LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CHUKKANAKALLU (4D4A1Y1b) MICROWATERSHED Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka ; Not Available
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chukkanakallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 574 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 70 per cent is covered by soils, 18 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. An area of about 17 per cent has loamy soils and 53 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 77 ha (13%) area has nearly level (0-1%) and 327 ha (57%) is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands in the microwatershed. An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 14 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 10 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 40 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 7 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 32 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent and 1.0 ppm) area. Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 24 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 38 (7) 202 (35) Sapota 62 (11) 4 (1) Maize - 241 (42) Pomegranate 62 (11) 142 (25) Bajra 62 (11) 206 (36) Musambi 76 (13) 128 (22) Groundnut - 95 (16) Lime 76 (13) 128 (22) Sunflower 47 (8) 154 (27) Amla 62 (11) 218 (38) Red gram 33 (6) 118 (20) Cashew - 66 (11) Bengalgram 38 (7) 228 (40) Jackfruit 62 (11) 4 (1) Cotton 71 (12) 170 (30) Jamun - 114 (20) Chilli 33 (6) 30 (5) Custard apple 100 (17) 180 (31) Tomato 33 (6) 30 (5) Tamarind - 120 (21) Brinjal 31 (5) 221 (39) Mulberry 62 (11) 154 (27) Onion 1 (<1) 74 (13) Marigold - 240 (42) Bhendi 1 (<1) 250 (44) Chrysanthemum - 240 (42) Drumstick 62 (11) 151 (26) Jasmine - 102 (18) Mango - 63 (11) Crossandra - 114 (20) Guava - 66 (11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 80 (55.56%) men and 64 (44.44%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 3.9, and semi medium farmers' was 4.6. The data indicated that, 33 (22.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 60 (41.67%) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (27.78%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.64%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Chukkanakallu-1 had 29.86 per cent illiterates, 33.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.50 per cent of them had high school education and 0.69 per cent of them did ITI education. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.25 per cent of the household members, 40.28 per cent were agricultural labourers, 23.61 per cent were students, 1.39 per cent were housewives and 3.47 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.69 per cent were in NGOs and 99.31per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.94 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 11.76 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 5.88 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house. The results show that 76.47 per cent of the households possess TV and mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of them possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,807, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,794, bicycle was 1,750, motor cycle was Rs. 42,083 and mobile phones was 2,015. About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 41.18 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and thresher, 5.88 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 23.53 per cent of them possess sprayer and 41.18 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,500, plough was Rs. 2,364, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,956, weeder was Rs. 285 and thresher was Rs.80. The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of them possess buffalo and sheep. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.44, average own labour (women) available was 1.09, average hired labour (men) available was 10.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.44. The results indicate that 17.65 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 82.35 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed possess 21.54 ha (71.72%) of dry land, 6.59 ha (21.95 %) of irrigated land and 1.90 ha (6.33 %). Marginal farmers possess 5.45 ha (90.83%) of dry land, 0.43 ha (7.15%) and 0.12 ha (2.02%) permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 11.90 ha (65.80%) of dry land, 4.40 ha (24.35%) of irrigated land and 1.78 ha (9.85%). Semi medium farmers possess 4.19 ha (70.41%) of dry land and 1.76 (29.59%) for irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368,968.43, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 636,832.41 and permanent fallow land was Rs. 394,148.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 669,302.16 for dry land, Rs. 1,165,094.40 for irrigated land and Rs.2,058,333.25 for permanent fallow land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 285,646.26 for dry land and Rs. 726,470.58 for irrigated land and Rs. 280,681.81 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,782.61 for dry land and Rs. 283,908.05 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and tank was the irrigation source for 2.94 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 19.80 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 4.40 ha, and 1.62 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (1.21 ha), maize (24.17 ha), sajje (1.30 ha), tomato (0.4 ha), watermelon (0.4 ha) and groundnut (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, sajje, tomato and groundnut. Small farmers had bajra, maize, sajje and watermelon. Semi medium farmers had grown maize. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed was found to be 99.83 per cent. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank. 3 The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 23,529.41. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 110600.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58420.07. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -52180.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.53. The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 41066.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37805.61. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 3260.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 74688.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79040.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 4351.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06. The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 26445.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 296400.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 269954.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.21. The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 59468.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79534.00. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20065.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34. The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.88 per cent was green fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent dry fodder was inadequate of the households. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 43,363.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,866.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 68,333.33. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 2,692.72. For landless households it was Rs. 3,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,012.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 1,549.52 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,388.89. The results indicate that, households have planted 1 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 30 neem, 3 tamarind, 4 acacia and 7 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, tomato and water melon was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 99.53 percent. The results indicated that, about 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 52.94 per cent of the sold their produce to regulated market. 4 The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used cart, 73.53 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.94 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card. The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 82.35 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 35.29 per cent, milk were adequate for 26.47 per cent and egg and meat were adequate for 23.53 per cent. The results indicated that, cereal were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 35.29 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were inadequate for 76.47 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 41.18 per cent, milk were inadequate for 52.94 per cent, egg were inadequate were 67.65 per cent and meat were inadequate were 55.88 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 2.94 per cent of egg and meat were market surplus of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 61.76 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (20.59 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (35.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.76%), high rate of interest on credit (23.53 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.82%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), less rainfall (50 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (26.47%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project