Search results

Die politische Landkarte im Nahen und Mittleren Osten löst sich auf. Syrien, Irak, Libyen, Jemen, Ägypten - die Liste der zerfallenden Staaten ist lang. Dafür entstehen konfessionell legitimierte Ordnungen oder neue Entitäten, die durch lokale Milizen und Warlords beherrscht werden. (IP)

In 2013, the Chinese central government launched a war on air pollution. As a new and major source of information, the Internet plays an important role in diffusing environmental news emotion and shaping people's perceptions and emotions regarding the pollution. How could the government make use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution? The paper investigates the causal relationship between web news emotion (defined by the emotional tone of web news) and air pollution (SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10) by exploiting the central government's war on air pollution. We combine daily monitoring data of air pollution at different levels (cities and counties, respectively the second and third administrative levels in China) with the GDELT database that allows us to have information on Chinese web news media (e.g. emotional tone of web news on air pollution). We find that a decrease of the emotional tone in web news (i.e. more negative emotions in the articles) can help to reduce air pollution at both city and county level. We attribute this effect to the context of China's war on air pollution in which the government makes use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution.

In 2013, the Chinese central government launched a war on air pollution. As a new and major source of information, the Internet plays an important role in diffusing environmental news emotion and shaping people's perceptions and emotions regarding the pollution. How could the government make use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution? The paper investigates the causal relationship between web news emotion (defined by the emotional tone of web news) and air pollution (SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10) by exploiting the central government's war on air pollution. We combine daily monitoring data of air pollution at different levels (cities and counties, respectively the second and third administrative levels in China) with the GDELT database that allows us to have information on Chinese web news media (e.g. emotional tone of web news on air pollution). We find that a decrease of the emotional tone in web news (i.e. more negative emotions in the articles) can help to reduce air pollution at both city and county level. We attribute this effect to the context of China's war on air pollution in which the government makes use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution.

In 2013, the Chinese central government launched a war on air pollution. As a new and major source of information, the Internet plays an important role in diffusing environmental news emotion and shaping people's perceptions and emotions regarding the pollution. How could the government make use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution? The paper investigates the causal relationship between web news emotion (defined by the emotional tone of web news) and air pollution (SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10) by exploiting the central government's war on air pollution. We combine daily monitoring data of air pollution at different levels (cities and counties, respectively the second and third administrative levels in China) with the GDELT database that allows us to have information on Chinese web news media (e.g. emotional tone of web news on air pollution). We find that a decrease of the emotional tone in web news (i.e. more negative emotions in the articles) can help to reduce air pollution at both city and county level. We attribute this effect to the context of China's war on air pollution in which the government makes use of the environmental news emotion as an informal regulation of pollution.

International audience This paper analyses the economic impact of agricultural research on productivity in France over the period 1959-2012. Adopting a dynamic time series model, we provide evidence that the impact of French agricultural research is in the range of values estimated for other countries, with the estimated long-run elasticity being 0.16, which corresponds to an internal rate of return of 22%. The estimated elasticity decreases at the beginning of the 1970s. Complementary analyses are developed to take into account the evolution of the priorities of public agricultural research (reorientation towards more fundamental objectives and focus on broader objective than productivity enhancement).

This paper makes the case for why safety nets are an important tool for managing the risk of natural hazards. The use of safety nets is advocated both ex ante, to prevent and mitigate the impact of natural disaster and ex post, to cope with the impacts of natural shocks. Firstly, the paper explores the implications of contextual factors to be taken into account in the design of an effective safety net system to respond to the needs generated by natural disasters. Learning from the responses to a number of recent natural disasters, a typology of the different types of natural hazards which require different approaches to reduce their risk is introduced. Secondly, the paper considers some 'guidelines' for improving the design and implementation of safety nets either to prevent and/or to recover from natural disasters. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations for more effective safety net and suggestions for addressing key issues are outlined.

To view the recordings of the keynote talks, click on "Link to full text" on the right of this page. The texts of the speeches are at the bottom under "Additional files." Moderator: Ivy Schweitzer (ENGL, WGSS) Speakers: Judith Byfield '80, Professor of History, Cornell University Mary Kelley, Ruth Bordin Collegiate Professor of History, University of Michigan Ivy Schweitzer is Professor of English and past chair of Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Dartmouth College. Her fields are early American literature, American poetry, women's literature, gender and cultural studies, and digital humanities. She is the author of The Work of Self-Representation: Lyric Poetry in Colonial New England, and Perfecting Friendship: Politics and Affiliation in Early American Literature, a member of the editorial board of the Heath Anthology of American Literature and editor of Volume A, and co-editor of The Literatures of Colonial America: An Anthology and Companion to The Literatures of Colonial America. She is the editor of The Occom Circle, a digital edition of works by and about Samson Occom, an 18th century Mohegan Indian writer and activist, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~occom/, and co-producer of a full-length documentary film entitled It's Criminal: A Tale of Prison and Privilege, https://www.facebook.com/ItIsCriminal/, based on the courses she co-teaches in and about jails. In 2018, she blogged weekly about the year 1862 in the creative life of Emily Dickinson, https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/whiteheat/, and co-edited with Gordon Henry a collection of essays in honor of the Occom Circle entitled Afterlives of Indigenous Archives. She is currently organizing screening and panels for It's Criminal, working on the second phase of The Occom Circle, and transforming the White Heat blog into an e-book. Judith A. Byfield is a Professor in the Department of History at Cornell University where she teaches African and Caribbean History. She received her B.A. from Dartmouth College and her Ph.D. from Columbia University. She is the author of The Great Upheaval: Women and Nation in Post-War Nigeria (Ohio University Press, forthcoming) and The Bluest Hands: A Social and Economic History of Women Indigo Dyers in Western Nigeria, 1890-1940 (Heinemann, 2002). She has co-edited several books: Global Africa (University of California Press, 2017) with Dorothy Hodgson; Africa and World War II, with Carolyn Brown, Timothy Parsons, Ahmad Sikainga, (Cambridge University Press, 2015) and Gendering the African Diaspora: Women, Culture, and Historical Change in the Caribbean and Nigerian Hinterland with LaRay Denzer and Anthea Morrison (Indiana University Press, 2010). Fellowships from Columbia, Dartmouth and Cornell universities supported her extensive research trips to Nigeria and the UK. Byfield has received several national fellowships as well: Fulbright Global Scholar (2018-2019); Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (2013-14); National Humanities Center - Hurford Fellowship (2007-08); National Humanities Endowment Fellowship (2003-04); and the Fulbright Senior Scholar Fellowship (2002-03). Beyond publications, Byfield contributes to the field through service on editorial and advisory committees. She serves on the editorial board for Cambridge University Press – New Perspective in African History. Byfield has served in numerous organizational capacities as well. She was Co-chair of the Program Committee for the Seventeenth Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Genders, and Sexualities (June 1-4, 2017) with Annelise Orleck and she is a former President of the African Studies Association (2011). Mary Kelley is the Ruth Bordin Collegiate Professor of History, American Culture, and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. The author, co-author, and editor of eight books, Kelley has contributed to the burgeoning study of the history of the book, merging the social history of book-making and the psychology of reading practice into an interdisciplinary approach to comprehending the role of literature in shaping civic life. Her publications include Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth Century America, The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women's Rights and Women's Sphere, The Portable Margaret Fuller, and Learning to Stand and Speak: Women, Education, and Public Life. She is the co-editor of An Extensive Republic: Print Culture, and Society in the American Republic, 1790-1840, the second volume of the collaborative History of the Book in America. Mary Kelley was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. A former member of the Board of Trustees at Mount Holyoke College, she has also served as a trustee for the American Antiquarian Society. In 2013-2014, she was the Society's Distinguished Fellow in Residence. Kelley has held the Times-Mirror Chair at the Huntington Library and has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Rockefeller Foundation. She has served on the Executive Board of the Organization of American Historians and on the editorial boards of the Journal of American History, the American Quarterly, Modern Intellectual History, the Journal of the Early Republic, the William and Mary Quarterly, and the New England Quarterly. Kelley has been president of the American Studies Association and the Society of Historians of the Early American Republic. The former Mary Brinsmead Wheelock Professor of History, Mary Kelley taught at Dartmouth College from 1977 until 2002. She chaired the Department of History and served as Co-Chair of the Women's Studies Program. Kelley was the John Sloan Dickey Third Century Professor in the Social Sciences from 1990 through 1996. She received the Dartmouth Distinguished Teaching Award in 1982 and was named the New Hampshire Teacher of the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1994.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus, may lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. People with HBV infection may have co-infections including HIV and other hepatitis viruses (hepatitis C or D), and co-infection may increase the risk of all-cause mortality. Chronic HBV infection increases morbidity and psychological stress and is an economic burden on people with chronic hepatitis B and their families. Radix Sophorae flavescentis, an herbal medicine, is administered most often in combination with other drugs or herbs. It is believed that it decreases discomfort and prevents replication of the virus in people with chronic hepatitis B. However, the benefits and harms of Radix Sophorae flavescentis for patient-centred outcomes are not known, and its wide usage has never been established with rigorous review methodology. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus placebo or no intervention in people with chronic hepatitis B. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, LILACS, Science Citation Index Expanded, Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP (CQVIP), Wanfang Data, and SinoMed. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (www.who.int/ictrp), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov/), and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for ongoing or unpublished trials. We conducted the last search in December 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised clinical trials, irrespective of publication status, language, or blinding, comparing Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus no intervention or placebo in people with chronic hepatitis B. We excluded polyherbal blends containing Radix Sophorae flavescentis. We allowed co-interventions when the co-interventions were administered equally to all intervention groups. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Review authors in pairs retrieved data from individual published reports and after correspondence with investigators. Our primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, and health-related quality of life. Our secondary outcomes were hepatitis B-related mortality, hepatitis B-related morbidity, and adverse events considered 'not to be serious'. We presented meta-analysed results as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed risk of bias using domains with pre-defined definitions. We conducted Trial Sequential Analyses to control the risk of random errors. We used GRADE methodology to evaluate our certainty in the evidence (i.e. "the extent of our confidence that the estimates of the effect are correct or are adequate to support a particular decision or recommendation"). MAIN RESULTS: We included 35 randomised clinical trials with 3556 participants. One trial compared Radix Sophorae flavescentis with placebo; the remaining 34 trials compared effects of Radix Sophorae flavescentis in addition to a co-intervention versus the same co-intervention. The included trials assessed heterogenous forms and ways of administering Radix Sophorae flavescentis (e.g. oral capsules, oral tablets, intravenous infusion, intramuscular injection, acupoint (a specifically chosen site of acupuncture) injection) with treatment duration of 1 to 24 months. Two of the trials included children up to 14 years old. Participants in two trials had cirrhosis in addition to chronic hepatitis B. All trials were assessed at high risk of bias, and certainty of the evidence for all outcomes was very low.Only one of the 35 trials assessed mortality; no deaths occurred. Ten trials assessed serious adverse events; no serious adverse events occurred. None of the trials reported health-related quality of life, hepatitis B-related mortality, or morbidity. Adverse events considered 'not to be serious' was an outcome in 19 trials; nine of these trials had zero events in both groups. Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus placebo or no intervention showed no difference in effects on adverse events considered 'not to be serious' (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.59; I² = 49%; 10 trials, 1050 participants). Radix Sophorae flavescentis showed a reduction in the proportion of participants with detectable HBV-DNA (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.68; I² = 56%; 29 trials, 2914 participants) and in the proportion of participants with detectable HBeAg (hepatitis B e-antigen) (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.76; I² = 19%; 20 trials, 2129 participants).Seven of the 35 randomised clinical trials received academic funding from government or hospital. Four trials received no funding. The remaining 24 trials provided no information on funding.Additionally, 432 trials lacked the methodological information needed to ensure inclusion of these trials in our review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The included trials lacked data on health-related quality of life, hepatitis B-related mortality, and hepatitis B-related morbidity. The effects of Radix Sophorae flavescentis on all-cause mortality and on the proportion of participants with serious adverse events and adverse events considered 'not to be serious' remain unclear. We advise caution in interpreting results showing that Radix Sophorae flavescentis reduced the proportion of people with detectable HBV-DNA and detectable HBeAg because the trials reporting on these outcomes are at high risk of bias and both outcomes are non-validated surrogate outcomes. We were unable to obtain information on the design and conduct of a large number of trials; therefore, we were deterred from including them in our review. Undisclosed funding may influence trial results and may lead to poor trial design. Given the wide usage of Radix Sophorae flavescentis, we need large, unbiased, high-quality placebo-controlled randomised trials in which patient-centred outcomes are assessed.

本文以美國官方已進入政府制度議程的人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence, AI)相關文件作為「國內層次」之分析文本,進行安全化的論述分析;分析單元部分,分別以「國家利益」、「國家安全」、「威脅來源」等字句類別,重新解析官方文本中的關鍵詞與重要概念,協助理解安全化語言的表述方式,以及倡議的對象與政策所望目標為何;至於在安全化論述的效果與影響上,則選取「國際層次」中與美國友好的國家,例如德法日等國對於美國官方文件中建構的AI安全化論述之反應,以了解區域其他國家是否在互動中肯認這樣的威脅觀點,進入區域安全複合體的合作架構並承擔相對的風險。研究發現上述文本或政治菁英中所討論的安全化(Securitization)架構,其「語言-行動」之論述建構順序為:美國政府資助包含「AI等STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, STEM)新興技術發展」、強調「技術突破以取得美國軍事、經濟和資訊優勢」、維持「美國本土防衛與國家安全」、以「確保美國國家利益」;而在AI議題倡導的角色上,前文分析可以發現已由早期的私人或民間企業自主性發展,透過美國國會「未來人工智慧法案」、總統行政辦公室「川普政府第一年科技政策重點」等官方文件,國家角色快速崛起,除了明確定位為國家戰略,並以政策工具來落實;此外,為了使其他國家認同這樣的安全化論述,並與美國形成安全聯盟,則進一步以中國經濟發展威脅作為載點,於文本中建構「中國傾其全力,積極獲取關鍵科技、智慧財產與發展新興高科技產業,以促進未來國家經濟發展及國防產業升級」、「世界各國(含美國)都是其目標,將威脅各國國家安全與利益」、「各國應與美國偕同一致加強合作,並積極防範中國的威脅」的論述。 ; This article uses the US official documents of artificial intelligence(AI) as the "domestic level" content to analyze the constructive process of "Securitization" discourse; The analysis units are divided into "national interest," "national security," and "the source of threats", to re-analyze the key words and important concepts in the official text, can help us to understand the way in which the sentence is expressed, and the object it desire to obtain in the very beginning; as for the outside effect of the "Securitization" discourse, the article select the American' allies as the "international level" units, such as Germany, France and Japan, to observer their policy stance and national attitude toward China's AI threats which was built by the US. It can help us to understand whether other countries in the region are willing to recognize such threats and step into the "regional security complex" and sharing relative risks with the US. This study found that the "Securitization" discourse has been constructed in the following order: US government to fund "the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, STEM) " technology"; to maintain its "military, economic and information advantages" from technological breakthroughs; to ensure US national security and national interests. In the role of advocator for AI issues, the early position of private enterprises has been taken rapidly by the rise of the country, and the level has been clearly defined as "National Strategy". Furthermore, in order to gain the like-minded recognition form other allies, the US further to post these threatening perspectives: "The aim of China's full efforts to actively acquire key technologies, intellectual property and develop emerging high-tech industry, is to promote its national economy and to upgrade national defense industry"; besides, China's rising will erode other countries interests and threat their national security; hence, all partners should strengthen the cooperation with the US, and actively prevent the threat from China.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies show that high circulating cystatin C is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of creatinine-based renal function measurements. It is unclear whether this relationship is causal, arises from residual confounding, and/or is a consequence of reverse causation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to use Mendelian randomization to investigate whether cystatin C is causally related to CVD in the general population. METHODS: We incorporated participant data from 16 prospective cohorts (n = 76,481) with 37,126 measures of cystatin C and added genetic data from 43 studies (n = 252,216) with 63,292 CVD events. We used the common variant rs911119 in CST3 as an instrumental variable to investigate the causal role of cystatin C in CVD, including coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. RESULTS: Cystatin C concentrations were associated with CVD risk after adjusting for age, sex, and traditional risk factors (relative risk: 1.82 per doubling of cystatin C; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.56 to 2.13; p = 2.12 × 10(-14)). The minor allele of rs911119 was associated with decreased serum cystatin C (6.13% per allele; 95% CI: 5.75 to 6.50; p = 5.95 × 10(-211)), explaining 2.8% of the observed variation in cystatin C. Mendelian randomization analysis did not provide evidence for a causal role of cystatin C, with a causal relative risk for CVD of 1.00 per doubling cystatin C (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.22; p = 0.994), which was statistically different from the observational estimate (p = 1.6 × 10(-5)). A causal effect of cystatin C was not detected for any individual component of CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Mendelian randomization analyses did not support a causal role of cystatin C in the etiology of CVD. As such, therapeutics targeted at lowering circulating cystatin C are unlikely to be effective in preventing CVD. ; The individual study sponsor(s) had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Dr. Isgum is supported by research grants from Pie Medical Imaging, 3Mensio Medical Imaging B.V., the NWO and Foundation for Technological Sciences under Project 12726, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, and the Dutch Cancer Society. Dr. Arpegård has received funding through the Stockholm County Council (combined clinical residency and PhD training program). Dr. Amouyel has received personal fees from Servier, Hoffman Laroche, Total, Genoscreen, Alzprotect, Fondation Plan Alzheimer, and Takeda outside of the submitted work; and has shares in Genoscreen. Dr. Morris is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science under grant number WT098017. Dr. Worrall has received compensation for his role as deputy editor of the Journal of Neurology; and has received National Institutes of Health funding through the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U-01 NS069208) and National Human Genome Research Institute (U-01 HG005160). Dr. Samani is supported by the British Heart Foundation (BHF); and is a National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator. Dr. Nelson is supported by the BHF. Dr. Franco works in ErasmusAGE, a center for aging research across the life course funded by Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.), Metagenics Inc., and AXA; Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.), Metagenics Inc., and AXA had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Dr. Patel is supported by a BHF Intermediate Fellowship. Dr. Koenig has received funds through NGFNplus, project number 01GS0834; has received research grants from Abbott, Roche Diagnostics, Beckmann, and Singulex; has received honorarium for lectures from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, and Actavis; and has served as a consultant for Novartis, Pfizer, The Medicines Company, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Jukema is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Dr. Svensson has received a grant from the Swedish Society of Medicine (SLS-412071). Dr. Kivimaki has received funding through the Medical Research Council (K013351), Economic and Social Research Council, and National Institutes of Health (HL36310). Dr. Dehghan is supported by a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant (VENI, 916.12.154) and the EUR Fellowship; and has received consultancy and research support from Metagenics Inc. (outside the scope of this work). Dr. Ingelsson is supported by grants from Göran Gustafsson Foundation, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20140422), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse), European Research Council (ERC-StG-335395), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (Diabetesfonden; grant no. 2013-024), and the Swedish Research Council (VR; grant no. 2012-1397). Dr. de Bakker is an employee of Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Ärnlöv was funded by the Swedish Research Council (2012-1727, 2012-2215), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Thuréus Foundation, the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Dalarna University, and Uppsala University. Dr. Asselbergs is supported by a Dekker scholarship-Junior Staff Member 2014T001–Netherlands Heart Foundation and UCL Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVgenes-at-target). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

The problem of child labor has moved from a matter of regional and national concern to one of international debate and possible global persuasion and policy intervention. In crafting policy for mitigating this enormous problem of our times, it is important to start with a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the phenomenon. What gives rise to child labor, and what are its consequences? What interventions might end child labor without hurting children? A well-meaning but poorly designed policy can exacerbate the poverty in which these laboring children live, even leading to starvation. The article surveys the large and rapidly growing literature on this subject, focusing mainly on the new literature based on modern economic theory and econometrics. It also looks at some of the broad policy implications of these new findings, with the objective of contributing to better informed discussion and policy design.

Maatalouden ympäristöongelmien ratkaisu on joutunut vastakkain institutionaalisen epämääräisyyden kanssa. Maatalouden ympäristötuki, joka on merkittävin maatalouden ympäristöpolitiikan keino Suomessa, ei ole kyennyt tuottamaan lupaamiaan ympäristöhyötyjä. Vaikka ympäristötuen keinovalikoimaa on uudistettu useaan otteeseen, vesistöjen ravinnekuormituksessa ei ole havaittu haluttuja vaikutuksia. Ympäristötuki on ollut myös hidas reagoimaan maatalouden tuotantorakenteessa tapahtuneisiin muutoksiin. Kun politiikkaa tehdään institutionaalisen epämääräisyyden tilassa, politiikan toimeenpanovaihe voi osoittautua merkitykselliseksi monessakin mielessä. Ympäristötuen toimeenpanon aikana eri toimijat eivät ainoastaan etsi parhaita sovellusmahdollisuuksia politiikkakeinoille; samanaikaisesti he myös neuvottelevat ympäristönhoidon merkityksestä ja tavoista sekä uudistavat käsityksiä oikeudenmukaisesta ympäristöpoliittisesta interventiosta. Tämä tuli selkeästi ilmi väitöstutkimuksessani, jossa tarkastelin maatalouden ympäristötuen toimeenpanokäytäntöjen merkitystä politiikan toteutuksessa. Tutkimusta varten seurasin toimeenpanon eri vaiheita käytännössä ja haastattelin hallinnon ja viljelijöiden edustajia Etelä-Pohjanmaalla ja Varsinais-Suomessa vuosina 2000-2006. Toimeenpanosta saatuja kokemuksia on kuunneltava herkällä korvalla nyt kun maatalouden ympäristötukea taas uusitaan osana EU:n yhteistä maatalouspolitiikkaa. Tutkimustulosten mukaan ympäristötuen toimeenpano on synnyttänyt poliittisen tilan missä keskustellaan siitä mitä sitoutuminen ympäristönhoitoon merkitsee. Korostamalla standardoituja ympäristönhoitomenetelmiä sekä tulotuellisia elementtejä, ympäristötuet ovat kyseenalaistaneet perinteiset arvot hyvästä maataloudesta, tulonmuodostuksesta ja viljelyyn tarvittavasta tiedosta. Näistä arvoista on tullut uhanalaisia asioita, jotka vaativat viljelijöiltä aktiivista sitoutumista ja uudelleen tulkintaa. Viljelijöiden uudelleen tulkinnat eivät tyhjene ympäristönhoidon ja tuotannon väliseen kahtiajakoon vaan korostavat ympäristönhoidon tilanteista luonnetta. Tällä hetkellä ympäristötuen keinot eivät tue ja motivoi viljelijöitä ympäristönhoidon tilakohtaiseen kehittämiseen. Ympäristötuen toimeenpanon aikana on kuitenkin syntynyt käytäntöjä, joissa ympäristönhoidon tilannekohtaisuus on pyritty huomiomaan paremmin. Tulokset korostavat kunnallisten maaseutusihteerien ja neuvojien merkitystä politiikan ja käytännön välisinä tulkkeina sekä paikallisten suunnitelmien ja projektien merkitystä eri toimijat yhteen tuovina käytäntöinä. Nämä käytänteet ovat osoittautuneet tärkeiksi kohdennettaessa toimia ympäristön kannalta kriittisille alueille, mutta myös rakennettaessa luottamusta eri toimijoiden välille. Tutkimustulokset korostavat myös rutiinien merkitystä politiikan toimeenpanossa. Suomen maatalouden ympäristötuen toimeenpanosta saadut tulokset osoittavat, että maataloushallinto on ottanut vastuun perustuen toimeenpanosta, kun taas ympäristöhallinnon toimet ovat keskittyneet erityistukien toimeenpanoon. Keskittyessään perustuen toimeenpanoon maataloushallinto vahvistaa ympäristötuen tulonjakoon ja kansalliseen tasavertaisuuteen liittyviä tavoitteita, kun taas erityistukien toimeenpano keskittää ympäristöhallinnon toimet irrallisten peltolohkojen tasolle. Rutinoituessaan toimeenpanotehtävät tuottavat tämän jaon tuotannollisten ja ympäristönhoidollisten intressien välille aina uudelleen ja uudelleen samalla vahvistaen maatalouden ympäristöpolitiikassa vallalla olleita toimintamalleja ja toimijoiden välisiä suhteita. Tulevaisuuden ympäristöpolitiikkaa kehitettäessä on tärkeää tunnistaa miten vallalla olevia ympäristöhallinnan toimintamalleja uudistetaan, kyseenalaistetaan tai voimistetaan osana politiikan toimeenpanoa. Näiden elementtien välisten jännitteiden kriittinen arviointi on herkän ja refleksiivisen ympäristöpolitiikan edellytys. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan tärkeintä on uudistaa politiikkakeinoja siten, että tuotannon ja ympäristönhoidon välisestä dikotomiasta päästään eroon. Ympäristönhoidon tilannekohtaisuus voi tarjota yhden lähtökohdan politiikkauudistuksille. Samalla on tunnistettava, miten maataloustuotannon rakenteelliset muutokset vaikuttavat ympäristönhoidon ehtoihin tiloilla. ; Finnish agri-environmental policy has not met the environmental goals it has set for itself. The agri-environmental schemes, which came into force in 1995 upon Finland s accession to the European Union, introduced a major shift in Finnish agri-environmental policy. They promised a new approach to agri-environmental governance, suggesting that farmers should be paid for providing environmental goods and practicing environmentally sound farming. They also introduced a new form of cross-sectoral and multi-level practice to policy implementation. However, despite the changes in cultivation practices, the nutrient loads have not decreased as was hoped for. The resolution of agri-environmental problems seems to have run aground on institutional ambiguity. Currently established political institutions lack the power to deliver the required policy results on their own; new institutions, practices and systems of meaning are needed. Maarten Hajer has stressed that where policy making and politics takes place in an institutional ambiguity, we should pay attention to a double dynamic: actors not only deliberate to get to favourable solution for particular problems, but while deliberating they also negotiate new institutional rules, develop new norms of appropriate behaviour and devise new conceptions of legitimate political intervention . If we are to understand the failures experienced within agri-environmental policy, we need a careful analysis of how doing politics as well as governing environment, are being (re)negotiated and experimented alongside policy deliberation. In this study, I take up this challenge by examining the following empirical questions 1) how actors in charge of implementation translate the agri-environmental policy objectives into practice, how these practices depend on one another and co-evolve as they interact; 2) how farmers translate agri-environmental schemes into farming practices and how commitment to agri-environmental management emerges; and 3) how various actors are brought together during implementation, to deliberate upon agri-environmental management. In order to analyse the confronted institutional mbiguities, I bring together discussions from environmental policy analysis and Science and Technology Studies (STS). The empirical studies brought to bear on this synthesis are based on case studies carried out in South Ostrobothnia and Southwest Finland during the years 2000 2006. The empirical results of this study highlight that the implementation of the schemes has become a central site of politics. By emphasising standardised management procedures and income support, the agri-environmental schemes have questioned the values of good farming, livelihood bases, farmers experiential knowledge and care for the land. These values have become endangered attachments, which require active commitment. Something new has arisen as a result of the implementation of the agri-environmental schemes: political action, which deliberates on commitments. These commitments treat environmental management as something which builds upon the potentials available at a particular farm in a given socio-material environment. During implementation, I detected several moments and practices which were responsive to commitments. The results stress the role of local rural officials and advisors as buffers between policy and practice, and the importance of local plans and projects in bringing the various actors together to deliberate on agri-environmental management. These practices have become important to building trust among multiple actors and linking individual actions to environmentally effective collective action. Furthermore, they propose rather different scales and institutional rules of action for effective agri-environmental management, compared to existing policy measures. They suggest that the more fl exibly policy measures and technologies can move across various policy levels, and become part of various actors commitments, the more powerful they can evolve. Empirical results gained from the implementation practice highlight that if we are to understand the institutional ambiguities posed by the resolution of agri-environmental problems, we should not only analyse how new institutional rules and commitments are deliberated upon, but also how new policy requirements become routines, and how these routines relate to past policies, practices and actor positions. The results gained from the implementation of Finnish agri-environmental policy are interesting in this respect. The results highlight how, in practice, the agricultural sector has taken ownership of the General Protection Scheme (GPS), which stresses the welfare effects on a national scale; whereas the actions of the environmental sector focus on the Special Protection Scheme implemented on a plot scale. During routinised implementation tasks, the tight association between vertical policy measures and the horizontal implementation network enacts the division between agricultural and environmental concerns in agri-environmental policy, whilst maintaining continuums with past policies, practices and actor positions. In agri-environmental policy, many policy tools and technologies are explicitly developed to maintain their form and stability as they travel from the ministry to the farms. This is seen as affi rming the justness and equity of the policy instruments. The results of this study have shown how such standardisations may enact strong rigidities within the policy system as they are implemented in practice, and consequently restrain the policy from renewal. An open and active examination of various policy phases is needed if we are to understand the institutional ambiguities posed by the resolution of agri-environmental problems. Implementation practices may enact both rigidities and novelties within the system of governing. A constant (re)evaluation of these should be an integral part of an attentive environmental policy. I hope the methodological tools developed in this study can help social sciences in taking more active role in this major endeavour.

Section 1 - ANT as an intellectual practice -- Why and how should we distinguish between modes of doing ANT? / Daniel López Gómez -- How to make concepts with ANT? / Adrian Mackenzie -- Is ANT a critique of capital? / Fabian Muniesa -- How to use ANT in inventive ways so that its critique will not run out of steam? / Michael Guggenheim -- Is ANT's radical empiricism ethnographic? / Brit Ross Winthereik -- Can ANT compare with anthropology? / Atsuro Morita -- How to write after performativity? / José Ossandón -- Section 2 - Engaging dialogues with key intellectual companions -- What can ANT still learn from semiotics? / Alvise Mattozzi -- What can ANT learn from the anthropology of writing? / Jerome Pontille -- What else besides publics could ANT learn from pragmatism? / Noortje Marres -- What is the relevance of Stengers to ANT? / Martin Savransky -- Would we have been better off if ANT had indeed flagged its Deleuzian roots by being called actant-rhizome ontology? / Casper Bruun Jensen -- Why does ANT need Haraway for thinking about (gendered) bodies? / Ericka Johnson -- How does thinking with dementing bodies and A.N. Whitehead reassemble central propositions of ANT? / Michael Schillmeier -- Section 3 - Illicit trading zones of ANT - critical provocations -- What so often goes wrong when people become interested in the non-human? / Nigel Clark -- How to stage a convergence between ANT and Southern Sociologies? / Marcelo C. Rosa -- Is ANT capable of tracing spaces of affect? / Derek McCormack -- What possibilities would a queer actor-network theory generate? / Kane Race -- How can ANT learn from contemporary art? / Francis Halsall -- How to care for our accounts? / Sonja Jerak Zuiderent -- What might ANT learn about difference from Chinese medicine? / Wen-Yuan Lin -- Section 4 - Translating ANT beyond science and technology -- But what about race? / Amade M'charek & Irene Oorschot -- What might we learn from ANT for studying health care issues in the majority world, and what might ANT learn in turn? / Uli Beisel -- What is the value of ANT research into economic valuation devices? / Liliana Doganova -- How does ANT help us rethink the city? / Alexa Färber -- Can ANT cope with subjectivity? / Arthuro Arruda Leal Ferreira -- Why do maintenance and repair matter? / David Denis -- Section 5 - The sites and scales of ANT -- Are parliaments still today privileged sites for studying politics and liberal democracy and at what price? / Endre Danyi -- Is ANT equally good in dealing with local, national, and global natures? / Kristin Asdal -- What happens to ANT, and its emphasis on the socio-material grounding of the social, in digital sociology? / Carolin Gerlitz & Ester Weltervrede -- How do ANT and architectural notions of sites speak to each other? / Albena Yaneva and Brett Mommersteeg -- Does the South Korean city of Kyongju make a specific difference to how ANT can think the category of place? / Robert Oppenheim -- What is ontologically challenging about Paraguayan soybeans when they enter the courtroom? / Kregg Heatherington -- Section 6 - The uses of ANT for public-professional engagement -- Can ANT be a form of activism? / Tomás S. Criado and Israel Rodríguez-Giralt -- Has ANT been helpful for public anthropology after the 3.11 disaster in Japan? / Shuhei Kimura & Kohei Inose -- How can we to move beyond the dialogism of 'the parliament of things' and the 'hybrid forum' when rethinking participatory experiments with ANT? / Claire Waterton and Emma Cardwell -- How well does ANT equip designers for socio-material speculations? / Alex Wilkie -- How to run a hospital with ANT? / Yuri Carvajal Bañados -- Index

part Part I Police Reform and Administration -- chapter 1 Clive Emsley (1982), 'The Bedfordshire Police 1840-1856: A Case Study in the Working of the Rural Constabulary Act', Midland History, 7, pp. 73-92 -- chapter 2 Jenifer Hart (1955), 'Reform of the Borough Police, 1835-1856', English Historical Review, 70, pp. 411-27 -- chapter 3 Jenifer Hart (1956), 'The County and Borough Police Act, 1856', Public Administration, 34, pp. 405-17 -- chapter 4D.J.V. Jones (1983), 'The New Police, Crime and People in England and Wales, 1829-1888', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 33, pp. 151-68 -- chapter 5R.M. Morris (1974), 'The Metropolitan Police Receiver in the XIXth Century', Police Journal, 47, pp. 65-74 -- chapter 6 W. O'Brien (1852), 'The Police System of London', Edinburgh Review, 94, pp. 1-33 -- chapter 7 Henry Parris (1961), 'The Home Office and the Provincial Police in England and Wales—1856-1870', Public Law, pp. 230-55 -- chapter 8 David Philips and Robert D. Storch (1994), 'Whigs and Coppers: The Grey Ministry's National Police Scheme, 1832', Historical Research, 67, pp. 75-90 -- part Part II Changing Patterns of Policing -- chapter 9 Clive Emsley and Mark Clapson (2002), 'Recruiting the English Policeman c. 1840-1940', Policing and Society, 3, pp. 269-85 -- chapter 10 Barry Godfrey (2002), '''Private Policing and the Workplace -- chapter 11 Stephen Inwood (1990), 'Policing London's Morals: The Metropolitan Police and Popular Culture, 1829-1850', London Journal, 15, pp. 129-46 -- chapter 12 Bryan Jerrard (1982), 'Early Policing Methods in Gloucestershire', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 100, pp. 221-40 -- chapter 13 Robert D. Storch (1975), 'The Plague of the Blue Locusts: Police Reform and Popular Resistance in Northern England, 1840-57', International Review of Social History, 20, pp. 61-90 -- chapter 14 Robert D. Storch (1976), 'The Policeman as Domestic Missionary: Urban Discipline and Popular Culture in Northern England, 1850-1880', Journal of Social History, 9, pp. 481-509 -- chapter 15 Michael Weaver (1994), 'The New Science of Policing: Crime and the Birmingham Police Force, 1839-1842', Albion, 26, pp. 289-308 -- part Part III The New Police - Ireland (The Royal Irish Constabulary) -- chapter 16 Tadhg Ó Ceallaigh (1966), 'Peel and Police Reform in Ireland, 1814-18', Studia Hibernica, 6, pp. 25-48 -- chapter 17 Gregory J. Fulham (1981), 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-38, Eire-Ireland, 16, pp. 93-106 -- chapter 18 W.J. Lowe and E.L. Malcolm (1992), 'The Domestication of the Royal Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, 19, pp. 27-48 -- chapter 19 W.J. Lowe (1994), 'Policing Famine Ireland', Eire-Ireland, 29, pp. 47-67 -- chapter 20 W.J. Lowe (1998), 'The Constabulary Agitation of 1882', Irish Historical Studies, 31, pp. 37-59 -- chapter 21 Elizabeth Malcolm (2000), '''The Reign of Terror in Carlow -- part Part IV International Comparisons -- chapter 22 Clive Emsley (1999), 'A Typology of Nineteenth-Century Police', Crime, Histoire et Societies/Crime, History and Societies, 3, pp. 29-44 -- chapter 23 Wim Mellaerts (2000), 'Criminal Justice in Provincial England, France and the Netherlands, c. 1880-1905: Some Comparative Perspectives', Crime, Histoire et Societies/Crime, History and Societies, 4, pp. 19-52 -- chapter 24 Wilbur R. Miller (1975), 'Police Authority in London and New York City 1830-1870', Journal of Social History, 8, pp. 81-101.