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Systèmes de partis et types de structures gouvernementales dans les démocraties occidentalesIl existe quatre types de systèmes de partis dans les démocraties occidentales, le système de deux partis, le système de deux partis et demi, le système multi-parti avec parti dominant, et le système multi-parti sans parti dominant. Presque toutes les démocraties occidentales ont conservé le même type de parti tout au long de l'aprèsguerre. Chaque type a ses caractéristiques propres qui constituent autant de mécanismes automatiques d'équilibre. Les types de structures gouvernementales peuvent être définies par l'intermédiate des forces politiques qui se trouvent représentées au gouvernement, soit conjointement, soit successivement; ils peuvent également être définis en termes de stabilité. Au cours de l'après-guerre, le système multi-parti avec parti dominant semble avoir donné naissance à la forme de représentation la moins équitable; la stabilité gouvernementale paraît dépendre de la presence d'un seul, et non de deux partis importants.

Coccidioidomycosis is a deep-seated fungal infection that occurs exclusively in semiarid areas in the Americas. In Brazil, coccidioidomycosis occurs exclusively in rural areas in the northeast region and affects counties that are hit by recurrent droughts, poverty and economic stagnation. Since 1978, approximately 136 cases of the disease have been reported in Brazil, according to scientific publications. However, a lack of governmental epidemiological data as well as a similarity to tuberculosis have led scientists and experts to assume that a greater number of cases occur in the country, which are not diagnosed and/or reported. In this review, general characteristics of coccidioidomycosis are presented, followed by a description of the main clinical and epidemiological data of cases in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to discuss the inclusion of coccidioidomycosis in the list of neglected tropical diseases. We believe that the adoption of coccidioidomycosis as a neglected tropical disease will enable the creation of an effective epidemiological surveillance system and the development of feasible public health solutions for its control in vulnerable populations.

Objective. The goal of the study is to empirically assess the extent of partisan and incumbent gerrymandering in the 2000 congressional redistricting. Critics of congressional redistricting have argued that recent partisan gerrymandering severely undermines electoral competitiveness to the point of violating constitutional equal protection standards.Method. We first analyze the legal precedents and arguments central to the contemporary redistricting debate. We then analyze district‐level data measuring the change in a congressional incumbent's presidential party vote share before and after the 2000 redistricting. We conduct regression analyses that test for partisan and incumbent gerrymandering effects with an eye toward noting implications for the Voting Rights Act, particularly majority‐minority districting.Results. We find that recent redistricting significantly contributed to a further decline in electoral competitiveness; however, most of this decline in competitiveness came through incumbency protection, not partisan gerrymandering. Majority‐minority districts lost about 5 percent incumbent party vote share, though only 3 percent in southern states.Conclusion. Given these results, we conclude that the logic of partisan gerrymandering is at variance with the mandate of racial redistricting. One effect of establishing a strict judicial standard limiting statewide partisan biases would be to restrict states' capacity to draw majority‐minority districts.

In decentralized countries, national parties have both regional and national interests. We should therefore expect variation in national parties' policy positions on centre-periphery issues at the regional level. In order to test this hypothesis empirically, we content-analyze the regional-level manifestos of the two main national parties in Spain. We use a novel methodology that estimates national parties' policy positions along the centre-periphery dimension of competition. This methodology is an adaptation of the Comparative Manifestos Project national codification scheme to the regional electoral level. We show that the policy positions of national parties in Spain diverge between regions and that one of the main factors that accounts for this divergence is whether national parties have to compete for votes with regional parties. Adapted from the source document.

Gullner, staff member of the Forsa Survey Instit, analyzes the election result of the liberals (FDP). According to his findings, the distribution of an anti-Semitic leaflet by the FDP front person Mollemann shortly before the election & the following scandal had no measurable effects on the liberals' reputation. In the daily surveys during the pre-election days, the liberals had exactly 7.4% of the votes, their actual election result. The Mollemann affair had no effects. Adapted from the source document.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Whether a 1-year nationwide, government supported programme is effective in significantly increasing the number of smoking cessation clinics at major Swiss hospitals as well as providing basic training for the staff running them. METHODS: We conducted a baseline evaluation of hospital services for smoking cessation, hypertension, and obesity by web search and telephone contact followed by personal visits between October 2005 and January 2006 of 44 major public hospitals in the 26 cantons of Switzerland; we compared the number of active smoking cessation services and trained personnel between baseline to 1 year after starting the programme including a training workshop for doctors and nurses from all hospitals as well as two further follow-up visits. RESULTS: At base line 9 (21%) hospitals had active smoking cessation services, whereas 43 (98%) and 42 (96%) offered medical services for hypertension and obesity respectively. Hospital directors and heads of Internal Medicine of 43 hospitals were interested in offering some form of help to smokers provided they received outside support, primarily funding to get started or to continue. At two identical workshops, 100 health professionals (27 in Lausanne, 73 in Zurich) were trained for one day. After the programme, 22 (50%) hospitals had an active smoking cessation service staffed with at least 1 trained doctor and 1 nurse. CONCLUSION: A one-year, government-supported national intervention resulted in a substantial increase in the number of hospitals allocating trained staff and offering smoking cessation services to smokers. Compared to the offer for hypertension and obesity this offer is still insufficient.

AbstractBiotechnology is a rapidly expanding field of science that has led to the formation of a large number of companies that together form a significant sector within the Australian economy. Even though there has been considerable growth in the Australian biotechnology sector as a whole, a large percentage of Australian biotechnology firms are small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that suffer from a lack of funding and expertise. The development and management of effective strategic alliances are critical to the success and development of biotechnology firms as they provide opportunities to share resources and expertise, access funding and develop new ideas. However, developing and managing strategic alliances is fraught with difficulties which are compounded by size and resource asymmetries and the nature of the biotechnology market. In this paper, we identify the difficulties faced by biotechnology firms and examine the importance of knowledge management related to alliance formation and development with special reference to the Australian context. We examine the knowledge and expertise that are required to be effective in developing strategic alliances in the biotechnology sector and provide a framework for managing knowledge related to strategic alliances. We suggest that critical systems approaches, in particular creative holism, are needed to manage the various forms of knowledge associated with strategic alliances. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essence of national development is the development of the whole human being and the development of the entire Indonesian society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Development is not only pursuing physical or mental progress, but also pursuing harmony, harmony and balance. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright related to illegal copying of books in the Cahya Printing Bali photocopy business and to find out legal protection for book creators related to illegal book duplication in the Cahya Printing Bali photocopy business. The research method used is to use the empirical legal research method, which is to study the legal provisions that apply or what happen in reality in society. The results of the study show that the implementation of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning copyright related to illegal book duplication in the Cahya Printing Bali photocopy business has not been carried out due to lack of support from related parties, namely still weak policing and lack of socialization. Legal protection for book creators related to the copying of illegal books in the copy business of Cahya Printing Bali in protecting creators' rights, the government does not provide direct legal protection.

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to test the efficacy of providing prioritized warrant lists to patrol officers. A field experiment was carried out with the Greensboro (NC) Police Department. Warrant risk profiles were calculated from an analysis of historical offending; historical risk factors were used to implement prospective risk assessment for committing a violent crime while having an outstanding warrant issued during the field experiment. During the period from March 01, through July 31, 2019, people with warrants were randomly allocated to treatment or control. Outcomes included: number of warrants served, time to service, and average risk score of warrants served. Prioritization was not effective in promoting additional warrant service. No differences were found in the risk scores of people served. However, assessment of time to service suggested that warrants were served more quickly during the experimental period. Implementation of warrant prioritization had limited impacts; the process evaluation demonstrated the difficulty in modifying police patrol behaviors.

With a focus on the programmes of measures of the European marine Strategy Framework Directive, this work explores the expected and effective uses of economic valuation, and more widely of economic language, in support of the implementation of environmental public policy. In France, the programmes of measures were elaborated via meetings gathering central and decentralised administration members as well as stakeholders, both at national and sub-marine regions scales. A socio-economic and environmental impact assessment of new measures, presented as a cost-effectivness analysis, has been conducted by external consultants. Direct observations were conducted during 27 of those meetings.A content analysis of collected speeches shows that economic language (i.e. economic interventions and arguments) is hardly ever used. However the share of economic language within speeches increases once the impact assessment of new measures has been introduced. The lack of well defined and widely accepted objectives arising from the programmes of measures elaboration process partly explain why impact assessment struggled to find its place as a tool for supporting decision-making. The Programme of measures elaboration has then been analysed as a coordination process, requiring emergence of shared representations of marine environment issues, in a highly unpredictable context. The textual analysis of 25 interviews extracts, conducted with participants to the programme of measures elaboration process, highlights the coexistence of four representations of the Good environmental status. ; Avec pour cas d'étude les Programmes de mesures de la Directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin », cette thèse étudie les usages attendus et effectifs des évaluations économiques, et plus largement du langage économique, dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques d'environnement. En France, les Programmes de mesures ont été élaborés via des réunions rassemblant des membres des administrations centrales et déconcentrées ainsi que des parties prenantes, aussi bien au niveau national qu'à l'échelle des sous-régions marines. Une étude des incidences socio-économiques et environnementales des mesures nouvelles, présentée comme une analyse coût-efficacité, a été conduite par des bureaux d'études. Des observations directes ont été menées au cours de 27 de ces réunions.Une analyse de contenu des discours ainsi collectés montre un faible recours au langage économique (i.e. interventions et arguments économiques). Toutefois, la proportion de langage économique dans l'ensemble des discours augmente après la présentation des résultats de l'étude d'incidences. L'absence d'objectifs bien définis et majoritairement acceptés par les parties prenantes émergeant du processus d'élaboration des Programmes de mesures explique en partie la difficulté qu'a eue l'étude d'incidence à remplir son rôle d'outil d'aide à la décision. L'élaboration des Programmes de mesures a alors été analysée comme un processus de coordination entre agents, nécessitant l'émergence de représentations communes des problèmes d'environnement marin, dans un contexte de forte incertitude. Une analyse textuelle menée sur 25 extraits d'entretiens auprès de participants au processus d'élaboration des Programmes de mesures fait apparaître la coexistence de quatre représentations du Bon état écologique.

"The Obregonistas will Unify their Activities. EXCELSIOR. Mexico City. June 8th, 1927. The League of Obregonista Party Members will be formed. The President of the Board of Directors will be the Ex-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, B.A. Aaron Sáenz. The Vice President will be Engr. Luis L. León. / "Unificarán su actividad los Obregonistas". EXCELSIOR. México, D.F. Junio 8, 1927. Se constituirá la Liga de Partidos Obregonistas, en la mesa directiva será el Presidente, el ex-Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, Lic. Aarón Sáenz y el Vicepresidente el Ing. Luis L. León.