Suchergebnisse

The new Soviet leadership and its effects on foreign and domestic policy; 8 articles.

One of the most important goals of local and regional economic policy is to help entrepreneurs develop in more effective way and encourage residents to start their own business. The purpose for it is a direct linkage between development of entrepreneurship and local and regional development. In this field self-governments belong to main stakeholders and perform their tasks by supporting entrepreneurship. The range of possible policies and programmes that can be undertaken is wide. Self-governments and other institutions that operate in business environment in regions develop their own strategy of actions, decide what instruments should be used, cooperate in order to achieve the best results etc. The necessity of performing tasks in the analyzed field is stressed also by European Union. The EU funds support not only fostering entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs (mainly small and medium – sized, SME) but also the institutions that give such a help to entrepreneurs. The article presents some of the findings of the research conducted in 4 countries that examines the activities of self-government in supporting SME sector. The regions of Belarus, Finland, Latvia and Poland were chosen, in order to examine the strategy of local authorities in the countries representing member states of EU (both so called "old" and "new") as well as a non-member state. The closing remarks include conclusions and advises that are the result of research conducted*.

The exploration of policy network has consistently gained popularity for its use in various contemporary public administration and policy reports. Therefore, this research aims to identify and analyze the extent of research developments regarding Policy Network in the past 37 years, from 1985 to 2022 using bibliometric data. The procedure comprised collecting data from the SCOPUS database with the keyword "Policy Network," followed by bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. The results showed that several studies related to the keyword have been carried out on various important issues in society, including environmental, health, economic, poverty, national security, and tourism management. The term policy network occupied a central position and was widely discussed in previous reports. Furthermore, the majority of these reports were influenced by leading authors and published in top-tier journals in the field of public administration.

It is an appropriate time to rethink the relationship between trade regionalism and multilateralism in the Asian context as we witness the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia. In the 1980s and 1990s, many scholars and policymakers believed that Asian integration was market-based, rather than legal-based, and that Asian integration would never be codified through agreements. Yet today, there are a large number of FTAs signed and under negotiation in Asia. This book investigates the appropriate relationship between regionalism and multilateralism, with a special reference to recent FTAs in Asia. It is undeniable that past trade multilateralism–regionalism debates centered on the trade-in-goods aspect. However, the majority of recent FTAs in Asia cover issues beyond trade-in-goods and tariff liberalization, such as trade facilitation, services, and economic cooperation. While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XXIV governs regional integration initiatives in trade in goods, there is no (or at most a thin) World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement that stipulates the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism in issue areas other than goods. Thus, this study carefully considers the meaning of "WTO-compatible FTAs" by distinguishing "WTO consistency" and "WTO friendliness", going beyond GATT Article XXIV debates and proposes a general framework for examining the openness of regionalism in various issue areas by identifying tree-type questions to distinguish several types of exclusiveness. It then specifically asks the following questions: Can Asian FTAs that cover several issues be considered multilateralism friendly? How does the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism differ between trade-in-goods and non-goods issue areas? What are policies that might reduce the exclusiveness of regional initiatives? The study concludes by listing counterintuitive policy suggestions to make FTAs truly WTO compatible. The book also includes a comprehensive list of FTAs in Asia and several WTO Agreements relating to trade regionalism

This paper emphasizes language policy strategies of Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. These three countries are the three highly successful Southeast Asian countries in language policy. This success, in our opinion, is due to the fact that the governments of these countries have had very clear and methodical strategies on language policy. To gain findings, this study combines the use of multiple research methods at the same time such as theoretical synthesis, analyzing and describing, comparing and contrasting, deductive and inductive scientific thinking, quantitative statistical methods. The results show that the language policy strategies of the above governments focus on five main contents namely proper recognition of national language context, determining and developing national languages, overcoming ethnic conflicts, aiming at international integration, socio-economic development of the country, implementing language policies appropriate to each historical period and overcoming limitations in the policy enforcement process.

The article presents the outcomes of the research concerned the issue of the European Union's foreign economic policy, as well as its models and instruments. The EU applies various approaches in relations with third countries, that is determined by differences in aims it intends to achieve in every specific case. The EU acquis constitutes only general framework of the European Union's foreign economic policy, that results in disorderliness and incoherence of European Union in relations with third countries. The Author identified key determinants, that actually shape current models of the European Union's foreign economic policy towards various groups of states. Significant problems and failures have been found. Analysis carried out in the article leads to the conclusion that current models and instruments of foreign economic policy, used by the EU, are not sufficiently efficient and often do not allow to meet new challenges effectively. New approaches and solutions have been proposed by the Author can help to improve the foreign economic policy of the EU and to adjust it to the contemporary global challenges.

The analysis and definition of economic regions at the sub-provincial scale is a neglected policy issue in Canada notwithstanding the severity and persistence of disparities in regional growth. Employment growth in the 30 Economic Regions (ERs) of Western Canada 2001–2006 is partitioned into region and industry-mix effects and the resulting regional typology identified. Western Canada became a single development-region in 1988, a quarter of a century ago, with a single policy focus of diversifying its industry-mix. However, its ERs display great diversity in their economic structure and growth rates and they have experienced both the highest and the lowest employment growth rates in Canada. Regional diversity creates policy quandaries that require development policies crafted to individual regional opportunities and needs in place of the one-size-fits-all approach of Western Economic Diversification Canada.

Paper ; The importance of the role that the diaspora play in economic development is indisputable. The Government of Kenya has taken cognizance of this fact and has put a number of measures to ensure that the diaspora are engaged. Some of the measures are inclusion of the role of the diaspora in the New Constitution (2010) and Vision 2030, the development of a Diaspora Policy (200 7) among others . This research is a theoretical review of the role of the Kenyan Diaspora economic development. The research prov ides a synthesis and comparative analysis of the recent studies (2006-2013) on role of diaspora in creating sustainable businesses since previous research have looked at specific aspects of the role of Kenyan diaspora in business and development and have not endeavored to perform a comparative analysis. It concludes by stating that a gap exists in the studies conducted on the role of Kenyan diaspora in economic development and gives areas that future studies could focus on. ; The importance of the role that the diaspora play in economic development is indisputable. The Government of Kenya has taken cognizance of this fact and has put a number of measures to ensure that the diaspora are engaged. Some of the measures are inclusion of the role of the diaspora in the New Constitution (2010) and Vision 2030, the development of a Diaspora Policy (200 7) among others . This research is a theoretical review of the role of the Kenyan Diaspora economic development. The research prov ides a synthesis and comparative analysis of the recent studies (2006-2013) on role of diaspora in creating sustainable businesses since previous research have looked at specific aspects of the role of Kenyan diaspora in business and development and have not endeavored to perform a comparative analysis. It concludes by stating that a gap exists in the studies conducted on the role of Kenyan diaspora in economic development and gives areas that future studies could focus on.

Abstract
In terms of macro-economic policy, gross fixed capital formation, which is the major component of domestic investment, is seen as an important process that could accelerate economic growth. This study re-examines the controversial issue of causality between domestic investment, employment and economic growth using South African data. The traditional assumption of causality running from investment to economic growth has remained inconclusive while empirical findings on the investment and employment growth nexus are also largely unsettled. The study makes use of quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2016Q4 within the framework of the Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). The empirical findings suggest that a long run relationship exists between domestic investment, employment and economic growth, with causality running from economic growth to investment and not vice versa. The results also demonstrate that investment has a positive long-run impact on employment. The empirical evidence further suggests bi-directional causality between employment and economic growth, while evidence of uni-directional causality, from investment to employment, is also found. The major implication of the study is that although there is bi-directional causality between economic growth and employment, economic growth does not translate to increased employment in the long run confirming "jobless growth". Investment is found to be a positive driver of employment in the South African economy in the long-run. The study concludes that, in order to stimulate employment, investment enhancing policies, such as low interest rates and a favourable economic environment should be put in place to accelerate growth. Measures to promote economic growth, such as improved infrastructural facilities and diversification of the economy, should be further engineered so as to encourage increased investment.