Changing conditions within international trade as well as the implementation of the facilitation and security paradigm have signifi cantly impacted the structure of customs law. Both the SAFE Framework as well as the Trade Facilitation Agreement had indicated the need to maintain a balance between regulations introducing simplifi cations and those ensuring safety and security. One example of such a solution is the institution of the authorised economic operator (AEO), which grants those entities opportunities to take advantage of a number of simplifi cations, such as the fi ling of the simplifi ed customs declaration, making entries in a registry, or performing self-assessments, but, at the same time, maintains the requirement of safety and security (through a detailed audit of the enterprise before AEO certification). However, by allowing authorised economic operators to perform selfassessment in respect of goods that have entered into the customs territory of the European Union and are to be released for trade, EU legislators have created signifi cant challenges concerning the realm of safety and security, especially concerning the institution that is the most important within that area – that of customs controls. Despite all this, its importance to safety and security remains distinctive and may be seen in the emergence of new types of customs controls which concern only this particular sphere. ; Mirosława Laszuk - m.laszuk@pb.edu.pl ; Dana Šramková - sramkova.dana@seznam.cz ; Mirosława Laszuk - is a Ph.D., a D.Sc. and an Assistant Professor at the Department of Management, Economics and Finance, Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland. ; Dana Šramková - is an MBA, an assistant professor at the Faculty of Law, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, a member of the Legislative Council of the Czech Government, Commission on Financial Law and the Remonstrance Commission of the Czech Minister of Finance for customs area. ; Mirosława Laszuk - Bialystok University of Technology, Poland ; Dana Šramková - Masaryk University, Czech Republic ; Behar A., Venables A. J., Transport Costs and International Trade, (in:) A. de Palma, R. Lindsey, E. Quinet, R. Vickerman (eds), Handbook of Transport Economics, Northampton 2011. ; Czermińska M., Strategiczne działania usprawniające i zwiększające bezpieczeństwo w transgranicznym ruchu towarowym w Unii Europejskiej – elektroniczny system celny, "Studia i Prace Wydziału Nauk Ekonomicznych i Zarządzania" 2015, no. 4. ; Czyżowcz W., Gafrikova V., Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne i ryzyko celne w przedsiębiorstwie działającym na międzynarodowym rynku towarowym, (in:) S. Wojciechowska-Filipek, J. Klepacki and A. Jackiewicz (eds) Przedsiębiorczość i zarządzanie w rozwoju ekonomicznym, "Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie" 2017, Volume XVIII, no. 9, part II. ; Danet M., A framework of standards to secure and facilitate global trade, https://www.porttechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PT25–15.pdf. ; Gellert L., Th e entry summary declaration in the context of risk management, "Customs Scientific Journal" 2014, vol. 4, nо. 2. ; Głodowska A., Liberalizacja handlu towarami przemysłowymi na forum wielostronnym GATT/WTO. Implikacje dla Polski, (in:) S. Wydymus, A. Hajdukiewicz (eds.) Liberalizacja handlu a protekcjonizm : korzyści i zagrożenia dla wymiany handlowej Polski, Warsaw 2015. ; Gwardzińska E., Świadectwo AEO jako gwarant bezpieczeństwa usług celnych w międzynarodowym łańcuchu dostaw, (in:) K. Pieniak-Lendzion, T. Nowogródzka (eds.), Siedlce 2014. ; Gwardzińska E., Laszuk M., Masłowska M., Michalski R., Prawo celne, Warsaw 2017. ; http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/safe_package.aspx. ; https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/prog/csa-pad/menu-eng.html. ; Kurowski L., Ruśkowski E., Sochacka-Krysiak H., Kontrola finansowa w sektorze publicznym, Warsaw 2000. ; Lasiński-Sulecki K., Rudyk T., Śpiewak M., Tytuł III. Przepisy stosowane wobec towarów wprowadzonych na obszar celny Wspólnoty do czasu otrzymania przeznaczenia celnego, (in:) W. Morawski (ed.), Wspólnotowy Kodeks Celny. Komentarz, Warsaw 2007. ; Laszuk M., Kontrola oparta na analizie ryzyka – wybrane problemy, "Monitor Prawa Celnego i Podatkowego" 2015, no. 5. ; Laszuk M., Uwarunkowania kontroli celnej w multicentrycznym systemie prawa, Warsaw 2019. ; Liu J., Tan Y., Hulstijn J., IT Enabled Risk Management for Taxation and Customs: Th e Case of AEO Assessment in the Netherlands, (in:) M. A. Wimmer, H. J. Scholl, M. Janssen, R. Traunmuller (eds), Electronic Government 8th International Conference, EGOV 2009. ; Messerlin P. A., Zarrouk J., Trade facilitation: Technical regulations and customs procedures, "World Economy" 2000, vol. 23, no. 4. ; Portugal-Perez A., Wilson J. S., Why trade facilitation matters to Africa, "World Trade Review" 2009, vol. 8, no. 3. ; Wilson J., Mann C. and Otsuki T., Trade Facilitation and Economic Development: Measuring the Impact, Th e World Bank, Washington 2003. ; Wolff gang H. M., Dallimore C., Th e World Customs Organization and its role in the system of world trade: an overview, "European Yearbook of International Economic Law" 2012, vol. 3. ; WTO, Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_e.htm. ; Zysk W., Umowa Trade Facilitation Agrement (TFA) szansą rozwoju eksportu produktów fair trade, "Studia i Prace WNEIZ" 2018, no. 53. ; 26 ; 5 ; 9 ; 21
Die Europäische Währungsunion (EWU) umfasst heute 16 Staaten mit insgesamt 321 Millionen Einwohnern, sie ist mit einem Bruttoinlandsprodukt von 22,9 Billionen Euro einer der größten Wirtschaftsräume der Erde. In den nächsten Jahren wird die EWU durch die Aufnahme der 2004 und 2007 beigetretenen neuen EU-Länder weiter wachsen. Da der Beitritt von der Erfüllung der Kriterien von Maastricht abhängt, erfolgt die Erweiterung im Gegensatz zur 5. Erweiterungsrunde der EU nicht als Block, sondern sequentiell. Nach den Beitritten von Slowenien am 1.1.2007 und der Slowakei zum 1.1.2009 steht der Beitritt eines ersten großen Landes in den nächsten Jahren bevor. Daher stößt die Frage der Effekte eines solchen Beitritts seit geraumer Zeit auf breites Interesse in der ökonomischen Literatur. Das Forschungsziel der Dissertation ist es, die theoretischen Wirkungsmechanismen eines Beitritts der neuen Mitgliedsländer zur Europäischen Währungsunion abzubilden. Hierzu werden mögliche stabilitätspolitische Konsequenzen sowie die Auswirkungen eines Beitritts auf die geografische Wirtschaftsstruktur und das Wachstum dieser Länder in theoretischen Modellen abgeleitet. Die direkten Effekte des Beitritts werden in einem angewandt-theoretischen Modell zudem quantifiziert. Insgesamt wird der Beitritt aus drei verschiedenen Perspektiven analysiert: Erstens werden die Konsequenzen der Währungsunion für die Stabilitätspolitik der neuen Mitgliedsländer im Rahmen eines neukeynesianischen Modells betrachtet. Zweitens werden die mit der Transaktionskostensenkung verbundenen Gewinne in einem angewandten Gleichgewichtsmodell quantifiziert. Drittens werden die wachstumstheoretischen Wirkungen der Finanzmarktintegration in einem dynamischen Gleichgewichtsmodell untersucht. Da die drei Aspekte der makroökonomischen Stabilität, der Transaktionskostensenkung und der dynamischen Wirkungen der Finanzmarktintegration weitgehend unabhängig voneinander auftreten, ist die Verwendung verschiedener Modelle mit geringen Kosten verbunden. In der Gesamtbeurteilung des EWU-Beitritts der neuen EU-Länder kommt diese Arbeit zu einer anderen Einschätzung als bisherige Studien. Die in Teil eins ermittelten stabilitätspolitischen Konsequenzen sind entweder neutral oder implizieren bei Beitritt zur Währungsunion eine größere Stabilität. Die in Teil zwei und drei ermittelten statischen und dynamischen Gewinne eines Beitritts sind zudem erheblich, so dass ein schneller Beitritt zur Währungsunion für die neuen EU-Mitgliedsländer vorteilhaft ist. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ziele der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion (EWWU) müssen hierzu jedoch zwei Bedingungen erfüllt sein. Einerseits sind hinreichend entwickelte Finanzmärkte notwendig, um das Ziel einer Konvergenz der neuen und alten EU-Mitgliedsländer zu erreichen. Andererseits wird der Gesamtraum von einer stärkeren Finanzmarktintegration und einer Senkung der Transaktionskosten profitieren, jedoch durch die Übertragung von Schocks der neuen Mitgliedsländer instabiler. Daher kann der Beitritt der neuen Mitgliedsländer zur EWU für den Gesamtraum negativ sein. Diese Kosten sind nur dann zu rechtfertigen, falls über die schnellere Entwicklung der neuen Mitgliedsstaaten eine höhere Stabilität des Währungsraumes erzielt wird. Das neukeynesianische Wachstumsmodell gibt Hinweise, dass eine solche Entwicklung eintreten könnte. ; The European Monetary Union consists of 16 member states, is inhabited by 321 million people and has a joint GDP of 22.9 trillion Euros. It is one of the largest economic areas in the world. In the next years the Eurozone will growth further, eight remaining new EU member states will join after their fulfillment of the Maastricht criteria. This makes accession rather sequential, Slovenia joined in 2007, Slovakia in 2009 and Estonia is about to join the Eurozone in 2010. However, these rules open the opportunity for a new EU-member state to postpone membership of EMU in violating the Maastricht criteria like Sweden. The contribution of my Ph.D. thesis is to derive channels of the impact of an EMU accession on the macro-economy. To this aim, I analyze the effects of accession on stability, growth and the geographical structure within theoretical models. The static effects of accession are quantified within a computable equilibrium model. In the conclusions I answer the question whether there are economic reasons for a new member state to avoid EMU membership. The thesis is organized in three parts reflecting three perspectives of accession. Within the first main chapter, the effects of accession on stability are analyzed within a dynamic general equilibrium framework (DSGE). After a short discussion of the effects of monetary arrangements on the stability of an economy, I analyze the well-known arguments of the theory of optimum currency areas. Thereafter the model is used to analyze the transmission of shocks within the monetary union. The second main chapter of the thesis is related to static effects of accession. I show that in five new member states gains from accession outpace costs. Nevertheless, the gain from accession varies among accession countries and economic activities. Overall, small open economies tend to benefit to a greater extent than medium-size, more closed economies. In the third main chapter of the thesis a multiregional growth model is developed. In this model further integration leads to more efficient financial markets which foster growth. Nevertheless, like in all new economic geography (NEG) models, there could be the outcome of a catastrophic agglomeration. Capital could move from poor accession countries to rich western Eurozone countries. To prevent such a catastrophic agglomeration, financial markets should show a minimum degree of development. The conclusion of the thesis supports the accession of new member states to the Eurozone. I argue that the consequences of EMU accession will be either neutral or positive for the accession countries. Since these countries tend to be more instable, they could gain from an equalization of shocks within the Eurozone. The static effects outpace the costs of accession. Within the last years we saw huge progress in the integration of new EU-member states into the international financial system. A catastrophic agglomeration should therefore be unlikely. However, market capitalization remains low and bank lending is less profitable than in western EU-countries so that a risk remains which could justify a postponement of accession.
Telegrams exchanged between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the following people: Congressmen, Military staff, Mayors, Presidents of Municipal Committees for the National Revolutionary Party, the President of the Tlaxcalteca Reconstruction Anti reelection Party, the Pro-Vuelo México-Buenos Aires Committee, the Peasant and Workers Confederation of Chiapas, relatives, his personal secretary Soledad González, the Socialist Party of the Southeast, the Esmeralda Liberal Party from Coahuila, the District Federation of Peasants San Cristóbal de las Casas, the Ejidatarios League from Tampico, the District Federation of Peasants Villa Flores from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, and Senators. The aforementioned telegrams concern: reports on the social peace in Chiapas and endorsement of the Governor Victórico R. Grajales, a request to lend a railroad car, which is approved, a request to reenlist in the Army, information about Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' health status, report about dealing with a matter (it is not specified what matter), requests for appointments, a request to mediate in the election conflict in Tlaxcala, confirmation of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' appointment as Honorary President of the Pro-Vuelo de México Committee, a request to remove the President of the Technical Testing Council of the Department of Alcoholic Beverages, protests against Gen. Pérez Treviño's decisions on matters of Conventions of the National Revolutionary Party, confirmation of installing the District Convention in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, requests for appointments, notice about greetings, information about the launching of the pre-nomination of Lázaro Cárdenas as presidential candidate of the Republic for the District Convention of Mérdida, Yucatán, Puebla, Zumpango, Tlaxcala t Tluxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, requesting for assistance to provide safety guaranties to the Julio Madero's supporters, requesting information about Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' health status, report on Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' ailments, Soledad González informs of some fixing to Manuel's papers, reply of acknowledgement, report on the transaction for beans sales by the Association of Produce Growers of the Mayo River, request for helping with a job reinstatement, a request for funds submission to pay salaries, confirmation of the shipping of merchandise to Sinaloa, which will be picked up at the station, introduction and approval of Angel Silva manager of the National Bank of Agricultural Credit as commissioned to organize the rice growers, report on the shipping of merchandise (it doesn't specify what) to Mazatlán, Sinaloa, granting appointments, a complaint about being fired, a request to assist with the establishment of rights to own ejidos [farming land] in Tampico. / Telegramas entre el Gral. PEC, Diputados, Gobernadores, Militares, Presidentes Municipales, Presidentes de Comités Municipales del Partido Nacional Revolucionario, Presidente del Partido Reconstructor Antirreeleccionista Tlaxcalteca, Comité Pro Vuelo México-Buenos Aires, Confederación Campesina y Obrera de Chiapas, familiares, Secretaria Particular Soledad González, Partido Socialista del Sureste, Partido Liberal Esmeralda de Coahuila, Federación Distrital Campesinos San Cristóbal las Casas, Liga de Ejidatarios de Tampico, Federación Distrital Campesina Villa Flores de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chis. y Senadores, acerca de: informes sobre paz social en Chiapas y adhesiones al Gobernador Victórico R. Grajales, solicitud de préstamo de carro de ferrocarril el cual se autoriza, solicitud de reingreso al Ejército, reportes sobre el estado de salud del Gral. PEC, notificación sobre estar tratando asunto (no se especifica más), solicitudes de audiencia, solicitud de intervención en conflicto electoral de Tlaxcala, notificación de designación del Gral. PEC como Presidente honorario del Comité Pro Vuelo de México, solicitud de destitución del Presidente de la Junta Técnica Calificadora del Departamento de Alcoholes, protestas contra decisiones del Gral. Pérez Treviño en el asunto de las Convenciones del Partido Nacional Revolucionario, notificación de instalación de Convención Distrital en Ciudad Victoria, Tamps.; solicitudes de audiencia, notificación de saludos, informe sobre la ratificación de la pre candidatura de Lázaro Cárdenas a la Presidencia de la República por parte de la Convención Distrital de Mérida, Yuc., Puebla, Zumpango, Tlax., Huixtla y Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chis., solicitud de ayuda para la impartición de garantías a los partidarios de Julio Madero, solicitud de informes sobre la salud del Gral. PEC, informe sobre el tipo de afecciones que padece el Gral. Calles, Soledad González notifica de arreglos a la documentación de Manuel, respuestas de enterado, informe sobre operación comercial de venta de frijol por parte de la Asociación Productores del Río Mayo, solicitud de apoyo para reinstalación en empleo, solicitud de envío de fondos para pago de sueldos, notificación sobre envío de mercancía destinada al estado de Sinaloa para que sea recogida en la estación, presentación y aprobación de Angel Silva, Gerente del Banco Nacional de Crédito Agrícola como comisionado para organizar a los productores de arroz del país, informe de envío de mercancía (no se especifica más) a Mazatlán, Sin.; concesión de audiencias, queja por destitución de empleo, solicitud de ayuda para establecer los derechos de posesiones de ejidos en Tampico.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Narayanpet-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm). About 83 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface. Entire area of about 87 per cent has non-gravelly lands. About 75 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 2 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of 9 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 10 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 77 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 3 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm). Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc. The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Narayanpet-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 506 (85) Sapota - - Maize - 519 (87) Guava - - Red gram - 490 (82) Pomegranate - 490 (82) Bajra - 504 (84) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 450 (75) Sunflower - 490 (82) Musambi - 490 (82) Cotton - 505 (85) Lime - 490 (82) Bengalgram - 505 (85) Cashew - - Chilli - 503 (84) Custard apple - 505 (85) Tomato - - Amla - 505 (85) Drumstick - 490 (82) Tamarind - 450 (75) Mulberry - - Marigold - 505 (85) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 505 (85) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group. The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2 The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280. About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land. The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent. The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4 The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent. The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf4Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 506 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 168 ha area is covered by rock outcrops and 16 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 506 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 26 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm). About 35 per cent loamy soils and 39 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 27 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 8 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 26 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil. About 72 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 1 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed. Available potassium content is high (>337 kg/ha) in 48 per cent area and medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 10 per cent area in the microwatershed. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of area in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34 (5) 67 (10) Guava - 34 (5) Maize 34 (5) 67 (10) Sapota - 34 (5) Bajra 34 (5) 67 (10) Pomegranate - 93 (13) Groundnut - 34 (5) Musambi - 93 (13) Sunflower - 93 (13) Lime - 93 (13) Redgram - 101 (15) Amla 34 (5) - Bengal gram - 59 (9) Cashew - - Cotton - 93 (13) Jackfruit - 34 (5) Chilli 34 (5) 59 (9) Jamun - - Tomato 34 (5) - Custard apple - 93 (13) Brinjal 34 (5) - Tamarind - - Onion 34 (5) - Mulberry - 34 (5) Bhendi 34 (5) 59 (9) Marigold 34 (5) 59 (9) Drumstick 34 (5) - Chrysanthemum 34 (5) 59 (9) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 94 (55.62%) men and 75 (44.38%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers were 7. The data indicated that, 29 (17.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (49.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (25.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.28%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-4 had 56.83 per cent illiterates, 14.79 per cent of them had primary school, 11.83 per cent of them had Middle school education, 11.83 per cent of them had high school, 4.73 per cent of them had PUC, 4.14 per cent of them had diploma, 1.18 per cent of them had ITI and 0.59 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.97 per cent of the household members, 24.85 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.59 per cent were government and private service, 18.34 per cent student, 4.73per cent were housewives and 5.92 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,812, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,240, motor cycle was Rs. 47,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,682. About 37.14 per cent each of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent each of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and sprayer, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2,750, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 7,500, sprayer was Rs. 2,866, sprinkler was Rs. 5,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 89. The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep, 11.43 per cent of the households possess goat. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available was 9.1 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.67. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results show that, 2.96 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 1950 kms and average duration of migration was 12 months. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business. The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed possess 34.42 ha (81.17%) of dry land and 7.98 ha (18.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.43 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 21.08 ha (96.3%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.7%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.91 ha (60.55%) of dry land and 5.15 ha (39.45%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 364,516.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 400,608.21. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent and open well was the source in the micro watershed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.80 meters and depth of open well was found to be 2.35 meters. The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.38 ha and 2.02 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.27%), green gram (0.81 ha), groundnut (5.96 ha) and red gram (21.08 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and red gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed was found to be 95.76 per cent. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have bank account and 17.14 per cent have savings. 3 The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 30741.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49327.74. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 18586.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 21020.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20254. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -766.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 45728.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35678.40. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. - 10050.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 47989.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104205.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 56215.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 153,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 69,662.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,186.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 201,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 332,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,292.50. For landless farmers it was Rs. 31,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,678.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,998.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,138.89 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 153,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 coconut and 3 lemon trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 teak and 49 neem trees in their field and also 6 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13,314.29 for land development, Rs.285.71 for irrigation facility, Rs.1,914.29 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 45.71 per cent for land development, 37.14 per cent for improved crop production and 8.57 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut and maize was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, paddy was sold to extent of 61.4 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 91.29 per cent. 4 The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households used fire wood, 2.86 per cent of the households used kerosene and 48.57 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 71.43 per cent, 22.86 per cent of the households used bore well, 5.71 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households does not possessed PDS cards. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA Programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 48.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 34.29 per cent, fruits and milk were adequate for 14.29 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 14.29 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and egg were inadequate for 65.71 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (51.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40%), inadequate extension service (31.43%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 465 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils. About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 6 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 87 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 80 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent of the soils. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 218(47) Sapota 12(3) 279(60) Maize 12(3) 221(48) Pomegranate 12(3) 289(62) Bajra 60(13) 292(63) Musambi 16(3) 285(62) Groundnut 51(11) 330(71) Lime 16(3) 285(62) Sunflower 16(3) 189(41) Amla 197(42) 218(47) Redgram 12(3) 193(42) Cashew 143(31) 144(31) Bengal gram 11(2) 247(54) Jackfruit 12(3) 279(60) Cotton 4(1) 229(49) Jamun - 300(65) Chilli 12(3) 214(46) Custard apple 198(43) 217(47) Tomato 12(3) 214(46) Tamarind - 183(40) Brinjal 191(41) 105(23) Mulberry 146(31) 214(46) Onion 191(41) 101(22) Marigold 12(3) 221(48) Bhendi 191(41) 105(23) Chrysanthemum 12(3) 221(48) Drumstick 146(31) 121(27) Jasmine 12(3) 211(45) Mango - 146(32) Crossandra 12(3) 212(45) Guava 12(3) 278(60) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 102 (58.62%) men and 72 (41.38%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.25, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.21, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers' was 5.5. The data indicated that, 44 (25.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (41.38%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (29.89%) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.45%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-1 had 28.16 per cent illiterates, 51.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.90 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.75 per cent of them had high school education, 3.45 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent of them did ITI and 2.30 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 15.52 per cent of the household members, 56.90 per cent were agricultural laborers, 25.86 per cent were students and 1.72 per cent were children. The results show that 98.28 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and 1.72 per cent of the population has participated in NGOs. The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 94.12 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.12 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6911, mixer grinder was Rs.1740, bicycle was Rs. 2437, motor cycle was Rs.41923 and mobile phone was Rs.2340. About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess tractor, 8.82 per cent of them possess sprayer and 73.53 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.13300, the average value of plough was Rs.2166, tractor was Rs.250000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3833 and weeder was Rs.92. The results indicate that, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 38.24 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 7.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.82. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-1 micro-watershed possess 54.81 ha (94.03%) of dry land and 3.48 ha (5.97%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.19 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.06 ha (97.43%) of dry land and 0.53 ha (2.57%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 21.85 ha (88.10%) of dry land and 2.95 per cent (11.90%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (100%) dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 186,927.79 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 516,976.75. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 438,276.29 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 259,108.33 for dry land and was Rs. 1,131,297.76 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,409.41 for dry land and Rs. 406,584.36 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 82,333.33 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.49 meters. The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 ha, 2.02 ha and 4.86 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (17.64 ha), maize (33.21 ha), sunflower (4.86 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) and jowar (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize and bajra. Small farmers have grown bajra, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, maize, sunflower and jowar. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower and cotton. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-1 micro-watershed was found to be 77.58 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 93.66 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 70.04 and medium farmers it was 66.67 per cent. The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.29 per cent have savings. The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29765.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 44334.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.49. 3 The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 25012.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40909.38. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15897.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29113.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34584.67. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5471.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24298.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21902.28. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -2396.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9. The total cost of cultivation for Jowar was Rs. 15879.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16549. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. 669.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04. The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 32.35 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 15,750 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 51,650, for small farmers it was Rs. 48,328.57, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 78,060 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 172,400. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,525.21. For landless households it was Rs. 1,312.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,250, for small farmers it was Rs. 1,548.47, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,392.86 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 36,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 6 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in the field. The results indicate that, households have planted 67 neem trees and 3 tamarind trees in their fields. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7,000, for improved crop production Rs. 411.76 and for irrigation facility Rs. 705.88. The results indicate that, Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 71.43 per cent for land development, 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility and another 5.71 per cent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 64.68 per cent, jowar to the extent of 75 per cent, cotton, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. 4 The results indicated that, about 111.76 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 5.88 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 114.71 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.94 per cent of them have carried head loads as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 25 per cent of the marginal farmers, 7.14 per cent of the small farmers and 10 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS cards. The results indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.24 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 29.41 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 47.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 47.06 per cent, milk was adequate for 44.12 per cent and eggs were adequate for 32.35 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 11.76 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.76 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 50 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 26.47 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 58.82 per cent and milk was inadequate for 26.47 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (52.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.18%), high rate of interest on credit (2.94%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (35.29%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), less rainfall (41.18%) and source of agri-technology information (14.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sutar Hosalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 378 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 8 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils. An area about 367 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 3 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75 -100 cm) and less than 1 per cent soils are very shallow (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed Available manganese is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed Available coper is sufficient (>0.2ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent in the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) is 2 per cent area of microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 6(2) Sapota - 6(2) Maize - 6(2) Pomegranate - 6(2) Bajra - 6(2) Musambi - 6(2) Groundnut - 6(2) Lime - 6(2) Sunflower - 6(2) Amla - 6(2) Redgram - 6(2) Cashew - - Bengal gram - - Jackfruit - 6(2) Cotton - - Jamun - - Chilli - 6(2) Custard apple 6(2) - Tomato - 6(2) Tamarind - - Drumstick - 6(2) Mulberry - 6(2) Mango - - Marigold - 6(2) Guava - 6(2) Chrysanthemum - 6(2) Brinjal - 6(2) Bhendi 6(2) - Onion 6(2) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 93(50.54%) men and 91 (49.46%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 5.31, small farmers' was 6.11, semi medium farmers were 5.11 and medium farmers' was 1. The data indicated that, 62 (33.70%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63(34.24%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (25.54%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.52%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Sutar Hosalli had 53.26 per cent illiterates, 23.37 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.98 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.52 per cent of them had high school education, 3.80 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.09 per cent did degree. The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.78 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 8.33 per cent of the households were general labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.91 per cent of the household members, 2.72 per cent were agricultural and general labourers, 32.61 per cent were students, 5.98 per cent were housewives and 6.52 per cent were children. The results show that 0.54 per cent of the population has participated in raitha sangha and 99.46 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 11.11 per cent of them possess katcha and pucca house and 77.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and pucca/ RCC. The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 27.78 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.89 per cent of the household possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,928, bicycle was Rs. 1,500, motor cycle was Rs. 48,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,644. About 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 36.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them were in seed/fertilizer drill, 33.33 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 58.33 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,100, plough was Rs. 3,538, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,250, sprayer was Rs.2,941, sprinkler was Rs. 5000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.30. The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16.67 per cent of the households possess local cow, 13.89 per cent of them possess buffalo and 8.33 per cent of them possess goat. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.72 average own labour (women) available was 1.47, average hired labour (men) available was 8.63 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.66. The results indicate that 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Sutar Hosalli micro-watershed possess 27.34 ha (68.31%) of dry land and 12.68 ha (31.69%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.05 ha (98.51%) of dry land and 0.12 ha (1.49%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.27 ha (61.83%) of dry land and 3.87 ha (38.17%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 13.02 ha (69.18%) of dry land and 5.80 ha (30.82%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.89 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 420,503.33 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 685,673.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs 807,189.54 for dry land and Rs. 3,293,333.20 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 334,645.17 for dry land and Rs. 1,058,202.74 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 222,730.10 for dry land and Rs. 603,279.84 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 242,156.87 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 10 de-functioning and 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the bore well was the major source irrigation, 5.56 per cent of open well was the source of irrigation and 2.78 per cent of the tank was the major source of irrigation in micro watershed. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.55 meters, open well was found to be 1.82 meters and tank was found to be 0.85 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.30 ha, 3.67 ha, 7.02 ha and 2.89 respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (25.08 ha), cotton (9.88 ha), paddy (2.45 ha), groundnut (1.24 ha), sorghum (1.21 ha) and green gram (0.4 ha), and Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, paddy and green gram. Small farmers had grown red gram, cotton, paddy and groundnut and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown red gram, cotton, paddy and sorghum. Medium farmers had grown red gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Sutar Hosalli micro-watershed was found to be 84.64 per cent. The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of the households have bank account. 3 The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 31053.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 5996.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 51740.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81266.63. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 29525.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66804.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 153326.42. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 86521.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.3. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 52626.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104228.98. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 51602.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.98. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 34674.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57519.13. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 22844.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66. The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.56 per of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 76,250.00 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 101,638.46, for small farmers it was Rs. 151,400, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 204,977.78 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 299,500.00. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,096.50. For landless households it was Rs. 7,812.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,580.47, for small farmers it was Rs. 9,961.11, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 12,364.20 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 166,750. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 10 coconut, 25 custard apple and 10 mango trees in their field and 2 coconut, 13 custard apple,2 gauva and 3 lime in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 17 teak, 29 neem trees, 3 tamarind, 20 acacia and 1 banyan tree in their field and 15 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 14,555.56 for land development and Rs. 7,055.56 for irrigation facility. The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and for 11.11 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.78 4 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 33.33 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 57.45 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 30.11 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 70.24 per cent. The results indicated that, about 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 36.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 30.56 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 61.11 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 91.67 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.44 per cent and eggs were adequate for 5.56 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.56 per cent, and egg was inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 88.89 per cent of the households, inadequacy of irrigation water (11.11%), (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (91.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%) and lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (47.22%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Malraddipalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 538 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 430 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 10 ha covered by rock outcrops and 98 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 16 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 46 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 60 per cent area. 52 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 25 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 3 per area is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent. About 8 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 33 per cent. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 42(8) 139(26) Guava - 81(15) Maize 81(15) 100(19) Sapota - 81(15) Bajra 81(15) 100(19) Pomegranate - 86(16) Groundnut 45(8) 81(15) Musambi 5(<1) 81(15) Sunflower 5(<1) 82(15) Lime 5(<1) 81(15) Redgram - 138(26) Amla 81(15) 49(9) Bengal gram 5(<1) - Cashew - 0.14 Cotton 5(<1) 37(7) Jackfruit - 81(15) Chilli 81(15) 49(9) Jamun - 5(<1) Tomato 81(15) 44(8) Custard apple 50(9) 81(15) Brinjal 81(15) 44(8) Tamarind - 5(<1) Onion 81(15) 44(8) Mulberry - 81(15) Bhendi 81(15) 49(9) Marigold 81(15) 49(9) Drumstick - 86(16) Chrysanthemum 81(15) 49(9) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 25 (71.43 %) were marginal farmers, 3 (8.57 %) were small farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 98 (68.06 %) men and 46 (31.94 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4.24, small farmers' was 4 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5. The data indicated that, 10 (6.94 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 62 (43.06 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (34.72 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (15.28 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Malraddipalli-1 had 48.61 per cent illiterates, 12.50 per cent of them had Primary School, 15.97 per cent of them had High School, 6.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.78 per cent of them had diploma education, 2.08 per cent of them had ITI education, 10.42 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.69 per cent of them had Masters education. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.75 per cent of the household members, 0.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.33 per cent were General labourers, 5.56 per cent were Private Service, 13.89 per cent were students and 0.69 per cent were Housewives. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any institutions. The results indicate that 60 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 40 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Bicycle and Auto, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,642, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,411, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, Bicycle was Rs. 1,000, Auto was Rs. 30,000, Motor Cycle was Rs. 37,916, Auto was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,015. About 40 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 51.43 per cent of them possess plough and seed/ fertilizer drill, 25.71 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent of them possess Tractor, 45.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 71.43 per cent of them possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 26,360, plough was Rs. 3,050, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,066, irrigation pump was Rs. 42,272, Sprayer was Rs. 2,325, Tractor was Rs. 500,000 and weeder was Rs. 35. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and sheep and 14.29 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.70. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed possess 19.02 ha (98.72 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (1.28 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.49 ha (97.17 %) of dry land and 0.25 ha (2.83 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.39 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.14 ha (100 %) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 519,336.03 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 2,672,459.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 845,309.81 for dry land and Rs. 2,672,459.02 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 273,431.74 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 244,232.04 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers and. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.37 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.18 meters . The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.74 ha, 2.61 ha and 2.90 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.08 ha), paddy (4.97 ha), red gram (11.55 ha), green gram (1.49 ha) and Black gram (0.15 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Malraddipalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 86.89 per cent. The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.86 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3 The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 124230.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 206773.78. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 82543.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.66. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 128097.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 126829.38. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -1267.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.99. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 164537.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132462.09. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -32075.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.81. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Black gram was Rs. 124556.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104000. The net income from Black gram cultivation was Rs. -20556.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.83. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 266666.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86085.69. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86085.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.48. The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,232 marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 206,666.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 1,619.60. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,777.78 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 245 Custard apple, 13 Jack fruit and 6 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 Teak, 48 neem and 2 acacia trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,937.14 for land development. The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 68.57 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 8.57per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, Cotton, Black gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 89.58 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 93.6 per cent and red gram to the extent of 89.88 per cent. 4 The results indicated that, about 82.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck and Cart and 80 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.57 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 5.71 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards . The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 91.43 per cent, vegetables and meat were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 91.43 per cent, Egg were adequate for 2.86 per cent and Egg were adequate for 20 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds and milk were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 80 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 97.14 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and Wild animal menace on farm field were the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), Inadequate extension services and Less rainfall (5.71 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (71.43 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gajarkot-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 628 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 10 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 67 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm). About 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 13 per cent area in loamy and 77 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Maximum of 91 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 0.75%) in 66 per cent area. 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 17 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 80 per area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 98 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. About 95 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm). The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 160(25) 39(5) Guava - 12(2) Maize - 199(31) Sapota - 4(<1) Bajra - 199(31) Pomegranate - 164(26) Groundnut - 4(<1) Musambi 153(24) 12(2) Sunflower 153(24) 12(2) Lime 153(24) 12(2) Redgram - 164(26) Amla - 199(31) Bengal gram 160(25) 35(5) Cashew - - Cotton 160(25) 35(5) Jackfruit - 4(<1) Chilli - 192(30) Jamun - 160(25) Tomato - 192(30) Custard apple 157(25) 43(7) Brinjal 20(3) 179(28) Tamarind - 160(25) Onion 4(<1) 35(5) Mulberry - 4(<1) Bhendi 24(4) 176(28) Marigold - 199(31) Drumstick - 164(26) Chrysanthemum - 199(31) Mango - 20(3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The data indicated that there were 73 (53.68%) men and 63 (46.32%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5.78, small farmers' was 6.07, semi medium farmers' was 4.17 and medium farmers' was 6.5. The data indicated that, 14 (7.25%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (46.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 76 (39.38%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.25%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Gajarkot-2 had 51.81 per cent illiterates, 0.52 per cent functional literates, 14.51 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.55 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.44 per cent of them had high school education, 5.70 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.52 per cent of them did ITI, 1.04 per cent did masters and 9.33 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 11.43 per cent were general labourers, 2.86 per cent of them had household industry, 2.86 per cent of them were in private service, 2.86 per cent were in trade and business and 5.71 per cent were housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.56 per cent of the household members, 2.07 per cent were agricultural labourers, 7.25 per cent were general labourers, 1.04 per cent had household industry, 0.52 per cent were in government service, 7.77 per cent were in private service, 1.04 per cent were in trade and business, 8.29 per cent were students and 23.32 per cent were housewives. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.57 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8000, mixer grinder was Rs.1462, motor cycle was Rs.65090, and mobile phone was Rs.2560. About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, and 77.14 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.22000, plough was Rs.14385, and the average value of weeder was Rs.90. 2 The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat, and 2.86 per cent of them possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.47, average own labour (women) available was 1.83, average hired labour (men) available was 11.83 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.30. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Gajarkot-2 micro watershed possess 28.59 ha (70.45%) of dry land and 12 ha (29.55%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.56 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.39 ha (95%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (5%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.64 ha (60.22%) of dry land and 4.39 ha (39.78%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.80 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 388067 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 283333. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 578668 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 370305 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 240828 for dry land and Rs. 410147 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 176428 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers, and canal formed the source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the average depth of bore well in the micro watershed was found to be 12.19 meters. The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.69 ha and 6.80 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (9.52 ha), greengram (5 ha), groundnut (13.38 ha), paddy (3.24 ha), and redgram (9.46 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, Greengram, groundnut and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown Greengram, groundnut and redgram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gajarkot-2 micro watershed was found to be 100.06 per cent. The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3 The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 3.23 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs.11250. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 34615.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55667.92. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 21052.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 31406.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64958.25. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 33551.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.07. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 52599.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65137.64. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12538.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24. The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 24014.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60741.53. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 36726.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.53. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42268.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95712.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 53444.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.60000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.184055, for small farmers it was Rs.150269, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.213333, and for medium farmers it was Rs.450000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,954.82. For landless households it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,253.09, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,440.34, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 24,777.78, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3 coconuts, 1 guava and 7 mango trees in their fields. The results indicate that, households have planted 5 banyan trees, 52 neem trees and 2 peepul trees in their field. 4 The results indicated that, cotton, greengram, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 99.49 per cent. About 100 per cent of the marginal, small, semi medium and medium famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants. About 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Around 91.43 per cent used fire wood, 2.86 per cent used biogas and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of domestic fuel. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. About 42.86 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of the landless, 55.56 per cent of the marginal, 23.08 per cent of the small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers. 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. Around 85.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 74.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 37.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 28.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 60 per cent, fruits were adequate for 51.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 60 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 45.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 40 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (14.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%), less rainfall (14.29%) inadequate extension services (60%), and source of agritechnology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Pt. 1: Administration witnesses. - April 4 and May 9, 1995. - III,239 S., graph. Darst. - ISBN 0-16-047459-0; Pt. 2: Private witnesses. - April 4 and 5, 1995. - III,271 S., graph. Darst., Tab. - ISBN 0-16-047498-1
