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The relationship between welfare state restructuring & child care policy in present-day Canada is investigated. An overview of the Canadian child care system & of Canadian women's participation in the labor force is presented; the Canadian system's ideological orientation is also compared to that of the American child care system. The development of Canada's child care policy is separated into three phases. Whereas the first phase (1966-1993) is characterized by prioritizing assistance to low-income male breadwinner families & the attempt to establish a national child care policy, it is noted that the child care system during the second phase (1993-1995) was strongly affected by the liberal government's implementation of social security reform & various financial & political difficulties. It is contended that the 1999 Social Union Framework Agreement between the federal & provincial governments has significantly influenced the child care system's present phase of development. Rather than form a comprehensive national child care program, it is concluded that Canada's welfare state has only succeeded in providing income support to low-income families. 56 References. J. W. Parker

State promotion of export oriented development in China through a system of special development zones contributed to both rapid economic growth and indiscriminate reproduction of special zones. Land use transformations have resulted in significant losses of arable land, and new state policies to conserve land and control land use through the revised Land Administration Law. Critical comparison of industrial development in the special zone phenonemon and the evolving land use disposition system demonstrates contradictory domestic political land economic policies of land development, land management, and land conservation. This analysis assesses land development trends in the south China coastal zone and adopts a geographical approach to examine the spatialities of the land use regime, across the administrative hierarchiy, in the nature of the distinct rural and urban land use markets, and in land monitoring problems. Problems revealed in the land disposition system demonstrate how the state's land use regime has promoted land development. New controls over land use coincided with the need to restrict service sector development in real estate and related industries at the onset of the regional economic downturn in 1997. (J Contemp China/DÜI)

The implications of US deployment of a national missile defense system for its international relations are contemplated. It is contended that political & technological developments have encouraged contemporary US policymakers to want to renegotiate the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. The effects of installing limited, moderate, & unconstrained national missile defense systems on US allies & adversaries throughout Europe, Asia, & the Middle East are considered. It is claimed that emergent threats to theater security have necessitated a revision of the ABM Treaty & that the renegotiation of the ABM Treaty will serve as a litmus test for future Russia-US relations. Although the ABM Treaty's revision is a principal concern for the US, Russia, & other European nations, it is stated that national missile defenses will ultimately be perceived as an Asian issue. The need for US policymakers to carefully consider the long-term & strategic consequences of deploying a national missile defense system is stressed. US-Russia collaboration in creating a boost-phase interceptor system is viewed as less likely to cause an international arms race & a reduction in crisis stability. 1 Table. J. W. Parker

Mixed electoral systems seek to combine elements from different voting methods so as to maximise the numbers of individually accountable constituency MPs, while achieving more proportional outcomes in terms of parties' representation. This paper looks in detail at two kinds of mixed systems: variants of the Additional Member System; and AV Plus (or SV Plus). We examine how they would have operated in British conditions during the 1990s—how ballot papers would be structured, how voters respond to them and what electoral outcomes would have resulted. Both approaches offer good prospects for achieving a consensus amongst electoral reformers on an alternative to first-past-the-post elections. We also show how the Jenkins Commission's proposals can be located within the broader development of 'British AMS' by the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties. In addition, we quantify the main impacts of the policy choices which the Commission made in designing the proposed system to be submitted to a referendum. The British case will be a key one for the wider debate in political science about the endogenisation of voting system changes within party systems.

Politics and education are two of the most important, albeit controversial, institutions that make up the framework of Canadian society. Both national institutions underwent a series of dramatic changes during the Cold War Era of the late 1950s and the early 1960s, and the situation was no different in Manitoba. Because of the rapid economic, political and social changes of the post-war period, governments found themselves trying to grapple with education policy in the most cost-efficient and results-oriented manner possible. The government administered by Progressive Conservative Premier Dufferin Roblin (1958-1967) inherited an education system that had not kept pace. Throughout its time in office, Roblin's administration made a number of significant changes to the education system, three of which will be examined at greater length in this thesis: school consolidation, the provision of enhanced public financing for private and parochial schools and the extension of Manitoba's university system. The purposeof this thesis will be to determine how the Roblin government addressed education, a policy area which generated considerable public debate. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

OBJECTIVES: Given the declining health status of the Russian population and the negative social impact of ongoing economic reforms, it is important to understand the nature and scope of Russia's innovations in health care financing. METHODS: Data on Russian health care and its financing were gathered from Russian newspapers and journals. US government agency reports, recent press accounts, and the authors' observations and interviews in Russia. RESULTS: The 1991 statutory basis for the Russian mandatory medical insurance system replaced the traditional, state-funded medical care system with a regional system principally reliant on an enterprise-based with-holding tax plus supplementation by local government and, to a minor extent, federal funds. The regional agent for distribution and management of these funds is a series of Territorial Health Insurance Funds. Implementation thus far has been highly uneven among territories. CONCLUSIONS: An insurance model patterned after the Western example may not be the optimal solution to Russia's current health financing problems. Given the chaotic nature of political and economic reform, Russia may simply not be ready for market-based medical insurance.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has had a tremendous impact as a moral platform requiring respect for the freedom & dignity of all, restoring & consolidating a process of normative development that had emerged during the 17th & 18th centuries, & giving more substance to the twin concepts of freedom & equality & their interrelationship. It has also expanded the content of human rights by combining 18th-century civil rights notions, 19th-century political rights, & 20th-century economic & social rights, & by calling for these rights to be made geographically universal, to be enjoyed throughout the world. Conceived as part of the international legal system envisaged in the UN Charter, the declaration has inspired an unprecedented evolution of international standard-setting at both the global & regional levels. The increasing impact of globalization may change the architecture of this order, since the nation-state is losing significant parts of its role. Human rights will have an essential integrating role to play in the normative system of the evolving world society, & the Universal Declaration has become the foundation on which that system of norms is built. Adapted from the source document.

In this work, the author analyses three basic requisites for the establishment of a comprehensive information system in Croatia: contemporary worldview, the latest state-of-the-art technology of the electronic media and the new rhetoric of tele-dialogue/polilogue. The author claims that, regarding the implementation of the latest technology, Croatia is on a par with the world (since we have links with the satellite and optical system and the number of the INTERNET subscribers is growing). However, the situation with the growth of political culture is not so rosy, since the media are still far from a constructive polilogue and mostly stoop to the ad hominem rhetoric. The bleakest situation is in the unpreparedness of journalists and citizens for active, participatory communication in powerful polilogist electronic media. + That is why the author advocates a speedier progress in all subsystems, since only through the synergetic linking of the new communicational technology with the new rhetoric of the polilogue, as well as with the responsibility of all the participants in public communication, a comprehensive Croatian information system may be developed. (SOI : PM: S. 215)

ABSTRACTThe Sagebrush Rebellion began in the late 1970s with the objective of transferring various categories of federally owned lands to the states. The movement was centered in western "public lands" states, where nearly half the total land area is in federal ownership. Within a relatively short period of time this objective was changed to one of "privatizing" federal lands, of selling these land into private ownership. While the Sagebrush Rebellion has been highly political in its activities, the movement can be viewed in the perspective of historical land disposition policies in the U.S. These policies were changed near the turn of the century from alienating public lands into private ownership to their retention and management by the federal government.Confusion over the economics of building a free enterprise system based on private property rights, and the costs associated with building such as system, appear to have been major factors in changing land policies. Two important aras in which this occurred were the Homestead Act of 1862 and timber. The provisions of the Homestead Act imposed heavy costs on settlers, and these costs caused a reaction against the economic system that was being built.

There is overwhelming evidence that the Criminal Justice System is failing to serve most victims of sexual assault in British Columbia. 994 out of every 1000 survivors of sexual assault in Canada either choose not to report the incident to police, or have their charges dropped by the system prior to a verdict. This paper analyzes the evidence as to why these two things occur, and asks, what can the B.C. Prosecution Service (BCPS) do to better serve at least some of these survivors? The recommendation is for the BCPS to significantly increase its use of, and support for, restorative justice as a victim-centered alternative justice mechanism, which can be better suited to meeting victims' justice needs in certain cases. The details of how such a system might work are outlined, and the feasibility of implementing it is assessed on a practical level. The paper concludes that there is sufficient existing capacity within restorative justice organizations, as well as robust stakeholder networks, political momentum, legal mechanisms, and survivor demand to move forward with a process to implement the recommendations made here.

Agriculture continues to present the regimes of the Communist world with some of their most important economic and political problems even after the trials of collectivizing are past. There are constant pressures, on the one hand, to make the collective system much more productive by improving organizational efficiency and raising the level of technology. On the other hand, the official ideology commits these regimes to eventually abolishing the collective system itself by transforming the collective farms into institutions of state property. There are indications, moreover, that this commitment may not be postponed indefinitely. The issue of how to establish a viable, permanent, and uniform organization of agriculture with completely nationalized enterprises has recurrently arisen in the Soviet Union over the last decade: in Khrushchev's "agro-town" proposal of the early 1950's, for example, with its implicit aim of eliminating the private plots of collective farmers, and in the later fairly large-scale experiments with a system of fixed wages in collective farms and with direct conversions of collective into state farms.

Political scientists make a sharp distinction between the terms "State" and "Government." A State is a group of individuals viewed as a politically organized unit. In the eyes of the law it appears as a corporate being possessing supreme authority and issuing commands in the form of laws addressed to those over whom it claims authority. A Government is the machinery or complexus of organs through which this state-being formulates, expresses, and enforces its will.In my preceding paper I dealt wholly with the Prussian conception of the State and had nothing to say regarding Prussian conceptions of Government. In this paper I shall have little to say regarding the Prussian theory of the State and shall devote myself almost wholly to a consideration of the Prussian governmental system. Of this system, however, I shall speak of but one of its features, namely, its strong monarchical character. In result there should appear what justification there is for the demand of the United States and of the Entente Powers for a modification of the Prussian system.

AbstractThe net zero transition requires concurrent and rapid decarbonisation in five major consumption‐production systems—transport, housing, industry, food and power. These systems differ in their public visibility and institutional makeup, as well as in their technologies. Transition politics needs dexterity to facilitate transformation of these multiple systems. Yet, there remain big contrasts in the rate of change of different systems. These are shown by the variation in the fulfilment of the 2020 system targets which were set in the 2009 UK Low Carbon Transition Plan. Comparison of the transition pathways of renewable electricity production and home insulation indicates that current UK net zero transition politics is poorly suited to the transformation of household energy use. A more proactive state and wider public participation are needed for a more effective place‐based approach. Environmental activism and populist backlash have focused attention on everyday transformative change. A new type of transition politics which engages with multiple systems is needed to rise to this urgent climate challenge.

This study aims to analyze and decompose the gap between White and non-White students' test scores observed in the Brazilian National Evaluation System of Basic Education (SAEB)—2015. To do so, proficiency equations were estimated for each student race group (White, Brown, Black, and Indigenous) using the recentered influence function method, which generalizes the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to any point in the grade distribution. The proficiency of White students is higher than the other groups of students, and this difference increases throughout the distribution. Black students exhibit the lowest average test score, behind the Indigenous and then the Brown students. At the lower and middle levels of the math test score distribution, the racial gap is mainly due to the characteristics effect, which represents the part of the proficiency differential that is explained by the differences in observable characteristics of students. However, the gap at the upper level of grade distribution is mainly due the structural effect, which results from non-observable issues, such as discrimination and stereotype threats.