha (2%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 467 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 48 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 1.0 ppm) is about 4 per cent soils.  Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) covering an area of 91per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) covers an area of about 33 percent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 5(<1) 292(58) Guava - 5(<1) Maize 5(<1) 292(58) Sapota - 5(<1) Bajra 5(<1) 292(58) Pomegranate - 60(12) Groundnut - 98(19) Musambi - 60(12) Sunflower - 60(12) Lime - 60(12) Redgram - 60(12) Amla 5(<1) 237(47) Bengal gram - 55(11) Cashew - 5(<1) Cotton - 204(40) Jackfruit - 5(<1) Chilli 5(<1) 292(58) Jamun - - Tomato 5(<1) 237(47) Custard apple 5(<1) 292(58) Brinjal 5(<1) 237(47) Tamarind - - Onion 5(<1) 237(47) Mulberry - 5(<1) Bhendi 5(<1) 292(58) Marigold 5(<1) 292(58) Drumstick - 5(<1) Chrysanthemum 5(<1) 292(58) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 92 (57.14%) men and 69 (42.86%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.38, marginal farmers' was 4.46, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.33 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 38 (23.60%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (35.40%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (33.54%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.45%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Devarapalli-1 had 60.25 per cent illiterates, 19.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.11 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.83 per cent of them had high school education, 2.48 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.35 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.25 per cent of the household members, 61.49 per cent were agricultural laborers, 14.91 per cent were students and 4.35 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 77.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,375, motor cycle was Rs.65,000 and mobile phone was Rs.3,929.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20,666, plough was Rs.7,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs.28.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.24, average own labour (women) available was 1.15, average hired labour (men) available was 6.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. 2  The results indicate that, households of the Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed possess 26.24 ha (87.69%) of dry land and 3.68 ha (12.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.32 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.16 ha (71.51%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (28.49%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 380,937.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 325,714.29. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 624,708.17 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 290,673.73 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,031.10 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 361,463.42 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 296,400 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.74 meters.  The results indicate that semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4 ha and 4.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (23.74 ha), green gram (2.11 ha), sorghum (1.7 ha), paddy (1.62 ha) and groundnut (2.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram and greengram. Small farmers possess redgram, greebgram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Devarapalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and 16.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.6000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 60 per cent opined that they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 41283.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65617.09. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24333.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 26494.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30538.18. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 4043.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21908.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91390. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 69481.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.17.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13704.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29404.76. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15700.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 37359.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75582. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 38222.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 63,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 105,230.77, for small farmers it was Rs. 137,800, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,833.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 206,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,450.71. For landless households it was Rs. 5,781.25, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,369.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,105.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 37,888.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak, 1 banyan and 58 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,571.43 for land development.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 31.43 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 62.50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 56.25 per cent, red gram to the extent of 80.31 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 28.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 48.57 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 5.71 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and borewell was the source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 65.71 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 91.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 80 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 54.29 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk was inadequate for 25.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 42.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (31.43%) and inadequate extension services (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 358 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and two per cent by water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non-gravelly (200mm/m) available water capacity.  An area of about 13 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 85 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 31 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0) alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 287 (80) 50 (14) Pomegranate - 315(88) Maize - 337 (94) Guava - - Bajra - 309 (86) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 287(80) Jamun - 287(80) Bengal gram 287(80) 50(14) Musambi 287(80) 28(8) Groundnut - - Lime 287(80) 28(8) Sunflower 287 (80) 28 (8) Cashew - - Cotton 287(80) 50(14) Custard apple 287(80) 50(14) Chilli - - Amla - 337 (94) Tomato - - Tamarind - 287(80) Drumstick - 315(88) Marigold - 337(94) Mulbery - 176(49) Chrysanthemum - 337(94) Mango - - Jasmine - 22(6) Sapota - - Crossandra - 220(61) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (56.02%) men and 83 (43.46%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.8, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 5.4, semi medium farmers' was 4.7 and medium farmers' was 5.31.  The data indicated that, 48 (25.13%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 79 (41.36%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (24.08%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.42%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Katarki West-4 had 23.56 per cent illiterates, 0.52 per cent were functional literates, 30.37 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.19 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.18 per cent of them had high school education, 8.38 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.57 per cent had diploma education, 3.66 per cent of them did ITI, 6.28 per cent of them had degree education and 0.52 per cent did masters.  The results indicate that, 63.89 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 27.78 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 11.11 per cent were general labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 34.55 per cent of the household members, 18.32 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.81 per cent were general labourers, 0.52 per cent were in government and private service, 29.32 per cent were students and 6.28 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 88.89 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.56 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 80.56 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player, 16.67 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8793, DVD/VCD player was Rs.2000, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.34166 and mobile phone was Rs.2691.  About 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 5.56 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 33.33 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.30000, plough was Rs.2333, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.66. 2  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.56 per cent of the households possess local cow. Marginal and semi medium farmers possess local cow whereas, small farmers possess bullock. Around 90 per cent of medium and semi medium farmers and 80 per cent of small farmers did not possess any livestock.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.18, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 8.36 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.45.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.78 per cent opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Katarki West-4 micro-watershed possess 47.23 ha (100%) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 7.62 ha (100%), small farmers possess 15.12 ha (100%) and semi medium farmers possess 24.49 ha (100%).  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 271975.15. In case of marginal famers it was Rs.478783.85, small farmers it was Rs.261148.29 and semi medium farmers it was Rs.214303.42.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.97 ha), cotton (1.62 ha), maize (18.49 ha), onion (2.99 ha), sorghum (10.38 ha) sunflower (4.10 ha) and Bengal gram (3.34 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, onion, bajra, sorghum, sunflower and Bengal gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Katarki West-4 micro-watershed was found to be 76.30 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 87.79 per cent, small farmers it was 78.59 per cent and in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.06.  The results indicate that, 58.33 per cent of the households have bank account and 13.89 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 58.33 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households who borrowed credit, borrowed it from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, farmers have availed an average credit of Rs.166428.57.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 33.33 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 66.67 per cent opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25915.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20178.86. The net income from 3 Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -5736.81, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30998.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40176.65. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9178.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 33109.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23868.48. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -9241.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 38798.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 35301.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 20448.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 228234.17. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 207785.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.2.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 22321.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20300.93. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -2020.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 30326.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30805.74. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 479.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.11 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 70,090.91, for small farmers it was Rs. 74,500 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 79,200.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,002.36. For landless households it was Rs. 8,133.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,165.29, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,800 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,560.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except maize, which was sold to the extent of 98.31 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.67 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 5.56 per cent have sold to agents/traders, 2.78 per cent have sold through contract marketing arrangement and 2.78 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2.78 per cent have used cart, another 2.78 per cent have carried head loads and 5.56 per cent have used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 90.91 per cent of the marginal farmers, 90 per 4 cent of the small farmers and 80 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal and small and 90 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.78 per cent used LPG.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 33.33 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 44.44 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 22.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 36.36 per cent of the marginal, 70 per cent of the small and 40 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.56 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.78 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.56 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.44 per cent, eggs were adequate for 94.44 per cent and meat was adequate for 25 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.11 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.67 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.78 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.56 per cent and meat was inadequate for 72.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, vegetables were market surplus for 2.78 per cent and milk was market surplus for another 2.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 75 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (63.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (38.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.89%), high rate of interest on credit (72.22%), low price for the agricultural commodities (44.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.78%), inadequate extension services (55.56%), less rainfall (2.78%) and source of agri technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm) in soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 8 per cent area, 86 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 5 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 25 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 315 (61) 153 (30) Pomegranate - 358 (70) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 357 (70) Jamun - 232 (45) Bengalgram 357 (70) 110 (21) Musambi 190 (37) 168 (33) Groundnut - - Lime 190 (37) 168 (33) Sunflower 190 (37) 168 (33) Cashew - - Cotton 357 (70) 110 (21) Custard apple 357 (70) 110 (21) Chilli - - Amla - 467 (91) Tomato - - Tamarind - 232 (45) Drumstick - 358 (70) Marigold - 468 (91) Mulberry - 265 (52) Chrysanthemum - 468 (91) Mango - - Jasmine - 110 (21) Sapota - - Crossandra - 233 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (57.23%) men and 71(42.77%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 5.4, small farmers' was 4.5, semi medium farmers' was 3, medium farmers' was 6.6 and large farmers' were 3.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.87%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (31.93%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.23%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Daddegallu-2 had 22.89 per cent illiterates, 25.90 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.86 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.67 per cent of them had high school education, 7.83 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent had ITI, 4.82 per cent had degree and 1.20 per cent had masters education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.53 per cent of the household members, 39.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.20 per cent were in private service, trade and business and housewives, 18.07 per cent were in students and 4.22 per cent were in children.  The results show that, 0.60 per cent of the population has participated in gram panchayat, sthree shakthi sangha and user group and 98.19 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 20 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 82.86 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 8.57 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 40 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,187, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1,500, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,172, refrigerator was 13,666, bicycle was 1,033, motor cycle was Rs. 29,235 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,053.  About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller and earth 2 mover/duster, 8.57 per cent of them possess tractor, 17.14 per cent of them possess sprayer, 62.86 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 2,208, power tiller was Rs.6,000, tractor was Rs. 266,666, sprayer was Rs. 2,266, weeder was Rs.34, chaff cutter was Rs.1,575, and the average value of harvester was Rs. 9,000.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.64, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 6.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.83.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 65.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed possess 43.91 ha (89.15%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (10.85%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.70 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 114.31 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 19.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.55 ha (46.01%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (53.99%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 1 ha (100%).  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293,641.14 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 168,409.09. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 658,950.09 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 286,478.08 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 201,442.91 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 219,555.56 for dry land and Rs. 168,409.09 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 799,999.98 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.66 meters.  The results indicate that medium farmers had an irrigated area of 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.45 ha), Bengal gram (18.93 ha), maize (21.68 ha), red gram (0.83 ha), sugarcane (2.91 ha), sunflower (2.43 ha) and sorghum (1.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, red gram, and Bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, Bengal gram and 3 sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown maize, sugarcane and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed was found to be 88.24 per cent.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 33.33 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 11.11 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 20,555.56.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 52976.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27566.96. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -25409.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 31340.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48747.50. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 17406.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33306.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31811.29. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -1494.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 23431.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 120069.45. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 96638.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.12.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33305.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43032.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 9727.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13117.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21660. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8542.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65. 4  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 47,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 80,880, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 166,400, for medium farmers it was Rs.309,533.33 and large farmers it was Rs. 50,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,197.07. For landless households it was Rs. 3,480, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,950, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,740, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,221.09, for medium farmers it was Rs. 66,666.67 and for large farmers Rs. 22,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, sorghum, sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 111.03 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 98.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 20 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 54.29 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.86 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households used cart, 80 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cent of the households used open well in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households not possessed PDS card.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 62.86 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 51.43 per cent, egg were adequate for 28.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 37.14 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, egg were inadequate for 60 per cent and meat were inadequate for 51.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (28.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and source of Agri-technology information (37.14%), inadequate extension services (34.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40%) and less rainfall (60%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Allanagara microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 578 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 75 per cent is covered by soils, 20 per cent mining/industrial, two per cent by rock outcrops and three per cent waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units .  The length of crop growing period is about 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 73 per cent loamy soils.  About 5 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 72 per cent area, 3 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 61 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 103 (18) Pomegranate - 217 (37) Maize - 103 (18) Guava - 217 (37) Bajra - 313 (54) Jackfruit - 217 (37) Red gram - 7 (1) Jamun - 217 (37) Bengalgram - 103 (18) Musambi - 217 (37) Groundnut - 360 (62) Lime - 217 (37) Sunflower - 7 (1) Cashew - 242 (42) Cotton - 103 (18) Custard apple - 417 (72) Chilli - 103 (18) Amla - 417 (72) Tomato - 103 (18) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick - 86 (15) Marigold - 103 (18) Mulbery - 321 (56) Chrysanthemum - 103 (18) Mango - 7 (1) Jasmine - 103 (18) Sapota - 217 (37) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (52.45%) men and 97 (47.55%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 5.3, small farmer was 6.6, semi medium farmer was 7.75, medium farmers were 5.5 and for large farmers it was 6.2.  The data indicated that 36 (17.65%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 105 (51.47%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (21.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.31%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Allanagara had 38.73 per cent illiterates, 2.94 per cent were functional literates, 24.51 per cent of the people had primary school education, 2.94 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.75 per cent of them had high school education, 7.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.41 per cent of them had degree education and 2.94 had studied ITI.  The results indicate that, 97.97 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent of the household heads had household industry.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.84 per cent of the household members, 26.47 per cent were agricultural labourers, 24.02 per cent were students, 4.90 per cent were children, 2.45 per cent had household industry and another 2.45 per cent were in private service.  In the micro watershed 100 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution.  The results indicate that 72.73 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 27.27 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. About 100.00 per cent of the households possess TV, 18.18 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 54.55 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 87.88 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 3.03 per cent of the households possess auto.  The average value of television was Rs.6170, mixer grinder was Rs.3000, bicycle was Rs.3138, motor cycle was Rs. 36103, auto was Rs. 55000 and mobile phone was Rs.1695.  About 12.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.12 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 12.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 27.27 per cent of the households possess weeder, and 3.03 per cent of the households possess tractor, chaff cutter and power tiller.  The average value of plough was Rs.3250, bullock cart was Rs.21250, sprayer was Rs.3250, power tiller was Rs.200000, tractor was Rs.500000, chaff cutter was Rs.2000 and weeder was Rs.75.  The results indicate that, 12.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.30 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.03 per cent of the households possess 2 crossbred cows, 6.06 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 3.03 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.76, average hired labour (men) available was 3.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.88.  The results indicate that, 30.30 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 69.70 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 43.75 per cent of the marginal farmers, 28.75 per cent of small, 12.50 per cent of semi medium and 0 medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Allanagara micro watershed possess 43.21 ha (93.72%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (6.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.49 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.58 ha (81.30%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (18.70%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of dry land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 414095.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.759999. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 905093 for dry land and. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 313098 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 278153 for dry land and Rs. 759999 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 98800 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by semi medium farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 10.62 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 2.56 ha, small farmers had 2.43 ha, semi medium farmers had 14.15 ha, medium farmers had 6.07 ha and large farmers had 2.83 ha of irrigated area.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (24.57 ha), Bajra (12.61 ha), Sunflower (4.59 ha), Redgram (1.62 ha), Sesamum (1.3 ha), Horsegram (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.88 ha), Cowpea (0.81 ha) and Sorghum (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, sesamum and bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, redgram and sesamum. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, horsegram, sorghum and cow pea. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Allanagara micro watershed was found to be 71.57 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 62.84 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 64.63 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.67 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34060.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40950.39. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 40950.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32405.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23088.86. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.- 9317.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 22855.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44613.03. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21757.50, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18952.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38285. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 19332.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 38628.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28458.41. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -10170.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 16968.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19924.67. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 2956.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 42991.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56969.35. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 13977.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 25594.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820.00. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 10774.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25766.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 7241.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The results indicate that, 47 tonnes of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 120 days in a year. About 28 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 76 days in a year.  About 12.12 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 18.75 per cent of marginal farmers and 14.29 per cent of small farmers. Around 42.42 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 30.30 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income is Rs.81619. For marginal farmers it was Rs 71786, for small farmers it was Rs.134977, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.58125 and for medium farmers it was Rs.67500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,193.66. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3,934.03, for small farmers it was Rs. 23,367.35, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,109.38 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13,500. 4  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, cowpea, horsegram, sorghum, redgram, sesamum and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  Around 36.36 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 78.79 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets and 21.21 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households have carried head load, 18.18 per cent have used cart and 109.09 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 3.03 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel, 93.94 per cent used fire wood and another 3.03 per cent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 27.27 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source for 72.73 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Around 39.39 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 12.50 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 54.55 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 39.39 per cent possessed APL card. Around 45.45 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 37.50 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 12.50 per cent of the semi medium and 50 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.97 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 3.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 24.24 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 57.58 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 72.73 per cent and 60.61 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 14.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (32.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (14.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.65%), inadequate extension services (20.59%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kanekal-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 84 per cent has non-gravelly and 15 per cent are gravelly.  About 6 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 21 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 11 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (18) 259 (47) Sapota 35 (6) 185 (34) Maize 97 (18) 228 (42) Guava 35 (6) 185 (34) Red gram - 251(46) Pomegranate 35 (6) 216 (39) Bajra - 251(46) Jackfruit 31 (6) 168 (31) Ground nut 35 (6) 307 (56) Jamun 31 (6) 95 (17) Sunflower - 234 (43) Musambi 35 (6) 216 (39) Cotton 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 35 (6) 216 (39) Bengalgram 31 (6) 325 (59) Cashew 35 (6) 121 (22) Chilli - 373 (68) Custard apple 132 (24) 224 (41) Tomato 97 (18) 245 (45) Amla 132 (24) 224 (41) Drumstick 35 (6) 216 (39) Tamarind 35 (6) 95 (17) Mulberry 35 (6) 168 (31) Marigold - 373 (68) Mango 35 (6) 47 (9) Chrysanthemum - 373 (68) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the seven identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.22 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Samabara, Kanikal and Balacheda villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 39.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 13.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 39.1per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (26.1 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 17.4 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 39.2 per cent of were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 12.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to large farmers. The dry land account for 91.8 % and irrigated land 5.8 % of total cultivated land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 91.3 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.31009 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.72963 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.20721 per livestock; about 77.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 891.9 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.9 per cent of sample farmers are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 40315 per household. About 8.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 2333.9 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1768.9 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.956979 per year for the total area of 547.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around (Rs 9011/ ha/year). Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 8287) followed by sorghum (Rs. 7408), redgram (Rs.6098), cotton (Rs. 5411), maize (Rs. 2465), green gram (Rs. 2258) and groundnut (Rs.1307).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around (Rs 2961/ ha/year). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4482) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2964), groundnut (Rs.2477) and paddy (Rs.1919).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum green gram (Rs.70127) followed by sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.52576), cotton (Rs.42847), maize (Rs.32384) groundnut (Rs.29424), and onion (Rs.10078). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (50.6%) followed by groundnut (15.5 %), cotton (7.9 %), maize (6.5 %), paddy (9.3 %), green gram (4.6 %), onion (1.8 %) and sorghum (3.7%).  In Kanikal 3 micro watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 13.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (15.4%), maize (46.2 %), groundnut (23.1%) and red gram (15.4 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 12.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (40.7 %), cotton (7.4 %), groundnut (29.6 %), paddy (14.8 %) and green gram (7.4 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 0.6 % of area. Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 8.9% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing. Cotton (10.9 %), groundnut (14.5 %), paddy (7.2 %) and red gram (60.2 %), Pogalapur (PGP) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (25.9%) and red gram (22.2 %), groundnut (29.6 %). Yadgir (YDR) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (28.6%) paddy (21.4%) and red gram (50.0 %). Bhimanahalli (BMN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (70.0%) and sorghum (30.0 %) on Belagundi (BGD) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 0.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (42.9), paddy (28.6%) and red gram (28.6%). Balichakra (BCL) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, Bomraldoddi (BMD) series are having Very deep soil deep cover around 6.3 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Gundedagi (GDG) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Vanakanahalli (VNK) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (25.0 %) and redgram (75.0 %). Duppali (DPL) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (4.8%), onion (4.8 %), paddy (4.8%) and red gram (85.7%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.75191/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.25460ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 52541/ha in SBR soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.24517/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.34). 4  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46066/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 22949/ha in GDG and BMD soil (with BCR of 1.0).  In maize cost of cultivation range between is Rs.53030/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.20504 in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In red gram cost of cultivation range between is Rs 52680/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 9514/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.3).  In paddy cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.53387/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and PGP soil in Rs.30141/ha (with BCR of 1.29) and onion cultivation in DPL soil is Rs 62108/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (34.8 to 72.8%), cotton (32.5to 66.3 %), red gram (2.4 to 79.8 %), groundnut (0 to 7.4 %), paddy (12 to 67.8%) and green gram (0 to 6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 233 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 81 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 43 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 86 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87 per cent of the area and sufficient in <1 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 62 (26) 107(46) Pomegranate - 123(52) Maize - 169(72) Guava - - Bajra - 169(72) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 74(31) Jamun - 5(2) Bengal gram 62(26) 108(46) Musambi 5(2) 118(50) Groundnut - - Lime 5(2) 118(50) Sunflower 5(2) 118 (50) Cashew - - Cotton 62(26) 107(46) Custard apple 62(26) 107(46) Chilli - - Amla - 169(72) Tomato - 1(<1) Tamarind - 5(2) Drumstick - 122(52) Marigold - 169(72) Mulberry - 117(50) Chrysanthemum - 169(72) Mango - - Jasmine - 46(20) Sapota - 1(<1) Crossandra - 54(23) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. The data indicated that there were 109 (53.23%) men and 94 (46.77%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.6, small farmers' was 1.6, semi medium farmers' was 2 and medium farmers' was 1.3.  The data indicated that, 52 (25.87%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (40.8%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (26.87%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.47%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Daddegallu-4 had 20.40 per cent illiterates, 38.31per cent of them had primary school education, 9.45 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.42 per cent of them had high school education, 4.98 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.99 per cent of them had diploma education, 1.99 per cent of them had degree education and 6.47 per cent of them did others.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.70 per cent of the household members, 4.98 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.99 per cent were in private service, 24.38 per cent were students, 0.50 per cent were housewives and 6.47 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 85.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of them possess bicycle, 20.00 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Auto and 35 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5071, mixer grinder was Rs 1,463, bicycle was Rs 1,480 motor cycle was Rs. 37,857, auto was Rs 48,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,268.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess Irrigation Pump, 8.57 per cent of them possess tractor, 11.23 per cent of them possess sprayer, 45.71 per cent of them possess weeder, 2.86 per cent of them harvester, 2.86 per cent of them thresher, 5.71 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.40,000 , plough was Rs. 2,380, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs,3,500 irrigation pump was Rs,10,00,000, 2 power tiller was 25,000, tractor was Rs 3,66,666, sprayer was Rs. 2,250, average value of weeder was Rs.33, average value of harvester was 30,000, the average value of thresher was Rs, 25 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs.36,500.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cows and 8.57 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.63, average hired labour (men) available was 9.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.34.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Daddegallu-4 micro-watershed possess 22.19 ha (53.79%) of dry land and 19.06 ha (46.21%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.80 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 6.40 ha (77.12%) of dry land and 1.90 ha (22.88%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.98 ha (34.72%) of dry land and 5.61 ha (65.28%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.55 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 455,071.14 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 471,974.53. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 554,266.75 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 312,460.47 for dry land and Rs. 1,053,304.89 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 335,142.47 for dry land and Rs. 498,989.91 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 363,362.53 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 15.41 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.46 ha, 5.91 ha and 4.27 ha respectively  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (28.05 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha), wheat (0.40 ha), cotton (1.72 ha) and sorghum (1.62 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Daddegallu-4 micro-watershed was found to be 77.81 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 37329.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35299.26. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -2030.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 25088.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32604.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 7515.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3.  The total cost of cultivation for wheat was Rs. 39197.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from wheat cultivation was Rs. - 20672.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.47.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 250587.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70269.08. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -180318.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.28.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 14835.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21211.13. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6375.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 38,015.79 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 45,771.43, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 84,120, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 82,550.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,261.33. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,222.00, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,718.37, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,780.00 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 5,750.00.  . The results indicate that, households have planted 32 neem, 2 banyan and 1 peepul trees in their field  The results indicate that, households average additional investment capacity of Rs, 5,960.00 for land development, for Rs,458.71 for irrigation facility, Rs, 4325.71 for improved crop production and Rs,657.14 for Improved livestock management.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 80 per cent for land development, 8.57 per cent for irrigation facility, 71.43 per cent for improved crop production and 17.14 improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent of the households for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton, sorghum, maize and wheat were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, about 20 per cent of the former sold their produce to Agent/ traders and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, about 91 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, about 20 per cent of the former sold their produce to 4 Agent/ traders and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 25.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 74.29 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.14 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 8.57 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 82.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 milk was adequate for 91.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 22.86 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 80 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (97.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (68.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), less rainfall (20%) and source of agri-technology information (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hyati-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 525 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soils and 9 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 11 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 5 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 86 per cent area in the microwatershed.  About 20 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur content is low (1.0 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 48 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 85 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 197 (37) 130 (25) Sapota 226 (43) 108 (21) Maize 159 (30) 166 (32) Pomegranate 226 (43) 108 (21) Bajra 263 (50) 80 (15) Musambi 226 (43) 108 (21) Groundnut 74 (14) 364 (69) Lime 226 (43) 108 (21) Sunflower 223 (43) 87 (17) Amla 281 (54) 197 (38) Red gram 223 (43) 87 (17) Cashew 37 (7) 297 (57) Bengalgram - 337 (64) Jackfruit 226 (43) 108 (21) Cotton 223 (43) 102 (20) Jamun 197 (37) 138 (26) Chilli 223 (43) 102 (20) Custard apple 281 (54) 197 (38) Tomato 223 (43) 102 (20) Tamarind 197 (37) 59 (11) Brinjal 87 (17) 341 (65) Mulberry 226 (43) 225 (43) Onion 66 (13) 363 (69) Marigold 197 (37) 129 (25) Bhendi 66 (13) 363 (69) Chrysanthemum 197 (37) 129 (25) Drumstick 226 (43) 201 (38) Jasmine 197 (37) 129 (25) Mango 197 (37) 59 (11) Crossandra 197 (37) 129 (25) Guava 37 (7) 297 (57)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SILENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that, 33 farmers were sampled in Hyati-1 micro watershed among them marginal farmers and small farmers were equally accounted 11 (33.33%), 8 (24.24%) were semi medium farmers and 3 (9.09 %) was medium farmer.  The data indicated that there were 88 (62.41%) men and 52 (36.88 %) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 3 and medium farmers were 6.  The data indicated that 11 (7.80%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (43.97%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (36.88 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (11.35%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of household member's results indicated micro watershed had 26.95 per cent illiterates, 26.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 27.66 per cent of them had high school education, 4.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.55 per cent of them had degree education and 0.71 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 64.54 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers and 13.48 per cent of them were students.  In case of marginal farmers 65.22 per cent were agriculturist, 21.74 percent were general labour and 10.87 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 65.31 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 18.37 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers 51.85 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture, 44.44 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 3.70 were students. In case of medium farmers, 78.95 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 21.05 per cent of them were students.  The results show that 0.71 per cent of them participated in self help groups and user group and 98.58 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 54.55 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 12.12 per cent of them possess Pucca house and 21.21 percent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results shows that 78.79 per cent of the households possess TV, 72.73 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 12.12 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 93.94 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value 2 of television was Rs.5653, mixer grinder was Rs.1966, motor cycle was Rs.40000, bicycle was Rs.800 and mobile phone was Rs.1788.  About 48.48 per cent of the households possess plough, 39.39 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 51.52 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 20 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 3.03 per cent of tractor and harvester respectively and 78.79 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1666, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18846, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 89, , the average value of harvester was Rs. 500 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.3941.  The results indicate that, 36.36 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 18.18 per cent of the households possess local cow, 9.09 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows and 3.03 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.09, average own labour (women) available was 1.24, average hired labour (men) available was 8.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.06.  The results indicate that, 63.64 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 36.36 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hyati-1 micro watershed possess 27.44 ha (40.55%) of dry land and 40.24 ha (59.45%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 2 de functioning bore wells in the micro watershed and bore well was the only major irrigation source for 39.39 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, there was on an average 20.36 ha of irrigated area.  The data regarding the cropping pattern results indicated that farmers have grown bajra (2.02 ha), chilly (0.49 ha), drumstick (1.17ha), groundnut (0.81ha), maize (16.49 ha), Navane (2.02 ha), pearl millet (2.43 ha), Red gram (4.12 ha), Sugarcane (8.45 ha), Sunflower (1.62 ha) and Bengal gram (1.90 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, chilly, Sajje, Red gram and Sugar cane. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, red gram, sugar cane, sunflower and Bengal gram. Semi medium farmers grown drumstick, maize, red gram, sugarcane and Bengal gram and Medium farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane, Sajje and sugarcane.  The cropping intensity was found to be 73.44 per cent. Cropping intensity was in case of Marginal farmers was 99.39 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 38.68 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 40734.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113208.33. The net income from 3 chilly cultivation was Rs.8680.82, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.78.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32562.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24947.00. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7615.25, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77.  The total cost of cultivation for Drumstick was Rs. 23248.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 204413.79. The net income from Drumstick cultivation was Rs. -7615.25, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.79.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 53918.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76076.00. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22157.52, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 51717.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49407.93. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -2309.11, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 17018.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13338.00. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -3680.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 42521.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64687.63. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 22166.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 183035.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 546275.20. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 363239.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.98.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 32361.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72046.51. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 39684.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 31113.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71136.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 40022.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.  The results indicated that, 101 tons of dry fodder and 67 tons of green fodder was available in studied micro watershed. The results indicate that, 21.21 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 9.09 per cent of marginal farmers, 27.27 per cent of small, 12.50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers. The data revealed that 21.21 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 42.42 per cent opined that green fodder is adequate.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengal gram, Chilly, Drumstick, Groundnut, Maize, Navane, Red Gram, Sugarcane and Sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 48.48 per cent of the farmers were sold their produce to agents/ traders, 21.21 per cent of them sold their produce to Local/Village 4 merchant, 18.18 per cent of them sold to regulated market and 24.24 per cent of the farmers sold to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 93.94 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport, 3.03 per cent used head load and 18.18 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 78.79 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel and another 24.24 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, Bore well was the major source for the drinking source for the households which was accounted 81.82 per cent followed by lake/tank (12.12 %) and piped supply (6.06%).  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 51.52 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 54.55 per cent of marginal, 45.45 per cent of small, 37.50 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 84.85 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 24.24 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included, 9.09 percent of the marginal and small farmers, 62.50 per cent of the semi medium and 33.33 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, only cereals were adequate for 100 percent of the households. Pulses were adequate for 36.36 per cent; oilseed (45.45 %), vegetables (54.55%), Fruits (18.18%), milk (69.70 %) and Egg was adequate for 48.48 percent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 27.27 per cent, milk was inadequate 33.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 9.09 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 12.12 per cent and meat was inadequate for 9.09 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 9.09 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (57.58%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.55%), inadequacy of irrigation water (3.03%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (12.12%), high rate of interest on credit (60.61%), low price for the agricultural commodities (12.12%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.82%), inadequate extension services (6.06%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (15.15%), less rainfall (100%) and Source of Agri-technology (72.73%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 698 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 550 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 3 ha by railway line, 69 ha by rock outcrops and about 75 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 52 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area very low (0.75%), 47 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 9 per cent is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of 3 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 10 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 60 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 77(11) Guava - - Maize - 77(11) Sapota - - Bajra - 77(11) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - 12(2) Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 65(9) Amla - 12(2) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 12(2) Jamun - - Tomato - 12(2) Custard apple - 12(2) Brinjal - 12(2) Tamarind - - Onion - 12(2) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 12(2) Marigold - 12(2) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 12(2) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (64.07%) men and 60 (35.90%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 4.88, small farmers' was 5.58, semi medium farmers' was 4, medium farmers' was 3 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 34 (20.36%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.71%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.75%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (10.18%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Khanahalli had 49.70 per cent illiterates, 20.36 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.20 per cent of them had middle school education, 11.98 per cent of them had high school education, 4.79 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent did ITI, 5.99 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 5.71 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.09 per cent of the household members, 4.19 per cent were agricultural laborers, 4.19 per cent were in private service, 22.75 per cent were students, 8.98 per cent were housewives and 4.79 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.40 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. Only 1 person was participating in cooperative banks.  The results indicate that 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 20 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8857, mixer grinder was Rs.2071, motor cycle was Rs.35333, auto was Rs.70000 and mobile phone was Rs.2014.  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of them possess plough and 65.71 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15000, plough was Rs.1500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.56.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 12.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.39.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Khanahalli micro-watershed possess 20.51 ha (49.14%) of dry land and 21.23 ha (50.86%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 7.95 ha (61.71%) of dry land and 4.93 ha (38.29%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.37 ha (45.07%) of dry land and 8.98 ha (54.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 5.30 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 419,057.01 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 546,064.42. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 788,707.16 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 339,389.31 for dry land and Rs. 972,600.52 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 244,285.72 for dry land and Rs. 567,944.10 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 395,200 for irrigated land and Rs. 169,694.65 for large farmers.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 39.28 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 4.91 ha, 8.98 ha, 2.02 ha and 5.30 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (21.03 ha), greengram (9.69 ha), paddy (3.64 ha), red gram (5.62 ha) and groundnut (1.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, green gram and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, greengram, redgram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown paddy and large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Khanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35529.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66963.04. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 31433.90, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.88. 3  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33159.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65178.06. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 32018.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 47842.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67616.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 19773.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 24367.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38615.62. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 14248.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 71772.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79766.38. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 7993.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 52,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 84,437.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 162,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 249,444.44, for medium farmers it was Rs. 230,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 400,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,398.47. For landless households it was Rs. 8,937.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,822.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,234.72, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,643.74, for medium farmers it was Rs. 118,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 210,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 lemon and 4 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 neem, 1 tamarind, 5 teak and 1 banyan tree in their field. Also, 7 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 98.33 per cent, greengram was sold to the extent of 80.49 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 75 per cent and redgram was sold to the extent of 78.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have carried head load as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 87.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 83.33 per cent of the small farmers, 88.89 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of 4 the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 91.67 per cent small farmers, 77.78 per cent of semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of the households also used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 17.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 37.50 per cent of the marginal, 66.67 per cent of the small, 22.22 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20 per cent, fruits were adequate for 28.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 62.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 80 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent and meat was inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (77.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (80%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.43%) and inadequate extension services (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundal-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 490 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 443 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by railway line, 8 ha by rock outcrops and 33 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 91 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 21 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 38 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 27 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 45 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 21 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum area of about 89 percent soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 percent soils are medium (51-100), 38 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent area is very low (9.0), soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominately 337kg/ha) and 73 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 24 percent is medium (10-20ppm), 60 percent area is low (20ppm) in available sulphur  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 62 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 29 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 176(36) 136(28) Guava - 7(1) Maize 49(10) 151(31) Sapota - 161(33) Bajra 162(33) 151(31) Pomegranate - 288(59) Groundnut - 161(33) Musambi 94(19) 284(40) Sunflower 66(14) 222(45) Lime 94(19) 284(40) Redgram - 288(59) Amla 103(21) 209(43) Bengal gram 127(26) 73(15) Cashew - 49(10) Cotton 101(21) 99(20) Jackfruit - 161(33) Chilli - 312(64) Jamun - 101(21) Tomato 49(10) 175(36) Custard apple 169(35) 143(29) Brinjal 57(12) 256(52) Tamarind - 101(21) Onion 46(10) 185(38) Mulberry - 161(33) Bhendi 7(1) 305(62) Marigold - 312(64) Drumstick - 288(59) Chrysanthemum - 312(64) Mango - 7(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Findings of the socio-economic survey  The survey was conducted in Mundal-1 is located at 16047'57.577'' to 160 45'44.961'' and East longitude 770 6'21.991'' to 7705'11.137'' covering an area of about 487.74 ha coming under Mudhanala, Bheemanagara and Yadgiri B villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) were landless, 22 (55%) were marginal, 7 (17.5%) were small farmers and 6 (15%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 122 (58.94%) men and 85 (41.06%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.5, small farmers' was 5.6 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  Majority of the respondents 52 (25.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (41.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (26.57%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (6.76%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 10.14 per cent of them had primary school, 10.63 per cent of them had Middle school education, 19.81 per cent of them had high school, 6.28 per cent of them had PUC, 4.83 per cent of them had degree and 0.48 per cent of them had masters education.  About, 12.50 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 85 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.50 per cent of the household heads were government services.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 5.8 per cent of the household members, 46.86 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.48 per cent were general labour, 1.45 per cent were government service, 1.93 per cent were were private service, 28.5 per cent student and 2.90 per cent were housewives and children.  100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 15 per cent of the households possess thatched, 40 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 45 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.5 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 7.5 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.5 per cent of the households posses auto and 87.5 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 35 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough and weeder, 2.50 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, sprinkler and harvester, and 12.5 per cent of the households possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 30 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo, goat and poultry birds, 2.50 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, sheep and pigs.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.75, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 8.3 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.55.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 32.43 ha (95.25%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (4.75%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 11.85 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.9 ha (100%) of dry land.  Semi medium farmers possess 10.68 ha (86.83%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (13.17 %) of irrigated land.  There were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 1 functioning and de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.5 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown cotton (10.62%), green gram (6.83 ha), horse gram (0.46 ha), jowar (3.44 ha), marry gold (0.13 ha), paddy (0.94 ha), red gram (7.06 ha), sorghum (1.2 ha).  The cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 97.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 82.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 50 per cent have savings.  About 15 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The sample households have borrowed 25 per cent from commercial and cooperative bank, 6.25 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends/relatives and SHGs/CBOs.  The average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 30,875.  The households possessed, 83.33 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possessed, 50 per cent of the households borrowed from Private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possessed, 50 per cent of the households fully paid and do not repay their loan from institutional sources.  The households possessed, 25 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 12.5 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from easy accessibility of credit and forced to sell the 3 produce at low price to repay loan in time and 37.5 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from higher rate of interest.  The households possessed, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Green gram, Red gram, Horse gram, Jowar, paddy and Sorghum was Rs. 28607.12, 94010.18, 49250.98, 53641.09, 33369.24, 81933.24 and 24536.53 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.05, 1:0.94, 1:2.04, 1:0.61, 1:1.36, 1:0.59 and 1:1.08, respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 7.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 10 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 87,545.45 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,428.57 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,583.33.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,982.72. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,505.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,442.18and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,847.22.  Sampled households have planted 2 coconut trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 1 eucalyptus and tamarind, 49 neem and 4 banyan trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,150 for land development, Rs. 125 for irrigation facility, Rs.600 for improved crop production and Rs.225 for improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 7.32 per cent for land development and 2.44 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock managemnet.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 12.2 per cent for land development, 7.32 per cent for improved crop production and 2.44 per cent for improved livestock management.  Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.44 for irrigation facility and improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 2.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders and cooperative marketing society, 70 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 17.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 22.50 per cent of the households have used truck and 70 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. 4  Majority of the households 67.5 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85%) were interested towards soil testing. and 12.5 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 95 per cent and 5 per cent of the households used used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  cereals were adequate for 92.5 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 52.5 per cent, milk were adequate for 82.5 per cent and egg were adequate for 65 per cent and meat were adequate for 32.5 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 7.5 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 10 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 82.5 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 47.5 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.5 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.50 per cent, egg were inadequate for 32.5 per cent and meat were inadequate for 67.5 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 90 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (87.5%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (35 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, high rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (82.5%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.5%), inadequate extension service (15%), less rainfall (12.5%) and Source of Agri-technology information (7.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 333 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 305 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 46 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 27 per cent is very low (57 kg/ha) in an area of 27 per cent.  About 72 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116(35) 48(14) Guava - 98(29) Maize 53 (16) 112(33) Sapota - 98(29) Bajra 53 (16) 144(43) Pomegranate - 161(48) Groundnut - 116(35) Musambi 50(15) 112(34) Sunflower 63(19) 65(19) Lime 50(15) 112(34) Red gram - 161(48) Amla 65(19) 99(30) Bengal gram 63(19) 101(30) Cashew - 65(19) Cotton 63(19) 101(30) Jackfruit - 65(19) Chilli - 197(59) Jamun - 96(29) Tomato 53 (16) 98(29) Custard apple 81(24) 83(25) Brinjal 128(38) 69(21) Tamarind - 99(29) Onion 108(33) 89(27) Mulberry - 65(19) Bhendi 75(23) 122(37) Marigold - 197(59) Drumstick - 161(48) Chrysanthemum - 197(59) Mango - 63(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were small farmers, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05 %) men and 73 (41.95 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 19 (10.92 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (54.60 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (25.86 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.62 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-2 had 62.64 per cent illiterates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school, 13.22 per cent of them had high school education, 5.75 per cent of them had PUC, 1.72 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.02 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.57 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.86 cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 cent of the household heads were Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.62 per cent of the household members, 5.17 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.45 per cent were in general labour, 2.30 per cent were private service, 20.69 per cent were Student, 8.05 per cent were housewives and 1.72 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 57.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,275, mixer/grinder was Rs. 5,300, Bicycle was Rs. 3,750, motor cycle was Rs. 63,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,832. 2  About 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Tractor, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 8.57 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,000, plough was Rs. 3,528, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 4,000, Tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,900, sprinkler was Rs. 9,250 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 90.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat, 8.57 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 11.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.61.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.61 ha (69.06 %) of dry land, 12.37 ha (30.94 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 418,122.53 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 476,709.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 633,479.67 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 401,853.96 for dry land and Rs. 893,239.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 438,461.54 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 191,878.53 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 De-functioning and 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and marginal had an irrigated area of 0.85 ha, 2.43 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (16.81 ha), green gram (10.84 ha), Paddy (6.72 ha) and red gram (2.09 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy and green gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-2 microwatershed was found to be 87.01 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 26607.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91581.57. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 64974.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.44.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 25425.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133070.48. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 107644.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 5.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 19845.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24572.82. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 4727.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 34785.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 209260.05. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 174474.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 6.02.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 154,283.33for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 179,458.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 521,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 443,541.67. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 64,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 109,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The results indicate that, households have planted 7 Coconut and 5 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 43 Neem, 1 Acacia, 1 Banyan, 4 Pongamia and 11 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,242.86 for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton and Green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 86.57 per cent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and Pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, Egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases were the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (85.71 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.86 %) and Less Rainfall (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosakanakapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 39 per cent is covered by soil, 19 per cent by Mining/Industrial area, 38 per cent by rock out crops and 4 per cent by water bodies,. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 45(9) Sapota - 16(3) Maize - 45(9) Pomegranate - 16(3) Bajra - 61(12) Guava - 16(3) Redgram - - Jackfruit - 16(3) Bengal gram - 45(9) Jamun - 16(3) Groundnut - 64(13) Musambi - 16(3) Sunflower - - Lime - 16(3) Cotton - 45(9) Cashew - 102(20) Chilli - 45(9) Custard apple - 151(29) Tomato - 49(9) Amla - 151(29) Brinjal - 90(18) Tamarind - - Onion - 90(18) Marigold - 45(9) Bhendi - 90(18) Chrysanthemum - 45 (9) Drumstick - 3(<1) Jasmine 45(9) Mulberry - 106(21) Crossandra 45(9) Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (57.89%) men and 80 (42.11%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.6, marginal farmers' was 2.1, small farmers' was 3.3, semi medium farmers' was 11.5 and medium farmers' was 0.60.  The data indicated that, 35 (18.42%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.63%) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (30%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (8.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hosakanakapura had 36.53 per cent illiterates, 0.53 per cent them had functional literate, 13.68 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.63 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.32 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.58 per cent had diploma 2.11 per cent them had ITI, 4.21 per cent of them had degree and 7.89 per cent of them had others education.  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 73.68 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent of households head were private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 13.68 per cent of the household members, 53.68 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.53 per cent were household industry, 3.68 per cent were private service 0.53 per cent were trade & business, 17.37 per cent were student, 3.68 per cent were housewife and 6.84 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.26 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 76.32 per cent of the households posses Katcha house, 10.53 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of the households possess semi Pucca houses.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 60.53 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 18.42 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 92.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,696, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,847, motor cycle was Rs.45, 714, and mobile phone was Rs.2, 308.  About 71.05 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of weeder was Rs. 56.  The results indicate that, 2.63 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.05 per cent of the households possess local cow 7.89 per cent possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 8.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.53.  The results indicate that 94.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hosakanakapura micro-watershed possess 20.24 ha (54.21%) of dry land and 17.10 ha (45.79%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.04 ha (86.14%) of dry land and 0.97 ha (13.86%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.60 ha (54.26%) of dry land and 6.41 ha (45.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.60 ha (54.44%) of dry land and 5.52 ha (45.56%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.20ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 503,779.24 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 643,076.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 927,077.74 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,068.13 for dry land and Rs. 826,452.02 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,760.73 for dry land and Rs. 543,255.14 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 357,280.62 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.11 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.92 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.97 ha, 6.41ha, 5.52ha and 2.17 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.16 ha), bajra (13.53ha), groundnut (4.05 ha), paddy (2.26 ha), sesamum (0.81ha), sugarcane (0.81 ha) and navane (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, groundnut, navane and bajra, while small farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hosakanakapura micro-watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34602.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62407.45. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 27804.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 42894.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27481.15. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -15413.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 20830.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13183.63. The net income from 3 Sesamum cultivation was Rs. -7646.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 26857.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 17569.93. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. -9287.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 31054.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000.00. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 215945.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.95.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 55327.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 131419.02. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 76091.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38.  The results indicate that, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was adequate for 18.42 per cent of the households  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 32,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 53,727.27, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,776.92, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 91,714.29and for medium farmers it was Rs. 121,312.50.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,322.43. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,812.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,935.90, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,448.98 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,000  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 17coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem, 2 tamarind and 12 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households average additional investment capacity of Rs, 5,026.32 for land development, Rs, 2,605.26 for irrigation facility, Rs, 2,868.42 for improved crop production, Rs, 657.89 for improved livestock management and Rs.736.84 for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 65.79 per cent for land development, 50 per cent for irrigation facility, 44.74 per cent for improved crop production and 13.16 improved livestock management. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 5.26 per cent of the households for land development, 2.63 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, paddy, sesamum and sugarcane were sold to the extent 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 94.37 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, about 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 68.42 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 21.05 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market.  The results indicated that, 76.32 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.79 per cent of them used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.63 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.47 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent of the households and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 2.63 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 55.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent of the sampled households not possessed card.  The results indicated that, 47.37 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.84 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 94.74 per cent and meat were adequate for 92.11 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.16 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.84 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.26 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 5.26 per cent and meat was inadequate for 7.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.79%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.95%), inadequacy of irrigation water (71.05%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.32%), low price for the agricultural commodities (15.79%), inadequate extension services (5.26%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (15.79%), less rainfall (15.79%) and Source of Agri-technology information (5.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Virapura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 826 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 54 per cent is covered by soils and 46 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 42 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 12 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 42 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 50 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 265(32) 46(6) Sapota 77(9) - Maize 77(9) 234(28) Pomegranate 77(9) 188(23) Bajra 77(9) 129(16) Guava 38(5) 39(5) Groundnut - 85(10) Jackfruit 77(9) - Sunflower 182(22) 83(10) Jamun 39(5) 142(17) Cotton 226(27) 84(10) Musambi 182(22) 83(10) Red gram 77(9) 188(23) Lime 182(22) 83(10) Bengalgram 188(23) 115(14) Cashew 38(5) 56(7) Chilli 77(9) 8(1) Custard apple 265(32) 63(8) Tomato 77(9) 8(1) Amla 77(9) 251(30) Brinjal 38(5) 289(35) Tamarind 39(5) 142(17) Onion 38(5) 63(8) Marigold 77(9) 234(28) Bhendi 38(5) 288(35) Chrysanthemum 77(9) 234(28) Drumstick 77(9) 188(23) Jasmine 77(9) 46(6) Mulberry 77(9) 100(12) Crossandra 77(9) 113(14) Mango 39(5) 38(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Virapura-1 microwatershed indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Virapura-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers, 7 (20 %) were semi medium farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 81 (54 %) men and 69 (46 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.41, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.28.  The data indicated that, 30 (20 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 61 (40.67 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (29.33 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (10 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Virapura-1 had 23.33 per cent illiterates, 31.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 8 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.67 per cent of them had high school education, 10.67 per cent of them had PUC, 2 per cent of them had Diploma and 4.67 per cent of them did Degree education.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.86 per cent each of the household heads were General Labour, Private Service, Trade & Business and Students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.33 per cent of the household members, 11.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2 per cent were General labourers and Private Service, 1.33 per cent were Trade & Business, 16.67 per cent were students, 2.67 per cent were housewives, 0.67 per cent were Dairy farm and 6.67 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV and 54.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle, 28.57 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.4,692, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,926, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 46,500 and mobile phones was 2,003. 2  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess Transplanter/Grinder and tractor, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 2,028, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,250, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 3,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,200, weeder was Rs. 133 and Tractor was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and buffalo and 5.71 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 18.10 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.10.  The results indicate that 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Virapura-1 micro-watershed possess 55.21 ha (100 %) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 9.62 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.81 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 17.54 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 16.24 ha (100 %) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 301,303.42. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 685,822.47 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 323,351.61 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 233,664.05 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,518.44 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Green gram (7.85 ha), maize (30.32 ha), Sunflower (5.48 ha), Chilly (3.24 ha), Groundnut (2.67 ha) and Red gram (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower and Chilly. Small farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower and Groundnut. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower, Groundnut and Red gram. Medium farmers had grown maize, Green gram and chilly.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Virapura-1 micro-watershed was found to be 67.77 per cent.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent each of the households have borrowed from Friends/Relatives and Grameena Bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 2,333.33.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from Private source.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30803.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82153.30. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 51349.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.67.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 26946.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51642.35. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 24695.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.92.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 21962.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95043.81. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 73080.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.33.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 15988.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39520. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 23531.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.47.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 37252.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46393.04. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 9140.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.25.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 24559.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49235.33. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 24675.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.0.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent was green fodder was adequate of the households. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 60,666.67for marginal farmers, it was Rs. 81,750 for small farmers, it was Rs. 99,285.71 for semi medium farmers and for medium farmers it was Rs. 128,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 47,830.48. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,233.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,933.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 42,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 12 neem, 1 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,000.29 for land development, Rs. 85.71 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 2,285.71 for improved crop production and Rs. 142.86 for Improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 54.29 per cent for land development, for 2.86 per cent each for irrigation facility and improved livestock management and for 51.43 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and Chilly was sold to the extent of 85.29 percent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 83.92percent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 64.29 percent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.01percent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 66.67 percent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed, Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent and Lake/ Tank was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed .  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card. 5  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 97.14 per cent and egg were adequate for 22.86 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, egg were inadequate were 80 per cent and meat were inadequate were 91.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil by 85.7176 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43 %), high rate of interest on credit (74.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hyati-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 313 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 3 per cent soils has sandy soils, 56 per cent has loamy soils and 14 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 57 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 1 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in about 71 per cent in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 57 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 65 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (23) 98 (31) Sapota 85 (27) 18 (6) Maize 12 (4) 157 (50) Pomegranate 85 (27) 18 (6) Bajra 86 (27) 125 (40) Musambi 85 (27) 18 (6) Groundnut 59 (19) 135 (43) Lime 85 (27) 18 (6) Sunflower 71 (23) 23 (7) Amla 94 (30) 131 (42) Red gram 71 (23) 23 (7) Cashew 59 (19) 44 (14) Bengalgram - 201 (64) Jackfruit 85 (27) 18 (6) Cotton 71 (23) 98 (31) Jamun 71 (23) 32 (10) Chilli 72 (23) 98 (31) Custard apple 94 (30) 131 (42) Tomato 72 (23) 98 (31) Tamarind 71 (23) 14 (4) Brinjal 23 (7) 98 (31) Mulberry 85 (27) 34 (11) Onion - 120 (39) Marigold 71 (23) 98 (31) Bhendi - 120 (39) Chrysanthemum 71 (23) 98 (31) Drumstick 85 (27) 24 (8) Jasmine 71 (23) 98 (31) Mango 71 (23) 14 (4) Crossandra 71 (23) 98 (31) Guava 59 (19) 44 (14)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 86 (55.13%) men and 70 (44.87%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' and small farmers' was 4.5, semi medium farmers' was 5.5 and medium farmers' was 3.5.  The data indicated that, 29 (18.59%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (36.54%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (12.82%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hyati-3 had 28.21 per cent illiterates, 0.64 per cent functional literate, 25.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.13 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.31 per cent of them had high school education, 10.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.92 per cent of them did ITI, 4.49 per cent of them had degree and 1.28 per cent of them had masters level education.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and agricultural labour and 2.94 per cent of the household heads were horticulture industry.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 40.38 per cent of the household members, 31.41 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.64 per cent were household industry, 1.28 per cent were private service, 21.15 per cent were students, 1.92 per cent were housewives and 3.21 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 67.65 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 23.53 per cent of them possess bicycle, 32.35 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 2.94 per cent of them possess landline phone.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,387, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,339, bicycle was 2,150, motor cycle was Rs. 39,618 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,652.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 38.24 per cent of them possess plough, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor and earth remover/duster, 14.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 85.29 per cent of them possess weeder, 11.76 per cent of them possess harvester.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20,000, plough was Rs. 1,238, tractor was Rs.300,000, sprayer was Rs.52,000, weeder was Rs. 56, harvester was Rs. 18,650 and earth remover/duster was Rs. 91. 2  The results indicate that, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 14.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and crossbreed cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 16.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.80.  The results indicate that 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hyati-3 micro-watershed possess 10.3 ha (32.61%) of dry land and 21.28 ha (67.39 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.11 ha (53.66%) of dry land and 1.82 ha (46.34%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.19 ha (69.73%) of dry land and 3.55 ha (30.27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.42 (100%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.48 ha (100%) irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 398,073.90 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 629,598.63. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 568,905.95 for dry land and Rs. 1,591,777.74 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,078.10 for dry land and Rs. 900,227.78 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers Rs. 507,474.32 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 334,990.96 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 58.82 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 62.81 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.82 ha, 3.35 ha, 13.17 ha and 4.48 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (15.75 ha), sugar cane (9.74 ha), bajra (2.72 ha), paddy (2.17 ha), Bengal gram (1.73 ha) and banana (1.01 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and sugarcane. Small farmers had groundnut, maize, sugarcane and bajra. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, sugarcane, Bengal gram and banana. Medium farmers had grown sugarcane and paddy. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hyati-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 98826.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 469300.00. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 370473.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.75. 3  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 35444.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58254.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 22809.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 20370.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42579.85. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 22209.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.09.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 18360.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37197.18. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 18836.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.03.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 33598.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49485.17. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 15887.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 63150.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 765490.94. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 702340.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.12.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 29.41 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 28,166.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs 53,307.14, for small farmers it was Rs. 134,185.45, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 279,600 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 275,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,288.05. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs.5,102.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,086.78, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,140.63 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 64,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 46 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 45 teak, 55 neem, 1 tamarind, 2 acacia and 3 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,971.47 for land development and Rs. 2,470.59 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 41.18 per cent for land development and 38.24 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 67.53 per cent, banana was sold to the extent of 95per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 50 per cent chilly, maize was sold to the extent of 99.71 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 40 per cent and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agents/traders, 52.94 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village 4 merchants, 17.65 per cent of them sold their produce to regulated market and 2.94 per cent of them sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used cart and truck and 73.53 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 85.29 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 85.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 26.47 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.76 per cent, milk were adequate for 82.35 per cent, egg were adequate for 73.53 per cent and meat were adequate for 70.59 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent, pulses and egg were inadequate for 17.65, oilseeds were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 11.76 per cent and meat were inadequate for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 14.71 per cent and milk were market surplus for 5.88 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 64.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.65%), inadequacy of irrigation water(67.65%), high rate of interest on credit (58.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities and inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market and less rainfall (20.59%) and Source of Agri-technology information (8.82%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project