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PurposeBased on attributional complexity (AC) theory, the authors empirically examine the impact of biculturalism on cross-cultural adjustment and the degree to which people make isomorphic attributions, critical for cross-cultural leadership effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachUsing questionnaire surveys, the authors first validate measures in a validation sample and then empirically test the model in a second sample, using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors' findings reveal an empirical connection between biculturalism and AC on the one hand, while also showing support for the relationship between biculturalism and attributional knowledge. Findings also demonstrate that biculturalism is related to attributional accuracy in cross-cultural contexts via an attributional mechanism, as suggested by AC theory.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, AC theory emerges as one with excellent prospects for explaining intercultural work in multicultural settings. Biculturalism's links to AC and attributional knowledge are critical for extensions to cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, and international knowledge transfer, interesting and high potential research avenues for the discipline.Practical implicationsThe authors' findings carry a host of managerial implications. AC training can provide all international assignees with the necessary foundational skills and learning abilities to successfully interact in the host country setting with local nationals. This study also suggests that managers on international assignments should focus their efforts on acquiring attributional knowledge because it can provide a solid boost to their understanding of the local culture.Originality/valueOne's understanding of biculturals and their cross-cultural management competencies is very limited. The authors provide empirical support for the hypotheses, hitherto unexamined in extant literature.

AbstractIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of countries worldwide have introduced severe limitations on the freedom of assembly, if not an outright lockdown, in many cases complemented by restrictions on further civil and political rights. Although restrictions were generally considered necessary to save lives and protect health care systems from overburdening, they also pose the risk of government overreach, that is, governments may use the pandemic as a convenient opportunity and justification to impose restrictions for political purposes. In this sense, COVID-19 may give yet another substantial boost to a global trend that has been unfolding since the early 2000s: the shrinking of civic spaces, which is characterized by an increase in government restrictions that target civil society actors and limit their freedoms of assembly, association, and expression. The aim of the paper is to assess civic space restrictions that have been imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic with a view to exploring their immediate consequences as well as their potential mid-term implications for civil society organizations in general and contentious civic activism in particular. We do so by, first, providing evidence from multiple data sources about the global spread of COVID-19-related restrictions over time and across countries. Second, we identify key dynamics at work in order to assess the immediate consequences and the potential mid-term implications of these restrictions. These dynamics are illustrated by looking at experiences from individual countries (including Cambodia, Germany, Hungary, and Lebanon).

Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of countries worldwide have introduced severe limitations on the freedom of assembly, if not an outright lockdown, in many cases complemented by restrictions on further civil and political rights. Although restrictions were generally considered necessary to save lives and protect health care systems from overburdening, they also pose the risk of government overreach, that is, governments may use the pandemic as a convenient opportunity and justification to impose restrictions for political purposes. In this sense, COVID-19 may give yet another substantial boost to a global trend that has been unfolding since the early 2000s: the shrinking of civic spaces, which is characterized by an increase in government restrictions that target civil society actors and limit their freedoms of assembly, association, and expression. The aim of the paper is to assess civic space restrictions that have been imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic with a view to exploring their immediate consequences as well as their potential mid-term implications for civil society organizations in general and contentious civic activism in particular. We do so by, first, providing evidence from multiple data sources about the global spread of COVID-19-related restrictions over time and across countries. Second, we identify key dynamics at work in order to assess the immediate consequences and the potential mid-term implications of these restrictions. These dynamics are illustrated by looking at experiences from individual countries (including Cambodia, Germany, Hungary, and Lebanon).

Abstract
The idea of teaching a target language via a monolingual medium of instruction in the classroom has long predominated in the pedagogical context. In Saudi Arabia, excluding the students' mother tongue (Arabic) in the foreign language classroom has been seen as a tool that accelerates the acquisition of the target language (English). This is widely viewed as the most practical and effective method of language learning, especially in the Gulf region, where English is a foreign language employed in the fields of economics and business. The recent academic argument that exploiting the students' linguistic repertoire, including the mother tongue, in the target language classroom boosts and fosters the students' learning cycle is still encountering huge resistance, especially among second/foreign language teachers. To explore this dispute from the perspective of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in intermediate and secondary schools, a case study was conducted with 34 teachers in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, through questionnaires and a focus group interview. The study found that most teachers believe that the policy of using the target language (English) only is the most effective method of language learning. They employed the students' mother tongue (Arabic) on an ad hoc basis to ensure complete comprehension, organize classroom tasks or convey personal remarks. In addition, the study revealed that teachers' understanding of plurilingualism was unclear and limited to the verbal use of two languages, and that EFL teachers need more clarification on its application in the classroom.

This article studied the judicialization processes related to the pandemic of the new coronavirus, within the scope of Administrative Law. The cases that reached the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (FSC), available at the "Painel de Ações COVID-19", were analyzed, as well as a sample of the cases that reached the state courts, obtained through journalistic reports, consolidated on the "Consultor Jurídico" website. Descriptive analysis and content analysis techniques were used, in the thematic mode, for both sources of information. The following variables were analyzed: procedural classes groups, procedural classes, main subject, notification date, time until the first decision, decisions, decisions groups, and total of cases archived remotely. Near 34% of the actions referred to the flexibilization or tightening of people circulation restrictive measures and the opening of commerce and services, and another 34% referred to budgeting issues, mainly dealing with the suspension of state debts and untying resources to combat the pandemic. The median time until the first decision made by the FSC was less than five days for all categories. The judicialization of COVID-19 pointed out already known flaws in public health and social policies in Brazil, and it can boost several attitudes, both by the Legislative and the Executive, to mitigate these problems. This article demonstrates the importance of observing the responses brought by the judicialization, and of the dialogue between the three powers, to deal with the demands of the pandemic better and with several other demands of society.

This paper examined the impact of the Federal government of Nigeria's tax amnesty programme tagged "Voluntary Asset and Income Declaration Scheme (VAIDS) on tax administration in Nigeria. This task is premised on the global reality of governments facing challenges funding developmental projects and other government paraphernalia due to paucity of funds as a result of tax evasions and tax avoidances. In most developing countries such as Nigeria, this tax evasions and avoidances have serious repercussion on the economic growth and development strides of the nation. To avert this menace, the federal government of Nigeria in line with some other countries of the world, created a tax amnesty window called Voluntary Assets and Income Declaration Schemes (VAIDS) to beat tax defaulters at their game and boost revenue generation towards generating the needed funds for developmental projects. For the purpose of this examination, data were generated through the secondary sources of data collection and analyzed with the content analysis. From the analysis, the paper found among others that VAIDS has impacted positively on revenue generation by expanding taxpayer's data base and also enhanced the identification of tax defaulters. However, poor adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) and the inadequate publicity among others are the constraining factors to VAIDS achievement of its US$1bn target. Based on the findings, the paper recommends among others, proper institutionalization of ICT in data management for tax registration, assessment and collection processes and enforcing the penalties associated with not complying with VAIDS mercy window.

Electoral 'winners' (i.e., voters casting a ballot for a party included in the post-electoral government) are acknowledged to be more satisfied with democracy than supporters of opposition parties. However, little is known about the influence of parties and their specifics on the boost in satisfaction with democracy experienced by their voters. To address this question, the research utilizes 17 surveys from 12 countries included in the European Social Survey rounds 1–8, for which a government replacement took place during the survey period. This allows this research to employ discontinuity design and examine the effect of two attributes related to parties—differences in party vote shares, and voters' feeling of closeness to a party. The findings suggest that these factors have a negligible influence on voters' satisfaction with democracy and only scant evidence is found that closeness to a party tends to increase their satisfaction. When voters' attitudes from before and after a government replacement are compared, changes in government do not seem to strike voters as a surprise and thus they do not cause any sudden and lasting changes in the general attitudes of electorates. Nevertheless, this indicates a novel contribution to the literature: the effect of losing needs some time to fully develop until it results in a decrease in satisfaction level. Based on these findings, the research concludes that when it comes to parties' characteristics, it is primarily the government/opposition status which determines voters' degree of satisfaction with democracy.

AbstractLanguage and Theory of Mind come together in communication, but their relationship has been intensely contested. I hypothesize that pragmatic markers connect language and Theory of Mind and enable their co-development and co-evolution through a positive feedback loop, whereby the development of one skill boosts the development of the other. I propose to test this hypothesis by investigating two types of pragmatic markers: demonstratives (e.g., 'this' vs. 'that' in English) and articles (e.g., 'a' vs. 'the'). Pragmatic markers are closed-class words that encode non-representational information that is unavailable to consciousness, but accessed automatically in processing. These markers have been associated with implicit Theory of Mind because they are used to establish joint attention (e.g., 'I prefer that one') and mark shared knowledge (e.g., 'We bought the house' vs. 'We bought a house'). Here I develop a theoretical account of how joint attention (as driven by the use of demonstratives) is the basis for children's later tracking of common ground (as marked by definite articles). The developmental path from joint attention to common ground parallels language change, with demonstrative forms giving rise to definite articles. This parallel opens the possibility of modelling the emergence of Theory of Mind in human development in tandem with its routinization across language communities and generations of speakers. I therefore propose that, in order to understand the relationship between language and Theory of Mind, we should study pragmatics at three parallel timescales: during language acquisition, language use, and language change.

ABSTRACTTourist attractions, such as observatory decks, boat tours, and museums, have recently started to manage their operations via hiding some parts of their waiting lines, which we will refer to as queue disguising behavior. If customers are not aware of these disguised parts of the queues, firms can potentially boost their revenues by using queue disguising strategy. However, it is not obvious that firms benefit from disguised queues when customers retaliate after experiencing that the queue management tactics led them to make erroneous decisions. Our goal in this article is to investigate the impacts of the retaliatory customer behavior on firms' queue disguising decisions and profits. In the absence of retaliating customers, we find that the optimal queue disguising strategy yields only negligible profit improvements, relative to letting customers observe the entire waiting line. One, then, may expect that the queue disguising should not be a profitable strategy in a system with retaliating customers. We establish that this intuition is only true for firms incurring negligible holding costs. If keeping customers in the queue is sufficiently high for a firm, we, surprisingly, find that the firm achieves sizable profit improvements via queue disguising in the presence of the retaliatory behavior. More interestingly, we show that these benefits become more pronounced as the holding cost increases, in contrast to the case without retaliating customers. Our results, then, suggest that firms that are subjected to nonnegligible holding costs should employ the queue disguising strategy only while facing retaliating customers.

PurposeThis study aims to uncover the underlying multiple intervening mechanisms between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and customer loyalty. Social identity and social exchange theories offer the ground for prediction that the primary outcomes of CSR initiatives are customer–company (C–C) identification and customer trust, which in turn affect customer loyalty. Also, the differential effect of CSR behaviors toward specific stakeholder groups on customer attitudes and behaviors are examined.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 333 customers of telecommunication companies in Greece. Structural equation modeling was used to test the postulated relationships.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that both C–C identification and customer trust intervene in the relationship between customer perceptions of CSR and customer loyalty; however, the identification mechanism is stronger than the trust mechanism in building customer loyalty while C–C identification seems to drive customer trust. Moreover, out of the three CSR components (customers, employees, and society/environment) that were considered as relevant to customers and were investigated, customer-centric activities were found to be the stronger predictor of both C–C identification and customer trust. Also, CSR toward society/environment was found to positively influence C–C identification.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research can assist practitioners in effectively conceptualizing CSR image from a customers' point of view and designing their company's CSR and communication strategies to boost positive customer responses and strong long-term relationships.Originality/valueThe current study provides further insights into the complex relationship between CSR and customer responses and the impact that different CSR activities may have on customers.

The rapid progress India has made in the last couple of years on the economic parameters is extraordinary and enthusiastic. Ease of doing trade or get rid of intensive inspector system, India now have a positive environment for foreign investors, NRIs and other countries. Economic parameters are more concrete than political rules, that is, whose status across the globe increases, its international strength increases automatically. Economic status is not a matter of biased opinion or bizarre conjecture, it is decided on the basis of solid data, facts and figure. India\'s economic status is steadily increasing, it does not mean that the problems are over. Increasing status simply means that the necessary strength to deal with problems is increasing. In the last decade, with the advent of technology there is a qualitative and radical change occurred in India\'s economy from agricultural activities to manufacturing and service-oriented activities. Similarly, this also made impact on the employment factors. Skill initiatives going through a difficult situation in INDIA, where the youth of the country stepping into the labour market and are looking for jobs; on the opposite hand, industries are complaining of unavailability of correctly and cutting-edge professional manpower. This paradox reflects the criticality of skill development in context of need identification, to boost the employability of the developing young population and also to gear-up the economic system to understand the target of faster and inclusive increase with innovative ideas. Keywords: Economic parameters, Industrial Paradox, Skill initiative, Livelihood with skill.

Electoral 'winners' (i.e., voters casting a ballot for a party included in the post-electoral government) are acknowledged to be more satisfied with democracy than supporters of opposition parties. However, little is known about the influence of parties and their specifics on the boost in satisfaction with democracy experienced by their voters. To address this question, the research utilizes 17 surveys from 12 countries included in the European Social Survey rounds 1-8, for which a government replacement took place during the survey period. This allows this research to employ discontinuity design and examine the effect of two attributes related to parties-differences in party vote shares, and voters' feeling of closeness to a party. The findings suggest that these factors have a negligible influence on voters' satisfaction with democracy and only scant evidence is found that closeness to a party tends to increase their satisfaction. When voters' attitudes from before and after a government replacement are compared, changes in government do not seem to strike voters as a surprise and thus they do not cause any sudden and lasting changes in the general attitudes of electorates. Nevertheless, this indicates a novel contribution to the literature: the effect of losing needs some time to fully develop until it results in a decrease in satisfaction level. Based on these findings, the research concludes that when it comes to parties' characteristics, it is primarily the government/opposition status which determines voters' degree of satisfaction with democracy. ; Peer reviewed

Exercise is an important as well as recommended activity during the current pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Exercise is also a way to improve human's body fitness and stamina, so that it will boost the immune system. Good immune system will fight the Covid-19 better, but the problem now is how to start new habits in order to avoid transmission of this deadly virus. Inevitably, people need to change to do the new habits in all aspects of life, such as in social, in economic, in education and in health. The habits should be adapted to the public health protocols including in doing daily exercises. In some places, there are still many z-generations who are doing exercise while avoiding to comply those health protocols required by the government. This means that the exercise they are doing is not safe for their health and can even harm themselves. Some examples are (1) using a mask when doing an intense exercise, (2) not maintaining the suggested distance when doing group exercise, and (3) not bringing drinks from home. The aim of this activity is for the millennial generation to do exercisr properly during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used was a regular socialization and guidance in carrying out exercises during a pandemic in accordance with good and right health protocols. The result showed that participants have properly and correctly understood and applied the required health protocols while doing exercises during the pandemic.Keywords: Excersice, Health Protocols, Z-Generations

Investment is a macroeconomic variable and its well-known as the engine of economy that boosts economic growth, economic development and sustainable development. Investment plays an important role in the livelihood welfare of citizens. All economies require different types of investments particularly Foreign Direct Investment/ FDI in different sectors. Based on empirical researches, mostly FDI has positive impacts on the sustainable economic growth of the host economies. On one hand, FDI transfers technologies, skills, innovations, experiences, techniques and knowledge to the host economies. On the other hand, it provides host economies with stable financial resources for long period of time. Thus, it is the responsibility of governments to open their borders toward FDI inflows in order to attract this valuable financial resource. Despite the fact that countries require FDI but corruption is one of the main obstacles against it. Theoretically, there is a negative correlation between corruption and FDI inflows. In other words, corruption negatively impacts the FDI inflows and decreases FDI volume. Because, corruption increases costs and decreases benefits of FDI, corruption deteriorates the competitive trade environment; corruption discourages foreign investors through protecting domestic investors and corruption negatively effects the productivity of foreign investors. In practice, although most of the empirical researches showed that corruption negatively impacts the FDI flows. But some empirical researches also confirmed that there is a positive correlation between corruption and FDI flows. Hence, countries are responsible in fighting against corruption to attract more FDI and in return benefits their sustainable economic growth.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions, incorporating energy consumption, and GDP per capita in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for 47 Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs) between 1990 and 2014. Owing to the presence of cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity in the panel data, CADF and CIPS unit root tests are employed to validate the stationarity of the variables. Westerlund (Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709–748, 2007) and Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre (J Time Ser Anal 38:610–636, 2017) cointegration tests denote the occurrence of cointegration among the variables. We employed CCEMG, AMG, and DCCE estimators to estimate heterogeneous parameters. The findings demonstrate that globalization, financial development, and energy consumption increase CO2 emissions. Besides, the EKC hypothesis is affirmed in EMDEs. The accrual of governments' financial and governance activities also boosts carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, the analysis of Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality provides evidences for the feedbacks among the variables and CO2 emissions. From the aforementioned results, there exists the trade-off effect between economic growth and environmental quality in EMDE countries. Finally, the empirical findings of this study indicate profound implications for policy makers, which recommend governments to consider the role of finance and governance in order to ensure that energy consumption, financial development, and sustainable economic growth are in harmony with the environment in the globalization era.